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Ferreira M, Sousa V, Oliveira B, Canadas-Sousa A, Abreu H, Dias J, Kiron V, Valente LMP. An in-depth characterisation of European seabass intestinal segments for assessing the impact of an algae-based functional diet on intestinal health. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11686. [PMID: 37468554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38826-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable farming of fish species depends on emerging new feed ingredients, which can alter the features of the digestive tract and influence animals' overall health. Recent research has shown that functional feeds hold great potential for enhancing fish robustness by evoking appropriate responses at the intestine level. However, there is a lack of extensive and accurate descriptions of the morphology of the gastrointestinal tract of most farmed fish. We have characterised the intestine of European seabass thoroughly, by targeting four segments - anterior, mid, posterior and rectum. Results indicated that the anterior segment is mostly associated with absorption-related features; this segment has the largest absorptive area, the longest villi, and the highest number of neutral goblet cells (GC). The posterior segment and rectum have distinct histomorphometric features, but both seem to be important for immunity, displaying the highest count of acid GC and the highest expression of immune-related genes. The strongest proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) signal was observed in the anterior intestine and rectum, with PCNA+ cells appearing at the base of the villi and the corresponding villi branches. We have also evaluated the impact of a novel feed supplemented with a macro- and microalgae blend and found that there were no differences in terms of growth. However, the alterations observed in the mid intestine of fish fed the blend, such as thickening of the submucosa and lamina propria, an increased number of leucocytes, and higher expression of immune- and oxidative stress-related genes, suggest that algae may have an immunomodulatory effect. In the current article, we have described the morphology and expression patterns of the intestine segments of European seabass in detail and have presented a comprehensive report of the indices and methods used for the semi-quantitative and quantitative histomorphometric assessments, thereby providing useful information for future studies that aim to maintain intestinal health through dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Sousa
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Oliveira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Canadas-Sousa
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- EUVG, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, Quinta de S. Jorge, Estrada da Conraria, Castelo Viegas, 3040-714, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - H Abreu
- ALGAplus, Production and Trading of Seaweed and Derived Products Ltd, 3830-196, Ílhavo, Portugal
| | - J Dias
- SPAROS Lda., 8700-221, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Luisa M P Valente
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal. *
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. *
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Chutia P, Saha N, Das M, Goswami LM. Differential expression of aquaporin genes and the influence of environmental hypertonicity on their expression in juveniles of air-breathing stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 274:111314. [PMID: 36096299 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a superfamily of transmembrane channel proteins that are responsible for the transport of water and some other molecules to and from the cell, mainly for osmoregulation under anisotonicity. We investigated here the expression patterns of different AQP isoforms and also during exposure to hypertonicity (300 mOsmol/L) for 48 h in juvenile stages of air-breathing stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis). A total of 8 mRNA transcripts for different isoforms of AQPs and their translated proteins could be detected in the anterior and posterior regions of S1, S2, and S3 stages of juveniles of stinging catfish at variable levels. In general, more expression of mRNAs for different aqp genes was seen in the S2 and S3 juveniles than in the S1 juveniles. Most interestingly, exposure to hypertonicity of S2 juveniles for a period of 48 h led to increased expression of most of the aqp genes both at transcriptional and translational levels, except for aqp3 in the anterior and posterior regions and aqp1 in the anterior region, showing maximum expression at later stages of hypertonic exposure. Thus, it is evident that AQPs play crucial roles in maintaining the water and ionic balances under anisotonic conditions even at the early developmental stages of stinging catfish as a biochemical adaptational strategy to survive and grow in anisotonic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyambada Chutia
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, India; Department of Zoology, S.B. Deorah College, Ulubari, Guwahati 781007, India
| | - Nirmalendu Saha
- Biochemical Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India.
| | - Manas Das
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, India.
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Lee SY, Nam YK, Kim YK. Characterization of aquaporin-1ab (Aqp1ab) mRNA in mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis) exposed to heavy metal and immunostimulant stimuli. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 270:111226. [PMID: 35489610 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are key proteins that regulate fluid homeostasis in cells via modulating osmotic water transport. In the present study, we identified three variants of Aqp1ab transcript (mmAQP1ab x1, mmAQP1ab x2, and mmAQP1ab x3) in mud loaches (Misgurnus mizolepis), and their expression patterns were examined in response to heavy metal and immunostimulant exposure. Mud loach Aqp1ab gene has a somewhat different organizational structure (i.e. five exons interrupted by four introns) compared to most other teleostean Aqp1ab orthologues, which have four exons. The 5'-flanking regulatory region of Aqp gene showed diverse transcription factor binding motifs, particularly those associated with stress/immune responses. Developmental expression patterns indicated that Aqp1ab mRNA was maternally inherited, presumably important for fine-tuning gene expression during embryonic and early larval developments. Expression of mud loach Aqp1ab mRNA was significantly and differentially modulated in several tissues (intestine, kidneys, spleen, and liver) in response to various heavy metal treatments. In addition, Aqp1ab gene expression was highly induced in response to immune challenge (LPS and polyI:C injections). Collectively, our results suggested that AQPs are multifunctional effectors playing diverse roles in cellular pathways relevant to immune and/or stress adaptation responses, in addition to their involvement in osmoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yoon Lee
- Cellqua, Inc., Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13595, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kwon Nam
- Department of Marine Bio-Materials and Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Kyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea.
