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Bioletto F, Berton AM, Barale M, Aversa LS, Sauro L, Presti M, Mocellini F, Sagone N, Ghigo E, Procopio M, Grottoli S. Skeletal fragility in pituitary disease: how can we predict fracture risk? Pituitary 2024:10.1007/s11102-024-01447-3. [PMID: 39240510 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-024-01447-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Pituitary hormones play a crucial role in regulating skeletal physiology, and skeletal fragility is a frequent complication of pituitary diseases. The ability to predict the risk of fracture events is crucial for guiding therapeutic decisions; however, in patients with pituitary diseases, fracture risk estimation is particularly challenging. Compared to primary osteoporosis, the evaluation of bone mineral density by dual X-ray absorptiometry is much less informative about fracture risk. Moreover, the reliability of standard fracture risk calculators does not have strong validations in this setting. Morphometric vertebral assessment is currently the cornerstone in the assessment of skeletal fragility in patients with pituitary diseases, as prevalent fractures remain the strongest predictor of future fracture events. In recent years, new tools for evaluating bone quality have shown promising results in assessing bone impairment in patients with pituitary diseases, but most available data are cross-sectional, and evidence regarding the prediction of incident fractures is still scarce. Of note, apart from measures of bone density and bone quality, the estimation of fracture risk in the context of pituitary hyperfunction or hypofunction cannot ignore the evaluation of factors related to the underlying disease, such as its severity and duration, as well as the specific therapies implemented for its treatment. Aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of all major evidence regarding fracture risk prediction in patients with pituitary disease, highlighting the need for a tailored approach that critically integrates all clinical, biochemical, and instrumental data according to the specificities of each disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Bioletto
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, Turin, 10126, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Maria Berton
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Marco Barale
- Division of Oncological Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Simone Aversa
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sauro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Michela Presti
- Division of Oncological Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Mocellini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Noemi Sagone
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Massimo Procopio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Silvia Grottoli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, Turin, 10126, Italy
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Wang T, Ye J, Zhang Y, Li J, Yang T, Wang Y, Jiang X, Yao Q. Role of oxytocin in bone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1450007. [PMID: 39290327 PMCID: PMC11405241 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1450007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is a posterior pituitary hormone that, in addition to its role in regulating childbirth and lactation, also exerts direct regulatory effects on the skeleton through peripheral OT and oxytocin receptor (OTR). Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), osteoblasts (OB), osteoclasts (OC), chondrocytes, and adipocytes all express OT and OTR. OT upregulates RUNX2, BMP2, ALP, and OCN, thereby enhancing the activity of BMSCs and promoting their differentiation towards OB rather than adipocytes. OT also directly regulates OPG/RANKL to inhibit adipocyte generation, increase the expression of SOX9 and COMP, and enhance chondrocyte differentiation. OB can secrete OT, exerting influence on the surrounding environment through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. OT directly increases OC formation through the NκB/MAP kinase signaling pathway, inhibits osteoclast proliferation by triggering cytoplasmic Ca2+ release and nitric oxide synthesis, and has a dual regulatory effect on OCs. Under the stimulation of estrogen, OB synthesizes OT, amplifying the biological effects of estrogen and OT. Mediated by estrogen, the OT/OTR forms a feedforward loop with OB. Apart from estrogen, OT also interacts with arginine vasopressin (AVP), prostaglandins (PGE2), leptin, and adiponectin to regulate bone metabolism. This review summarizes recent research on the regulation of bone metabolism by OT and OTR, aiming to provide insights into their clinical applications and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianya Ye
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianxiao Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingqiang Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Liu D, Wang K, Wang J, Cao F, Tao L. Identification of the molecular link: STAT3 is a shared key gene linking postmenopausal osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Bone Joint Res 2024; 13:411-426. [PMID: 39195444 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.138.bjr-2023-0351.