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Teofilo GFS, Riveros RL, Leme BB, Camargos RS, Macari M, Fernandes JBK, Sakomura NK. Energy utilization and requirement of broiler breeders during the production phase. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102980. [PMID: 37666142 PMCID: PMC10491783 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate energy utilization and propose models for metabolizable and net energy requirements in broiler breeders during the egg production phase. Sixty Cobb500 broiler breeders aged between 29 and 65 wk were randomly assigned to 3 feeding levels. At each age, 6 birds were adapted for 8 d to 3 levels of metabolizable energy intake (MEi), established based on the amount of feed allocated: 1) the amount of feed recommended in the guideline, 2) 25% above, and 3) 25% below. The birds were housed in respirometry chambers for 6 d (1 adaptation, 4 feeding state, 1 fasting) to measure oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production to calculate heat production (HP) and fasting HP (FHP). Daily measurements of feed intake, egg weight, egg production, and total excreta were recorded. Variables of MEi, HP, and retained energy (RE) in the egg were calculated, while RE in the body and its partitioning into fat and protein in the egg and body were calculated from MEi, total HP (THP), and RE in the egg. Statistical analysis involved linear regression of multiple factors with MEi and age (categorical) as the independent variables. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between visceral mass and the evaluated variables. The study proposed mixed models for developing models of energy requirements for both metabolizable (ME) and net systems (NE). The study found that FHP (average 259 ± 20.08 kJ/kg0.75*d) remained constant throughout the production cycle regardless of the MEi level (P > 0.05). The efficiency of energy utilization for depositing protein and fat in the body changed with the bird's age. The lower error model was considered to select ME requirements for maintenance, egg, and gain efficiencies, disregarding the effect of age. The efficiencies were 0.89, 0.78, and 0.80 for maintenance, gain, and egg production, respectively. The NE was unaffected by age and showed a lower error than the ME model. The NE system was found to be more accurate in expressing the energy requirements of broiler breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F S Teofilo
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R L Riveros
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B B Leme
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R S Camargos
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Macari
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J B K Fernandes
- Aquaculture Center, São Paulo State University (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - N K Sakomura
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Horna F, Leandro GDS, Bícego KC, Macari M, Reis MP, Cerrate S, Sakomura NK. Energy cost of physical activities in growing broilers. Br Poult Sci 2023:1-8. [PMID: 36947419 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2191309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The time-energy budget method estimates the energy used for physical activity (PA) based on recorded daily patterns and indirect calorimetry. Nevertheless, information about individual energy cost by type of PA are not available and so this study estimated the energy cost of PA for growing broilers.An indirect calorimetry system for single birds was constructed to measure the variation in the rate of O2 consumption (V˙O2, L/min) and rate of CO2 production (V˙CO2, L/min) produced by these PAs.A total of five birds were used in a replicated trialwhere their body weight (BW) ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 kg to measure the increase in heat production (HP) above resting levels as a result of PA. The procedure in the chamber was divided into five steps: (1) initial baselining, (2) resting metabolic rate, (3) PA such as feeding, drinking and other standing activities, (4) removal of gas exchange produced in step 3 and (5) final baselining. The PA was recorded using a video camera fixed at the chamber's top (and outside).The area under V˙CO2 and V˙O2 curves was used to calculate the CO2 production (vCO2, L) and O2 consumption (vO2, L). Then, the HP (cal/kg-0.75) was calculated according to the Brouwer equation. Two observers analysed the video records to estimate the time spent for each PA (seconds and frequency).To calculate the energetic coefficients, the HP was regressed with the function of time spent to perform each PA allowing to estimate the energy cost for eating, drinking and stand activities, which were 0.607, 0.352 and 0.938 cal/kg-0.75/s, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Horna
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Da Silva Leandro
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kênia Carsdoso Bícego
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Macari
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Paula Reis
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nilva Kazue Sakomura