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Takvam M, Wood CM, Kryvi H, Nilsen TO. Ion Transporters and Osmoregulation in the Kidney of Teleost Fishes as a Function of Salinity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:664588. [PMID: 33967835 PMCID: PMC8098666 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.664588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Euryhaline teleosts exhibit major changes in renal function as they move between freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) environments, thus tolerating large fluctuations in salinity. In FW, the kidney excretes large volumes of water through high glomerular filtration rates (GFR) and low tubular reabsorption rates, while actively reabsorbing most ions at high rates. The excreted product has a high urine flow rate (UFR) with a dilute composition. In SW, GFR is greatly reduced, and the tubules reabsorb as much water as possible, while actively secreting divalent ions. The excreted product has a low UFR, and is almost isosmotic to the blood plasma, with Mg2+, SO42–, and Cl– as the major ionic components. Early studies at the organismal level have described these basic patterns, while in the last two decades, studies of regulation at the cell and molecular level have been implemented, though only in a few euryhaline groups (salmonids, eels, tilapias, and fugus). There have been few studies combining the two approaches. The aim of the review is to integrate known aspects of renal physiology (reabsorption and secretion) with more recent advances in molecular water and solute physiology (gene and protein function of transporters). The renal transporters addressed include the subunits of the Na+, K+- ATPase (NKA) enzyme, monovalent ion transporters for Na+, Cl–, and K+ (NKCC1, NKCC2, CLC-K, NCC, ROMK2), water transport pathways [aquaporins (AQP), claudins (CLDN)], and divalent ion transporters for SO42–, Mg2+, and Ca2+ (SLC26A6, SLC26A1, SLC13A1, SLC41A1, CNNM2, CNNM3, NCX1, NCX2, PMCA). For each transport category, we address the current understanding at the molecular level, try to synthesize it with classical knowledge of overall renal function, and highlight knowledge gaps. Future research on the kidney of euryhaline fishes should focus on integrating changes in kidney reabsorption and secretion of ions with changes in transporter function at the cellular and molecular level (gene and protein verification) in different regions of the nephrons. An increased focus on the kidney individually and its functional integration with the other osmoregulatory organs (gills, skin and intestine) in maintaining overall homeostasis will have applied relevance for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Takvam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,NORCE, Norwegian Research Centre, NORCE Environment, Bergen, Norway
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Harald Kryvi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tom O Nilsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,NORCE, Norwegian Research Centre, NORCE Environment, Bergen, Norway
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Madsen SS, Bollinger RJ, Brauckhoff M, Engelund MB. Gene expression profiling of proximal and distal renal tubules in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) acclimated to fresh water and seawater. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F380-F393. [PMID: 32628538 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00557.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Euryhaline teleost kidneys undergo a major functional switch from being filtratory in freshwater (FW) to being predominantly secretory in seawater (SW) conditions. The transition involves both vascular and tubular effects. There is consensus that the glomerular filtration rate is greatly reduced upon exposure to hyperosmotic conditions. Yet, regulation at the tubular level has only been examined sporadically in a few different species. This study aimed to obtain a broader understanding of transcriptional regulation in proximal versus distal tubular segments during osmotic transitions. Proximal and distal tubule cells were dissected separately by laser capture microdissection, RNA was extracted, and relative mRNA expression levels of >30 targets involved in solute and water transport were quantified by quantitative PCR in relation to segment type in fish acclimated to FW or SW. The gene categories were aquaporins, solute transporters, fxyd proteins, and tight junction proteins. aqp8bb1, aqp10b1, nhe3, sglt1, slc41a1, cnnm3, fxyd12a, cldn3b, cldn10b, cldn15a, and cldn12 were expressed at a higher level in proximal compared with distal tubules. aqp1aa, aqp1ab, nka-a1a, nka-a1b, nkcc1a, nkcc2, ncc, clc-k, slc26a6C, sglt2, fxyd2, cldn3a, and occln were expressed at a higher level in distal compared with proximal tubules. Expression of aqp1aa, aqp3a1, aqp10b1, ncc, nhe3, cftr, sglt1, slc41a1, fxyd12a, cldn3a, cldn3b, cldn3c, cldn10b, cldn10e, cldn28a, and cldn30c was higher in SW- than in FW-acclimated salmon, whereas the opposite was the case for aqp1ab, slc26a6C, and fxyd2. The data show distinct segmental distribution of transport genes and a significant regulation of tubular transcripts when kidney function is modulated during salinity transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen S Madsen
