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Jiang L, Sun XY, Wang SQ, Liu YL, Lu LJ, Wu WH, Zhi H, Wang ZY, Liu XD, Liu L. Indoxyl sulphate-TNFα axis mediates uremic encephalopathy in rodent acute kidney injury. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1406-1424. [PMID: 38589687 PMCID: PMC11192958 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is often accompanied by uremic encephalopathy resulting from accumulation of uremic toxins in brain possibly due to impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Anionic uremic toxins are substrates or inhibitors of organic anionic transporters (OATs). In this study we investigated the CNS behaviors and expression/function of BBB OAT3 in AKI rats and mice, which received intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin 8 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. We showed that cisplatin treatment significantly inhibited the expressions of OAT3, synaptophysin and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), impaired locomotor and exploration activities, and increased accumulation of uremic toxins in the brain of AKI rats and mice. In vitro studies showed that uremic toxins neither alter OAT3 expression in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, nor synaptophysin and MAP2 expressions in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. In contrast, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and the conditioned medium (CM) from RAW264.7 cells treated with indoxyl sulfate (IS) significantly impaired OAT3 expression. TNFα and CM from IS-treated BV-2 cells also inhibited synaptophysin and MAP2 expressions in SH-SY5Y cells. The alterations caused by TNFα and CMs in vitro, and by AKI and TNFα in vivo were abolished by infliximab, a monoclonal antibody designed to intercept and neutralize TNFα, suggesting that AKI impaired the expressions of OAT3, synaptophysin and MAP2 in the brain via IS-induced TNFα release from macrophages or microglia (termed as IS-TNFα axis). Treatment of mice with TNFα (0.5 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.p. for 3 days) significantly increased p-p65 expression and reduced the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1. Inhibiting NF-κB pathway, silencing p65, or activating Nrf2 and HO-1 obviously attenuated TNFα-induced downregulation of OAT3, synaptophysin and MAP2 expressions. Significantly increased p-p65 and decreased Nrf2 and HO-1 protein levels were also detected in brain of AKI mice and rats. We conclude that AKI inhibits the expressions of OAT3, synaptophysin and MAP2 due to IS-induced TNFα release from macrophages or microglia. TNFα impairs the expressions of OAT3, synaptophysin and MAP2 partly via activating NF-κB pathway and inhibiting Nrf2-HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jiang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xue-Ying Sun
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Si-Qian Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yan-Lin Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ling-Jue Lu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wen-Han Wu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hao Zhi
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Wupperfeld D, Fricker G, Bois De Fer B, Popovic B. Essential phospholipids impact cytokine secretion and alter lipid-metabolizing enzymes in human hepatocyte cell lines. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:572-584. [PMID: 38664334 PMCID: PMC11126482 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential phospholipids (EPL) are hepatoprotective. METHODS The effects on interleukin (IL)-6 and -8 secretion and on certain lipid-metabolizing enzymes of non-cytotoxic concentrations of EPL (0.1 and 0.25 mg/ml), polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC), and phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) (both at 0.1 and 1 mg/ml), compared with untreated controls, were assessed in human hepatocyte cell lines (HepG2, HepaRG, and steatotic HepaRG). RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-6 secretion was significantly decreased in HepaRG cells by most phospholipids, and significantly increased in steatotic HepaRG cells with at least one concentration of EPL and PtdIns. LPS-induced IL-8 secretion was significantly increased in HepaRG and steatotic HepaRG cells with all phospholipids. All phospholipids significantly decreased amounts of fatty acid synthase in steatotic HepaRG cells and the amounts of acyl-CoA oxidase in HepaRG cells. Amounts of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase were significantly decreased in HepG2 and HepaRG cells by most phospholipids, and significantly increased with 0.1 mg/ml PPC (HepaRG cells) and 1 mg/ml PtdIns (steatotic HepaRG cells). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was unaffected by any phospholipid in any cell line. CONCLUSIONS EPL, PPC, and PtdIns impacted the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and affected amounts of several key lipid-metabolizing enzymes in human hepatocyte cell lines. Such changes may help liver function improvement, and provide further insights into the EPL's mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wupperfeld
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gert Fricker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Branko Popovic
- Sanofi, Frankfurt am Main, K607, 65929, Industriepark Hoechst, Germany.
