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Qin F, Yan Y, Yang N, Hao Y. Beneficial Effects of Echinacoside on Cognitive Impairment and Diabetes in Type 2 Diabetic db/db Mice. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2024. [PMID: 38569512 DOI: 10.1055/a-2298-4593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive dysfunction is an important comorbidity of diabetes. Insulin resistance may play a critical role in diabetes-related cognitive impairment. Echinacoside (ECH), a natural phenylethanoid glycoside, is the active component of anti-diabetes prescriptions in traditional Chinese medicine. Its effect on modulating insulin resistance has been confirmed but modulating neurodegenerative disease remains unclear. METHODS Db/db mice, a spontaneous type 2 diabetes mode, were intragastrically administered ECH by 300 mg/kg or an equivalent volume of saline. Weight, blood glucose, and insulin resistance index were measured. Morris water maze test was performed to observe the compound effects on cognition. Hippocampal lesions were observed by histochemical analysis. RESULTS In db/db mice, ECH alleviated diabetes symptoms, memory loss, and hippocampal neuronal damage. Next, the expression of CD44 and phosphorylated tau was upregulated in diabetic mice. In addition, the insulin receptor substrate-1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase /protein kinase B signaling pathway was dysregulated in diabetic mice. All these dysregulations could be reversed by ECH. DISCUSSION This study provides theoretical support and experimental evidence for the future application of ECH in diabetic cognition dysfunction treatment, promoting the development of traditional medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Qin
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430060, China
| | - Yiming Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430060, China
| | - Ningxi Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430060, China
| | - Yarong Hao
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430060, China
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Shan C, Zhang C, Zhang C. The Role of IL-6 in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:834-846. [PMID: 38227113 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
"Neurodegenerative disorder" is an umbrella term for a group of fatal progressive neurological illnesses characterized by neuronal loss and inflammation. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pleiotropic cytokine, significantly affects the activities of nerve cells and plays a pivotal role in neuroinflammation. Furthermore, as high levels of IL-6 have been frequently observed in association with several neurodegenerative disorders, it may potentially be used as a biomarker for the progression and prognosis of these diseases. This review summarizes the production and function of IL-6 as well as its downstream signaling pathways. Moreover, we make a comprehensive review on the roles of IL-6 in neurodegenerative disorders and its potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shan
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Wu Q, Ou C, Wang J, Wu X, Gao Z, Zhao Y, Lu G, Wu Z, Yu H. Jiawei Kongsheng Zhenzhong Pill: marker compounds, absorption into the serum (rat), and Q-markers identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1328632. [PMID: 38375037 PMCID: PMC10875140 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1328632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The Jiawei Kongsheng Zhenzhong pill (JKZP), a Chinese herbal prescription comprised of eight Chinese crude drugs, has been historically employed to treat neurological and psychological disorders. Nevertheless, the ambiguous material basis severely hindered its progress and application. Purpose: The current study aimed to establish a rapid analytical method for identifying the chemical components of the JKZP aqueous extract and the components absorbed into the rat serum to investigate the quality markers (Q-markers) responsible for the neuroprotective effects of JKZP. Methods: The qualitative detection of the chemical components, prototype components, and metabolites of the aqueous extracts of JKZP, as well as the serum samples of rats that were administered the drug, was performed using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography- quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) technology. This analysis combined information from literature reports and database comparisons. Moreover, the study was conducted to anticipate the potential Q-markers for the neuroprotective effects of JKZP based on the "five principles" of Q-marker determination. Results: A total of 67 compounds and 111 serum components (comprising 33 prototypes and 78 metabolites) were detected and identified. Combining the principles of quality transmission and traceability, compound compatibility environment, component specificity, effectiveness, and measurability, the study predicted that five key compounds, namely, senkyunolide H, danshensu, echinacoside, loganin, and 3,6'-disinapoyl sucrose, may serve as potential pharmacological bases for the neuroprotective effects of JKZP. Conclusion: To summarize, the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technique can be employed to rapidly and accurately identify compounds in JKZP. Five active compounds have been predicted to be the Q-markers for the neuroprotective effects of JKZP. This discovery serves as a reference for improving quality, advancing further research and development, and utilizing Chinese herbal prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolan Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chunxue Ou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jiayun Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zu Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guangying Lu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Co-innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Jinan, China
| | - Zhichun Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Co-innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Jinan, China
| | - Huayun Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Co-innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Jinan, China