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims This study explored the shared genetic traits and molecular interactions between postmenopausal osteoporosis (POMP) and sarcopenia, both of which substantially degrade elderly health and quality of life. We hypothesized that these motor system diseases overlap in pathophysiology and regulatory mechanisms. Methods We analyzed microarray data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), machine learning, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis to identify common genetic factors between POMP and sarcopenia. Further validation was done via differential gene expression in a new cohort. Single-cell analysis identified high expression cell subsets, with mononuclear macrophages in osteoporosis and muscle stem cells in sarcopenia, among others. A competitive endogenous RNA network suggested regulatory elements for these genes. Results Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was notably expressed in both conditions. Single-cell analysis pinpointed specific cells with high STAT3 expression, and microRNA (miRNA)-125a-5p emerged as a potential regulator. Experiments confirmed the crucial role of STAT3 in osteoclast differentiation and muscle proliferation. Conclusion STAT3 has emerged as a key gene in both POMP and sarcopenia. This insight positions STAT3 as a potential common therapeutic target, possibly improving management strategies for these age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fangming Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Dmytrenko G, Fernández-Solari J, Correa F, De Laurentiis A. Oxytocin alleviates periodontitis in adult rats. J Periodontal Res 2024; 59:280-288. [PMID: 38226427 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the expression of oxytocin receptors in normal and inflamed gingiva, as well as the effects of systemic administration of oxytocin in bone loss and gum inflammatory mediators in a rat model of experimental periodontitis. BACKGROUND DATA Current evidence supports the hypothesis of a disbalance between the oral microbiota and the host's immune response in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Increased complexity of the microbial biofilm present in the periodontal pocket leads to local production of nitrogen and oxygen-reactive species, cytokines, chemokines, and other proinflammatory mediators which contribute to periodontal tissue destruction and bone loss. Oxytocin has been suggested to participate in the modulation of immune and inflammatory processes. We have previously shown that oxytocin, nitric oxide, and endocannabinoid system interact providing a mechanism of regulation for systemic inflammation. Here, we aimed at investigating not only the presence and levels of expression of oxytocin receptors on healthy and inflamed gingiva, but also the effects of oxytocin treatment on alveolar bone loss, and systemic and gum expression of inflammatory mediators involved in periodontal tissue damage using ligature-induced periodontitis. Therefore, anti-inflammatory strategies oriented at modulating the host's immune response could be valuable adjuvants to the main treatment of periodontal disease. METHODS We used an animal model of ligature-induced periodontitis involving the placement of a linen thread (Barbour flax 100% linen suture, No. 50; size 2/0) ligature around the neck of first lower molars of adult male rats. The ligature was left in place during the entire experiment (7 days) until euthanasia. Animals with periodontitis received daily treatment with oxytocin (OXT, 1000 μg/kg, sc.) or vehicle and/or atosiban (3 mg/kg, sc.), an antagonist of oxytocin receptors. The distance between the cement-enamel junction and the alveolar bone crest was measured in stained hemimandibles in the long axis of both buccal and lingual surfaces of both inferior first molars using a caliper. TNF-α levels in plasma were determined using specific rat enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). OXT receptors, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression were determined in gingival tissues by semiquantitative or real-time PCR. RESULTS We show that oxytocin receptors are expressed in normal and inflamed gingival tissues in male rats. We also show that the systemic administration of oxytocin prevents the experimental periodontitis-induced increased gum expression of oxytocin receptors, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β (p < .05). Furthermore, we observed a reduction in bone loss in rats treated with oxytocin in our model. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that oxytocin is a novel and potent modulator of the gingival inflammatory process together with bone loss preventing effects in an experimental model of ligature-induced periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Dmytrenko
- Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Fisiología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Fernández-Solari
- Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Fisiología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Correa
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Fisiología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea De Laurentiis
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Fisiología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Perisic M, Woolcock K, Hering A, Mendel H, Muttenthaler M. Oxytocin and vasopressin signaling in health and disease. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:361-377. [PMID: 38418338 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Neurohypophysial peptides are ancient and evolutionarily highly conserved neuropeptides that regulate many crucial physiological functions in vertebrates and invertebrates. The human neurohypophysial oxytocin/vasopressin (OT/VP) signaling system with its four receptors has become an attractive drug target for a variety of diseases, including cancer, pain, cardiovascular indications, and neurological disorders. Despite its promise, drug development faces hurdles, including signaling complexity, selectivity and off-target concerns, translational interspecies differences, and inefficient drug delivery. In this review we dive into the complexity of the OT/VP signaling system in health and disease, provide an overview of relevant pharmacological probes, and discuss the latest trends in therapeutic lead discovery and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Perisic
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrina Woolcock
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anke Hering
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 4072 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Helen Mendel
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 4072 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Markus Muttenthaler
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 4072 Brisbane, Australia.
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