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | | | - Melanie Brauckhoff
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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Kokou F, Con P, Barki A, Nitzan T, Slosman T, Mizrahi I, Cnaani A. Short- and long-term low-salinity acclimation effects on the branchial and intestinal gene expression in the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 231:11-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Politis SN, Mazurais D, Servili A, Zambonino-Infante JL, Miest JJ, Tomkiewicz J, Butts IAE. Salinity reduction benefits European eel larvae: Insights at the morphological and molecular level. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198294. [PMID: 29897966 PMCID: PMC5999099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is a euryhaline species, that has adapted to cope with both, hyper- and hypo-osmotic environments. This study investigates the effect of salinity, from a morphological and molecular point of view on European eel larvae reared from 0 to 12 days post hatch (dph). Offspring reared in 36 practical salinity units (psu; control), were compared with larvae reared in six scenarios, where salinity was decreased on 0 or 3 dph and in rates of 1, 2 or 4 psu/day, towards iso-osmotic conditions. Results showed that several genes relating to osmoregulation (nkcc2α, nkcc2β, aqp1dup, aqpe), stress response (hsp70, hsp90), and thyroid metabolism (thrαA, thrαB, thrβB, dio1, dio2, dio3) were differentially expressed throughout larval development, while nkcc1α, nkcc2β, aqp3, aqp1dup, aqpe, hsp90, thrαA and dio3 showed lower expression in response to the salinity reduction. Moreover, larvae were able to keep energy metabolism related gene expression (atp6, cox1) at stable levels, irrespective of the salinity reduction. As such, when reducing salinity, an energy surplus associated to reduced osmoregulation demands and stress (lower nkcc, aqp and hsp expression), likely facilitated the observed increased survival, improved biometry and enhanced growth efficiency. Additionally, the salinity reduction decreased the amount of severe deformities such as spinal curvature and emaciation but also induced an edematous state of the larval heart, resulting in the most balanced mortality/deformity ratio when salinity was decreased on 3 dph and at 2 psu/day. However, the persistency of the pericardial edema and if or how it represents an obstacle in further larval development needs to be further clarified. In conclusion, this study clearly showed that salinity reduction regimes towards iso-osmotic conditions facilitated the European eel pre-leptocephalus development and revealed the existence of highly sensitive and regulated osmoregulation processes at such early life stage of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian N. Politis
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - David Mazurais
- Ifremer, Marine Environmental Science Laboratory UMR 6539, Plouzané, France
| | - Arianna Servili
- Ifremer, Marine Environmental Science Laboratory UMR 6539, Plouzané, France
| | | | | | - Jonna Tomkiewicz
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ian A. E. Butts
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Lyngby, Denmark
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Isolation and mRNA expression analysis of aquaporin isoforms in marine medaka Oryzias dancena, a euryhaline teleost. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 171:1-8. [PMID: 24480540 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have identified six putative aquaporin (AQP) genes from marine medaka Oryzias dancena (named odAQPs 1, 3, 8, 10, 11 and 12). The marine medaka AQP cDNAs encode polypeptides of 259-298 amino acids, respectively. Topology predictions showed six transmembrane domains, five connecting loops, and cytoplasmic N- and C-terminal domains, all of which is conserved among AQP molecules. Although asparagine-proline-alanine (NPA) motifs are highly conserved in most odAQP isoforms, several AQPs revealed variant types of motifs such as asparagine-proline-proline (NPP), asparagine-proline-valine (NPV) or/and asparagine-proline-serine (NPS) motifs. The phylogenic analysis showed that marine medaka AQPs had closet relationship with Japanese ricefish (medaka; Oryzias latipes) counterparts. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analyses showed that marine medaka AQP transcripts would be expressed in not only osmoregulatory tissues but also nonosmoregulatory tissues, and also that the expression levels of certain AQP isoforms in nonosmoregulatory tissues were readily comparable or even higher than those in typically known osmoregulatory organs. Although the overall tissue distribution patterns of AQPs were not significantly different between 0- and 30-ppt acclimated fish, the expression levels under different salinities were largely variable among isoforms and tissues. This is the first report to investigate tissue expression profiles of teleostean AQPs 11 and 12 during the long-term acclimation to freshwater and salted water.
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