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Wang N, Yang J, Liu X, Liu G, He Z, Gu S. Changes of m 6A Regulatory Proteins and Nrf2 Signaling Molecules in Liver Tissue of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rats. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01331-8. [PMID: 38822202 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Both dysregulation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) regulatory proteins and Nrf2 signaling molecules are involved in the process of injury to multiple tissues. However, changes of m6A regulatory proteins and Nrf2 signaling molecules in liver tissue of T2DM remain unclear. In present study, changes of m6A regulatory proteins (Mettl3, Mettl16, Fto, Alkbh5 and Ythdc2) and Nrf2 signaling molecules (Nrf2, Sod1, Ho-1, Gclc) were detected in the liver tissues of T2DM rats, which constructed by high fat-diet feeding and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Our results indicated that the morphology of liver tissues from T2DM rats showed obvious abnormalities, as well as levels of liver function indicators and expressions of Nrf2 signaling molecules Nrf2, Sod1, Ho-1 were significantly increased in T2DM rats when compared with those in corresponding control rats. More importantly, m6A regulatory proteins such as Mettl3, Mettl16, Fto, Alkbh5 and Ythdc2 were dramatically higher than those in control rat. In a word, m6A regulatory proteins and Nrf2 signaling molecules may significantly change in liver tissue of T2DM rats. And This provides clues and ideas for the study of liver injury in T2DM from the perspective of RNA epigenetics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, No. 22, Wanhua Road, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671003, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, No. 22, Wanhua Road, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Guofen Liu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, No. 22, Wanhua Road, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Zuoshun He
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, No. 22, Wanhua Road, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China.
| | - Shiyan Gu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, No. 22, Wanhua Road, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China.
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Huang WC, Liou CJ, Shen SC, Hu S, Chao JCJ, Huang CH, Wu SJ. Punicalagin from pomegranate ameliorates TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced inflammatory responses in HaCaT cells via regulation of SIRT1/STAT3 axis and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111665. [PMID: 38367463 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Punicalagin (PUN) was isolated from the peel of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), is a polyphenol with anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant activities. However, it remains unclear whether PUN alleviates the inflammation and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in pro-inflammatory cytokines-induced human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Here, we investigated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) mixture-stimulated HaCaT cells were treated with various concentrations of PUN, followed by analyzed the expression of inflammation-related mediators and evaluate anti-inflammatory-related pathways. Our results demonstrated that PUN ≤ 100 μM did not reduce HaCaT cell viability, and PUN ≥ 3 μM was sufficient to decrease interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), CCL17 and CCL20 concentrations. We found that PUN ≥ 10 μM and ≥ 3 μM significantly increased sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression and inhibited signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation, respectively. PUN downregulated inflammation-related proteins cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), enhanced nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Moreover, PUN decreased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and inhibited monocyte adhesion to inflamed HaCaT cells. PUN also suppressed inflammatory-related pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways in TNF-α/IFN-γ- stimulated HaCat cells. Collectively, there is significant evidence that PUN has effective protective defenses against TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced skin inflammation by enhancing SIRT1 to mediate STAT3 and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chian-Jiun Liou
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Szu-Chuan Shen
- Graduate Program of Nutrition Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Ting-Chow Rd, Sec 4, Taipei 11677, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sindy Hu
- Department of Cosmetic Science, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Dermatology, Aesthetic Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jane C-J Chao
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Hsun Huang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Dermatology, Aesthetic Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Ju Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Aesthetic Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, ROC.
