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Haewphet T, Parhira S, Chaisupasakul P, Wangteeraprasert A, Phoungpetchara I, Pekthong D, Kaewkong W, Jiang ZH, Bai LP, Somran J, Srisawang P. The dichloromethane fraction from Calotropis gigantea (L.) dryand. Stem bark extract prevents liver cancer in SDT rats with insulin-independent diabetes mellitus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118516. [PMID: 38971341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. (C. gigantea) is a traditional medicinal plant, recognized for its effectiveness in managing diabetes, along with its notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic metabolic disorders associated with an elevated risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to hyperglycemia and impaired insulin response. The scientific validation of C. gigantea's ethnopharmacological efficacy offers advantages in alleviating cancer progression in T2DM complications, enriching existing knowledge and potentially aiding future clinical cancer treatments. AIM This study aimed to investigate the preventive potential of the dichloromethane fraction of C. gigantea stem bark extract (CGDCM) against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC in T2DM rats, aiming to reduce cancer incidence associated with diabetes while validating C. gigantea's ethnopharmacological efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats were administered DEN to induce HCC (SDT-DEN-VEH), followed by treatment with CGDCM. Metformin was used as a positive control (SDT-DEN-MET). All the treatments were administered for 10 weeks after the initial DEN injection. Diabetes-related parameters, including serum levels of glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), as well as liver function enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase), were quantified. Serum inflammation biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were evaluated. Liver tissue samples were analyzed for inflammation protein expression (IL-6, TNF-α, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)). Histopathological evaluation was performed to assess hepatic necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Liver cell proliferation was determined using immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 expression. RESULTS Rats with SDT-DEN-induced HCC treated with CGDCM exhibited reduced serum glucose levels, elevated insulin levels, and decreased HbA1c levels. CGDCM treatment also reduced elevated hepatic IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β1, and α-SMA levels in SDT-DEN-VEH rats. Additionally, CGDCM treatment prevented hepatocyte damage, fibrosis, and cell proliferation. No adverse effects on normal organs were observed with CGDCM treatment, suggesting its safety for the treatment of HCC complications associated with diabetes. Additionally, the absence of adverse effects in SD rats treated with CGDCM at 2.5 mg/kg further supports the notion of its safe usage. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that C. gigantea stem bark extract exerts preventive effects against the development of HCC complications in patients with T2DM, expanding the potential benefits of its ethnopharmacological advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiyawat Haewphet
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Supawadee Parhira
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Environmental Health and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Pattaraporn Chaisupasakul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | | | - Ittipon Phoungpetchara
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Dumrongsak Pekthong
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Environmental Health and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Worasak Kaewkong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Li-Ping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Julintorn Somran
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Piyarat Srisawang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
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Saleh Alanazi SH, Farooq Khan M, Alazami AM, Baabbad A, Ahmed Wadaan M. Calotropis procera: A double edged sword against glioblastoma, inhibiting glioblastoma cell line growth by targeting histone deacetylases (HDAC) and angiogenesis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24406. [PMID: 38304784 PMCID: PMC10831610 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial investments in anti-glioblastoma (GBM) drug discovery over the last decade, progress is limited to preclinical stages, with clinical studies frequently encountering obstacles. Angiogenic and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have shown profound results in pre-clinical studies. Investigating a multicomponent anti-cancer remedy that disrupts the tumor angiogenic blood vessels and simultaneously disrupts HDACs, while inducing minimal side effects, is critically needed. The crude extracts derived from medicinal plants serve as a renewable reservoir of anti-tumor drugs, exhibiting reduced toxicity compared to chemically synthesized formulations. Calotropis procera is a traditional medicinal plant, and its anticancer potential against many cancer cell lines has been reported, however its antiangiogenic and HDAC inhibitory action is largely unknown. The anticancer activity of methanol leaf extract of C. procera was tested in three types of human glioblastoma cell lines. Wild-type and transgenic zebrafish embryos were used to evaluate developmental toxicity and angiogenic activity. A human angiogenic antibody array was used to profile angiogenic proteins in the U251 GM cell line. A real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) assay was used to detect the differential expression of eleven HDAC genes in U251 cells treated with C. procera extract. The extract significantly reduced the proliferation of all three types of GBM cell lines and the cytotoxicity was found to be more pronounced in U251 GM cells, with an IC50 value of 2.63 ± 0.23 μg/ml, possibly by arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M transition. The extract did not exhibit toxic effects in zebrafish embryos, even at concentrations as high as 1000 μg/ml. The extract also inhibited angiogenic blood vessel formation in the transgenic zebrafish model in a dose-dependent manner. The results from the angiogenic antibody array have suggested novel angiogenesis targets that can be utilized to treat GBM. Real-time RT PCR analysis has shown that C. procrea extract caused an upregulation of HDAC5, 7, and 10, while the mRNA of HDAC1, 2, 3 and 8 (Class I HDACs), and HDAC4, 6, and 9 (Class II) were downregulated in U251 GM cells. The cytotoxicity of the C. procera extract on GBM cell lines could be due to its dual action by regulation of both tumor angiogenesis and histone deacetylases enzymes. Through this study, the C. procera leaf extract has been suggested as an effective remedy to treat GBM with minimal toxicity. In addition, various novel angiogenic and HDAC targets has been identified which could be helpful in designing better therapeutic strategies to manage glioblastoma multiforme in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsa Hilal Saleh Alanazi
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455 Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Farooq Khan
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455 Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas M. Alazami
- Translational Genomics Department, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almohannad Baabbad
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455 Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ahmed Wadaan
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box 2455 Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Jayaraman S, Natarajan SR, Veeraraghavan VP, Jasmine S. Unveiling the anti-cancer mechanisms of calotropin: Insights into cell growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and metabolic regulation in human oral squamous carcinoma cells (HSC-3). J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2023; 13:704-713. [PMID: 37731845 PMCID: PMC10507650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Calotropin, a cardiac glycoside obtained from the plant Calotropis gigantea, has demonstrated promising potential as an anti-tumorigenesis compound. Objective The main objective of this study was to investigate the potential anti-cancer properties of calotropin against HSC-3 oral squamous cancer cells and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved in its action. Material and method Calotropin were treated in HSC-3 to evaluate cell viability by MTT assay. Flow cytometry analysis divulged that calotropin G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HSC-3 cells. Calotropin displayed inhibitory properties against aerobic glycolysis, a metabolic alteration using glucose uptaken, lactose production and LDHA activity assays. Furthermore, migration and invasion assays help that calotropin has ability to reduce the migratory and invasive of HSC-3 cells, using transwell and Matrigel assay. Validation of mRNA expression through RT-PCR. Molecular docking was implemented to validate the binding association of calotropin with apoptosis and metastatic regulating targets. Result The results exemplify that increasing doses of calotropin effectively hold back the HSC-3 cell progression. Migration and invasion assays help that calotropin has ability to reduce the migratory and invasive of HSC-3 cells, indicating its potential to inhibit cancer metastasis. These results imply that calotropin may influence genes linked to metastasis and apoptosis in order to achieve its beneficial effects on cancer. Docking results provided further support, showing a high binding energy between calotropin and metastasis-mediated pathways. Conclusion Overall, our findings shed an experimental evidence on how calotropin inhibits the HSC-3 oral squamous cancer cell growth, highlighting the drug's potential as a treatment for oral cancer. Further, investigation on in-vivo experiment is warranted to explore its potential mechanism of action and to develop a novel drug towards clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Sathan Raj Natarajan
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Sharmila Jasmine
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Rajas Dental College and Hospital, Kavalkinaru, Tirunelveli, 627105, Tamil Nadu, India
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