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Alshehri A, Albuhayri A, Alanazi M, Althubaiti MA, Aljehani RF, Alsharif FI, Alatawi TM, Albalawi SS, Khodir AE, Al-Gayyar MM. Effects of Echinacoside on Ehrlich Carcinoma in Rats by Targeting Proliferation, Hypoxia and Inflammation. Cureus 2023; 15:e46800. [PMID: 37822691 PMCID: PMC10564261 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Ehrlich solid carcinoma (ESC) is a type of tumor originating from a spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma in mice. It is highly aggressive and fast-growing and can create a solid undifferentiated mass when inserted under the skin. This makes it an ideal model for assessing cancer biology and tumor immunology. Echinacoside is a natural phenylethanoid glycoside with anti-inflammatory, anti-endoplasmic reticulum stress, anti-oxidative stress, and other beneficial properties. This study explored the potential anti-cancer benefits of echinacoside in rats with ESC. The study also analyzed its effects on tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and inflammation. Methods The study involved injecting rats with tumors in their left hind limb using an intramuscular injection of 2×106 cells. After 14 days, some rats were given a daily intraperitoneal dose of 30 mg/kg echinacoside for three weeks. Muscle samples were then analyzed under an electron microscope. In addition, gene expression and protein levels of various factors such as phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and nuclear factor (NF)κB were evaluated in another part of the muscle samples. Results After being treated with echinacoside, the ESC rats experienced a significant increase in their mean survival time from 27 days to 48 days. This treatment also resulted in a decrease in the volume and weight of the tumor. Upon examining the tumor tissue under an electron microscope, signs of damage such as pleomorphic cells, necrosis, nuclear fragmentation, membrane damage with cytoplasmic content spilling, and loss of cellular junction were observed. However, the treatment with echinacoside was effective in improving these effects. Furthermore, the expression of PI3K, mTOR, HIF-1α, cyclin D1, CDK2, TNF-α, and NFκB was significantly reduced due to the echinacoside treatment. Conclusions Our research found that echinacoside has antitumor properties that resulted in a substantial decrease in tumor size and weight, leading to an increase in the average survival time of rats and an improvement in muscle structure. Additionally, echinacoside was shown to ameliorate hypoxia by suppressing HIF-1α, reduce inflammation by decreasing NFκB and TNF-α, decrease proliferation by reducing PI3K, and block cyclin D1 and CDK2 to inhibit differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan Alshehri
- PharmD Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, SAU
| | | | - May Alanazi
- PharmD Program, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, SAU
| | | | - Raghad F Aljehani
- PharmD Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, SAU
| | - Fai I Alsharif
- PharmD Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, SAU
| | | | - Shouq S Albalawi
- PharmD Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, SAU
| | - Ahmed E Khodir
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Horus University, New Damietta, EGY
| | - Mohammed M Al-Gayyar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, SAU
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EGY
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He E, Jiang Y, Wei D, Wang Y, Sun W, Jia M, Shi B, Cui H. The potential effects and mechanism of echinacoside powder in the treatment of Hirschsprung's Disease. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:14222-14240. [PMID: 37679133 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Possible complications, such as intestinal obstruction and inflammation of the intestinal tract, can have a detrimental effect on the prognosis after surgery for Hirschsprung disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential targets and mechanisms of action of echinacoside to improve the prognosis of Hirschsprung disease. Genes related to the disease were obtained through analysis of the GSE96854 dataset and four databases: OMIM, DisGeNET, Genecard and NCBI. The targets of echinacoside were obtained from three databases: PharmMapper, Drugbank and TargetNet. The intersection of disease genes and drug targets was validated by molecular docking. The valid docked targets were further explored for their expression by using immunohistochemistry. In this study, enrichment analysis was used to explore the mechanistic pathways involved in the genes. Finally, we identified CA1, CA2, CA9, CA12, DNMT1, RIMS2, RPGRIP1L and ZEB2 as the core targets. Except for ZEB2, which is predominantly expressed in brain tissue, the remaining seven genes show tissue specificity and high expression in the gastrointestinal tract. RIMS2 possesses a high mutation phenomenon in pan-cancer, while a validated ceRNA network of eight genes was constructed. The core genes are involved in several signaling pathways, including the one-carbon metabolic process, carbonate dehydratase activity and others. This study may help us to further understand the pharmacological mechanisms of echinacoside and provide new guidance and ideas to guide the treatment of Hirschsprung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyang He
- Tianjin Medical University of Pediatric Surgery, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhang Jiang
- Tianjin Medical University of Clinical Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Diwei Wei
- Tianjin Medical University of Pediatrics, Tianjin, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Tianjin Medical University of Pediatrics, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Tianjin Medical University of Pediatric Surgery, Tianjin, China
| | - Miao Jia
- Tianjin Medical University of Pediatric Surgery, Tianjin, China
| | - Bowen Shi
- Tianjin Medical University of Pediatric Surgery, Tianjin, China
| | - Hualei Cui
- Tianjin Children's Hospital of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Tianjin, China