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Cheng F, Zhang Y, Xiong H, Zhao M, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Li Y, Tang R, Li J. NMNATs expression inhibition mediated NAD + deficiency plays a critical role in doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 482:116799. [PMID: 38160893 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most widely used antineoplastic drugs with known cardiotoxicity while other organ toxicity, such as hepatotoxicity is not well defined. This study was to explore the role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in DOX-induced hepatotoxicity. DOX (20 mg/kg) induced acute liver injury and oxidative stress in C57BL/6 J mice at 48 h. Notably, the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) were downregulated. NAD+ deficiency was confirmed due to DOX exposure. Mechanistically, the downregulation of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 1 (NMNAT1), NMNAT2 and NMNAT3, while no alteration of nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase was proved. As a consequence of NAD+ deficiency, the expression of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase1 (PARP1), CD38 and Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) were reduced. Furthermore, supplementation of NAD+ (200 mg/kg/day) or its precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) (500 mg/kg/day) alleviated liver injury, attenuated oxidative stress, and elevated the downregulation of Nrf2 and NQO1. More importantly, compromised expression of NMNAT1-3, PARP1, CD38 and SIRT1 were improved by NAD+ and NMN. In conclusion, NAD+ deficiency due to NMNATs expression inhibition may attribute to the pathogenesis of DOX-induced hepatotoxicity, thus providing new insights for mitigating DOX side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yongtai Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hongli Xiong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Minzhu Zhao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yongguo Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Renkuan Tang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jianbo Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Criminal Investigation Technology, Chongqing, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing, PR China.
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Li X, Wu Y, Yang Y, Wu Y, Yu X, Hu W. Omaveloxolone ameliorates isoproterenol-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Free Radic Res 2024; 58:57-68. [PMID: 38145457 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2023.2299359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important transcriptional regulator that plays a protective role against various cardiovascular diseases. Omaveloxolone is a newly discovered potent activator of Nrf2 that has a variety of cytoprotective functions. However, the potential role of omaveloxolone in the process of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure are still unknown. In this study, an isoproterenol (ISO)-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy model was established to investigate the protective effect of omaveloxolone in vivo and in vitro. Our study first confirmed that omaveloxolone administration improved ISO-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy in mice and neonatal cardiomyocytes. Omaveloxolone administration also diminished ISO-induced cardiac oxidative stress, inflammation and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In addition, omaveloxolone administration activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway, and Nrf2 knockdown almost completely abolished the cardioprotective effect of omaveloxolone, indicated that the cardioprotective effect of omaveloxolone was directly related to the activation of the Nrf2 signaling. In summary, our study identified that omaveloxolone may be a promising therapeutic agent to mitigate pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchao Li
- Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunzhao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaohua Wu
- Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjuan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Zhu B, Wei Y, Zhang M, Yang S, Tong R, Li W, Long E. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: ferroptosis related mechanisms and potential drugs. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1286449. [PMID: 38027027 PMCID: PMC10665502 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1286449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is considered a "multisystem" disease that simultaneously suffers from metabolic diseases and hepatic steatosis. Some may develop into liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Given the close connection between metabolic diseases and fatty liver, it is urgent to identify drugs that can control metabolic diseases and fatty liver as a whole and delay disease progression. Ferroptosis, characterized by iron overload and lipid peroxidation resulting from abnormal iron metabolism, is a programmed cell death mechanism. It is an important pathogenic mechanism in metabolic diseases or fatty liver, and may become a key direction for improving MASLD. In this article, we have summarized the physiological and pathological mechanisms of iron metabolism and ferroptosis, as well as the connections established between metabolic diseases and fatty liver through ferroptosis. We have also summarized MASLD therapeutic drugs and potential active substances targeting ferroptosis, in order to provide readers with new insights. At the same time, in future clinical trials involving subjects with MASLD (especially with the intervention of the therapeutic drugs), the detection of serum iron metabolism levels and ferroptosis markers in patients should be increased to further explore the efficacy of potential drugs on ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqiang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuankui Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Enwu Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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