1
|
Miao Y, Wang M, Sun H, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Yang W, Duan L, Niu L, Li Z, Chen J, Li Y, Fan A, Xie Q, Wei S, Bai H, Wang C, Chen Q, Wang X, Li Y, Liu J, Han Y, Fan D, Hong L. Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates colonic injury in mice with DSS-induced acute colitis by blocking macrophage pro-inflammatory phenotype switching via the HDAC5/DAB2 axis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119751. [PMID: 38776988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), a probiotic, has been linked to macrophage phenotypic polarization in different diseases. However, the role and mechanisms of A. muciniphila in regulating macrophage during ulcerative colitis (UC) are not clear. This research aimed to examine the impact of A. muciniphila on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis and elucidate the underlying mechanism related to macrophage phenotypic polarization. A. muciniphila inhibited weight loss, increased disease activity index, and ameliorated inflammatory injury in colonic tissues in mice induced with DSS. Furthermore, A. muciniphila reduced macrophage M1 polarization and ameliorated epithelial barrier damage in colonic tissues of DSS-induced mice through inhibition of histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5). In contrast, the effect of A. muciniphila was compromised by HDAC5 overexpression. HDAC5 deacetylated H3K9ac modification of the disabled homolog 2 (DAB2) promoter, which led to repressed DAB2 expression. DAB2 overexpression blocked HDAC5-induced pro-inflammatory polarization of macrophages, whereas knockdown of DAB2 resulted in the loss of effects of A. muciniphila against colonic injury in DSS-induced mice. Taken together, A. muciniphila-induced loss of HDAC5 hampered the deacetylation of DAB2 and enhanced the expression of DAB2. Our findings propose that A. muciniphila may be a possible probiotic agent for alleviating DSS-induced acute colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Miao
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Mian Wang
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Lili Duan
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Liaoran Niu
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zhenshun Li
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yiding Li
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Aqiang Fan
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Qibin Xie
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Siyu Wei
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Han Bai
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiangjie Wang
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jinqiang Liu
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Liu Hong
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Wang M, Su J, Zhong R, Yin S, Zhao Z, Sun Z. Hypersampsonone H attenuates ulcerative colitis via inhibition of PDE4 and regulation of cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111490. [PMID: 38218008 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a recurrent intestinal inflammatory disease which poses a serious threat to the life of patients. However, there are no specific drugs for UC yet. Hypericum sampsonii Hance (HS) is a Chinese herbal medicine traditionally used to treat enteritis and dysentery. Our previous studies have demonstrated that HS holds potential anti-UC effects, and a novel compound named Hypersampsonone H (HS-1) isolated from HS possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity. However, the beneficial effects of HS-1 on UC remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of HS-1 on UC and its potential mechanisms, both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The in vitro model was employed using LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of HS-1 and its possible mechanisms. Furthermore, the therapeutic efficacy and potential mechanisms of HS-1 against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis were assessed through histopathological examination, biochemical analysis, and molecular docking. RESULTS In vitro, HS-1 significantly reduced LPS-induced inflammatory responses, as indicated by inhibiting NO production, down-regulating the overexpression of COX-2 and iNOS, as well as regulating the imbalanced levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10. Moreover, HS-1 also inhibited the expression of PDE4, elevated the intracellular cAMP level, and promoted the phosphorylation of CREB, thereby activating the PKA/CREB pathway in RAW264.7 cells. In vivo, HS-1 demonstrated therapeutic capacity against DSS-induced colitis by alleviating the symptoms of colitis mice, regulating the abnormal expression of inflammatory mediators, protecting the integrity of intestinal epithelial barrier, and reducing tissue fibrosis. Consistently, HS-1 was found to decrease the expression of PDE4 isoforms, subsequently activating the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway. Furthermore, the molecular docking results indicated that HS-1 exhibited a high affinity for PDE4, particularly PDE4D. Further mechanistic validation in vitro demonstrated that HS-1 possessed a synergistic effect on forskolin and an antagonistic effect on H-89 dihydrochloride, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects through the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION We disclose that HS-1 serves as a promising candidate drug for the treatment of UC by virtue of its ability to reduce DSS-induced colitis via the inhibition of PDE4 and the activation of cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mingqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianhui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruimin Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
| | - Sheng Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhongxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhanghua Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zou M, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Xu Y. Identification of 6 cuproptosis-related genes for active ulcerative colitis with both diagnostic and therapeutic values. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35503. [PMID: 37904461 PMCID: PMC10615546 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuproptosis has been reported to affect a variety of diseases. Therefore, we aimed to examine the role of cuproptosis-related genes in active ulcerative colitis (UC). We acquired 2 datasets of active UC from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and created immune cell infiltrations to research immune cell dysregulation. Based on the cuproptosis gene set and differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we identified the differentially expressed genes of cuproptosis (CuDEGs). We then used 2 machine learning methods to screen hub CuDEGs. Subsequently, we performed validation on additional datasets and investigated the relationship between hub CuDEGs and drug treatments. Thirty-five controls with inactive UC and 90 patients with active UC were obtained from the training sets. A total of 9157 DEGs and 27 CuDEGs were identified, respectively. Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed that patients with active UC exhibited higher levels of activated dendritic cells and neutrophils as well as lower levels of CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and macrophage M2. A six-gene cuproptosis signature was identified using machine learning algorithms. We further validated that the 6 hub CuDEGs showed a strong correlation with active UC and acted as cuproptosis-related biomarkers of active UC. Moreover, the expression of ATOX1 was downregulated, and SUMF1, MT1G, ATP7B, FDX1, and LIAS expression was upregulated in the colonic mucosa of active UC patients who responded to golimumab or vedolizumab therapy. With the exception of ATP7B, the expression patterns of hub CuDEGs before and after infliximab treatment of patients with active UC were similar to those of golimumab and vedolizumab. Cuproptosis and active UC have a complex relationship, as illustrated in our study. ATOX1, SUMF1, MT1G, ATP7B, FDX1, and LIAS are cuproptosis-related hub genes of active UC. Our study opens new avenues for investigating UC progression and developing novel therapeutic potential targets for the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Zou
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yin Xu
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xue JC, Yuan S, Meng H, Hou XT, Li J, Zhang HM, Chen LL, Zhang CH, Zhang QG. The role and mechanism of flavonoid herbal natural products in ulcerative colitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114086. [PMID: 36502751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestine that presents clinically with abdominal pain, mucopurulent stools, and posterior urgency. The lesions of UC are mainly concentrated in the rectal and colonic mucosa and submucosa. For patients with mild to moderate UC, the best pharmacological treatment includes glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, and biologics, but the long-term application can have serious toxic side effects. Currently, nearly 40% of UC patients are treated with herbal natural products in combination with traditional medications to reduce the incidence of toxic side effects. Flavonoid herbal natural products are the most widely distributed polyphenols in plants and fruits, which have certain antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Flavonoid herbal natural products have achieved remarkable efficacy in the treatment of UC. The pharmacological mechanisms are related to anti-inflammation, promotion of mucosal healing, maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis, and regulation of intestinal flora. In this paper, we summarize the flavonoid components of anti-ulcerative colitis and their mechanisms reported in the past 10 years, to provide a basis for rational clinical use and the development of new anti-ulcerative colitis drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Chen Xue
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University College of Basic Medicine, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Huan Meng
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Hou
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China
| | - Hua-Min Zhang
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Jinan People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province 271100, China
| | - Cheng-Hao Zhang
- Department of Oral Teaching and Research, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133000, China.
| | - Qing-Gao Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Yanbian University College of Basic Medicine, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China; Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Iesanu MI, Zahiu CDM, Dogaru IA, Chitimus DM, Pircalabioru GG, Voiculescu SE, Isac S, Galos F, Pavel B, O’Mahony SM, Zagrean AM. Melatonin-Microbiome Two-Sided Interaction in Dysbiosis-Associated Conditions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2244. [PMID: 36421432 PMCID: PMC9686962 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a pineal indolamine, allegedly known as a circadian rhythm regulator, and an antioxidative and immunomodulatory molecule. In both experimental and clinical trials, melatonin has been shown to have positive effects in various pathologies, as a modulator of important biochemical pathways including inflammation, oxidative stress, cell injury, apoptosis, and energy metabolism. The gut represents one of melatonin's most abundant extra pineal sources, with a 400-times-higher concentration than the pineal gland. The importance of the gut microbial community-namely, the gut microbiota, in multiple critical functions of the organism- has been extensively studied throughout time, and its imbalance has been associated with a variety of human pathologies. Recent studies highlight a possible gut microbiota-modulating role of melatonin, with possible implications for the treatment of these pathologies. Consequently, melatonin might prove to be a valuable and versatile therapeutic agent, as it is well known to elicit positive functions on the microbiota in many dysbiosis-associated conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronodisruption-induced dysbiosis, obesity, and neuropsychiatric disorders. This review intends to lay the basis for a deeper comprehension of melatonin, gut microbiota, and host-health subtle interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Ioana Iesanu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pediatrics, Marie Curie Emergency Children’s Hospital, 041451 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Denise Mihaela Zahiu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana-Alexandra Dogaru
- Department of Functional Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Maria Chitimus
- Department of Functional Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru
- Section Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei Street, District 5, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Suzana Elena Voiculescu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sebastian Isac
- Department of Functional Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care I, ‘Fundeni’ Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Felicia Galos
- Department of Pediatrics, Marie Curie Emergency Children’s Hospital, 041451 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pediatrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Pavel
- Department of Functional Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Siobhain M. O’Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana-Maria Zagrean
- Department of Functional Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|