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Wu Y, Bai Y, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Huang S, Tang L, Liang Y, Hu Y, Xu C. Transcriptome sequencing and network pharmacology-based approach to reveal the effect and mechanism of Ji Chuan Jian against Parkinson's disease. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:182. [PMID: 37270490 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ji Chuan Jian (JCJ), a classic Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula, has been widely applied in treating Parkinson's disease (PD) in China, However, the interaction of bioactive compounds from JCJ with the targets involved in PD remains elusive. METHODS Based on the transcriptome sequencing and network pharmacology approaches, the chemical compounds of JCJ and gene targets for treating PD were identified. Then, the Protein-protein interaction (PPI) and "Compound-Disease-Target" (C-D-T) network were constructed by using of Cytoscape. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were applied to these target proteins. Finally, AutoDock Vina was used for applying molecular docking. RESULTS In the present study, a total number of 2669 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between PD and healthy controls using whole transcriptome RNA sequencing. Then, 260 targets of 38 bioactive compounds in JCJ were identified. Of these targets, 47 were considered PD-related targets. Based on the PPI degree, the top 10 targets were identified. In C-D-T network analysis, the most important anti-PD bioactive compounds in JCJ were determined. Molecular docking revealed that potential PD-related targets, matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP9) were more stably bound with naringenin, quercetin, baicalein, kaempferol and wogonin. CONCLUSION Our study preliminarily investigated the bioactive compounds, key targets, and potential molecular mechanism of JCJ against PD. It also provided a promising approach for identifying the bioactive compounds in TCM as well as a scientific basis for further elucidating the mechanism of TCM formulae in treating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Bai
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhennian Zhang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sirui Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Hu
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Cheng M, Liang X, Shi L, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Gong Z, Luo S, Wang X, Zhang X. Folic acid deficiency exacerbates the inflammatory response of astrocytes after ischemia-reperfusion by enhancing the interaction between IL-6 and JAK-1/pSTAT3. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1537-1546. [PMID: 36794521 PMCID: PMC10173718 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To demonstrate the role of IL-6 and pSTAT3 in the inflammatory response to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion following folic acid deficiency (FD). METHODS The middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model was established in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo, and cultured primary astrocytes were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to emulate ischemia/reperfusion injury in vitro. RESULTS Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression significantly increased in astrocytes of the brain cortex in the MCAO group compared to the SHAM group. Nevertheless, FD did not further promote GFAP expression in astrocytes of rat brain tissue after MCAO. This result was further confirmed in the OGD/R cellular model. In addition, FD did not promote the expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β but raised IL-6 (Peak at 12 h after MCAO) and pSTAT3 (Peak at 24 h after MCAO) levels in the affected cortices of MCAO rats. In the in vitro model, the levels of IL-6 and pSTAT3 in astrocytes were significantly reduced by treatment with Filgotinib (JAK-1 inhibitor) but not AG490 (JAK-2 inhibitor). Moreover, the suppression of IL-6 expression reduced FD-induced increases in pSTAT3 and pJAK-1. In turn, inhibited pSTAT3 expression also depressed the FD-mediated increase in IL-6 expression. CONCLUSIONS FD led to the overproduction of IL-6 and subsequently increased pSTAT3 levels via JAK-1 but not JAK-2, which further promoted increased IL-6 expression, thereby exacerbating the inflammatory response of primary astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xiaoshan Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Linran Shi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public Health, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public Health, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Zhongying Gong
- Department of NeurologyTianjin First Center Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Suhui Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
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Olędzka AJ, Czerwińska ME. Role of Plant-Derived Compounds in the Molecular Pathways Related to Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054666. [PMID: 36902097 PMCID: PMC10003729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the primary response to infection and injury. Its beneficial effect is an immediate resolution of the pathophysiological event. However, sustained production of inflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species and cytokines may cause alterations in DNA integrity and lead to malignant cell transformation and cancer. More attention has recently been paid to pyroptosis, which is an inflammatory necrosis that activates inflammasomes and the secretion of cytokines. Taking into consideration that phenolic compounds are widely available in diet and medicinal plants, their role in the prevention and support of the treatment of chronic diseases is apparent. Recently, much attention has been paid to explaining the significance of isolated compounds in the molecular pathways related to inflammation. Therefore, this review aimed to screen reports concerning the molecular mode of action assigned to phenolic compounds. The most representative compounds from the classes of flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, and phenolic glycosides were selected for this review. Our attention was focused mainly on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Literature searching was performed using Scopus, PubMed, and Medline databases. In conclusion, based on the available literature, phenolic compounds regulate NF-κB, Nrf2, and MAPK signaling, which supports their potential role in chronic inflammatory disorders, including osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular, and pulmonary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata J. Olędzka
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika E. Czerwińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-116-61-85
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