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Riveros RL, de Sousa Camargos R, Macari M, de Paula Reis M, Leme BB, Sakomura NK. Dynamic of heat production partitioning in rooster by indirect calorimetry. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:75-83. [PMID: 35507842 PMCID: PMC9834651 DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to describe a methodological procedure to quantify the heat production (HP) partitioning in basal metabolism or fasting heat production (FHP), heat production due to physical activity (HPA), and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) in roosters. METHODS Eighteen 54-wk-old Hy Line Brown roosters (2.916±0.15 kg) were allocated in an open-circuit chamber of respirometry for O2 consumption (VO2), CO2 production (VCO2), and physical activity (PA) measurements, under environmental comfort conditions, following the protocol: adaptation (3 d), ad libitum feeding (1 d), and fasting conditions (1 d). The Brouwer equation was used to calculate the HP from VO2 and VCO2. The plateau-FHP (parameter L) was estimated through the broken line model: HP = U×(R-t)×I+L; I = 1 if t<R or I = 0 if t>R; Where the broken-point (R) was assigned as the time (t) that defined the difference between a short and long fasting period, I is conditional, and U is the decreasing rate after the feed was withdrawn. The HP components description was characterized by three events: ad libitum feeding and short and long fasting periods. Linear regression was adjusted between physical activity (PA) and HP to determine the HPA and to estimate the standardized FHP (st-FHP) as the intercept of PA = 0. RESULTS The time when plateau-FHP was reached at 11.7 h after withdrawal feed, with a mean value of 386 kJ/kg0.75/d, differing in 32 kJ from st-FHP (354 kJ/kg0.75/d). The slope of HP per unit of PA was 4.52 kJ/mV. The total HP in roosters partitioned into the st-FHP, termal effect of feeding (TEF), and HPA was 56.6%, 25.7%, and 17.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION The FHP represents the largest fraction of energy expenditure in roosters, followed by the TEF. Furthermore, the PA increased the variation of HP measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Lizana Riveros
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil,Corresponding Author: Rony Lizana Riveros, E-mail:
| | - Rosiane de Sousa Camargos
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
| | - Marcos Macari
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
| | - Matheus de Paula Reis
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
| | - Bruno Balbino Leme
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
| | - Nilva Kazue Sakomura
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
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Ramirez BC, Hoff SJ, Hayes MD, Brown-Brandl T, Harmon JD, Rohrer GA. A review of swine heat production: 2003 to 2020. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.908434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine heat production (HP) data are an essential element of numerous aspects affecting swine production sustainability, such as, housing environmental control design, energetics and thermoregulation modeling, as well as understanding of feed energy partitioning. Accurate HP values that reflect the continuous advances in growth, nutrition, health, and reproduction are needed to update outdated models and data; hence, this review of swine HP values is a critical contribution. This review updates the last previous review conducted in 2004, by reviewing literature from growing and breeding pigs from 2003 to 2020. In total, 33 references were identified that provided relevant HP data and from these references, 192 records were identified for pigs ranging in weight from 12.5 to 283 kg and exposed to temperatures between 12.0°C and 35.5°C. For growing pigs at thermoneutral conditions, a 4.7% average increase in HP was observed compared to HP data summarized from 1988 to 2004. Only five records were identified for gestating sows and the 43 records for lactating sows plus litter. This sow data shows high variability and inconsistent trends with temperature, most likely attributed to variation in experimental protocols, management, and limited reported information. There is still a lack of data on growing pigs greater than 105 kg, gilts and gestating sows housed in different systems (stall, pen, mixed, etc.), and latent HP values that reflect different housing systems. Further, there is a need to standardize reporting of HP values (with an example provided) across different disciplines to drive documentation of increased swine production efficiency, environmental control design, and energetics modeling.
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Noblet J, Wu SB, Choct M. Methodologies for energy evaluation of pig and poultry feeds: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 8:185-203. [PMID: 34977388 PMCID: PMC8685914 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cost of feed represents an important part of the total cost in swine and poultry production (>60%) with energy accounting for at least 70% of feed cost. The energy value of ingredients or compound feeds can be estimated as digestible (DE), metabolisable (ME) and net energy (NE) in pigs and ME and NE in poultry. The current paper reviews the different methods for evaluating DE, ME and NE of feeds for monogastric animals and their difficulties and limits, with a focus on NE. In pigs and poultry, energy digestibility depends on the chemical characteristics of the feed, but also on technology (pelleting, for instance) and animal factors such as their health and body weight. The ME value includes the energy losses in urine that are directly dependent on the proportion of dietary N excreted in urine resulting in the concept of ME adjusted for a zero N balance (MEn) in poultry. For poultry, the concept of true ME (TME, TMEn), which excludes the endogenous fecal and urinary energy losses from the excreta energy, was also developed. The measurement of dietary NE is more complex, and NE values of a given feed depend on the animal and environmental factors and also measurement and calculation methods. The combination of NE values of diets obtained under standardised conditions allows calculating NE prediction equations that are applicable to both ingredients and compound feeds. The abundance of energy concepts, especially for poultry, and the numerous feed and animal factors of variation related to energy digestibility or ME utilisation for NE suggest that attention must be paid to the experimental conditions for evaluating DE, ME or NE content. This also suggests the necessity of standardisations, one of them being, as implemented in pigs, an adjustment of ME values in poultry for an N retention representative of modern production conditions (MEs). In conclusion, this review illustrates that, in addition to numerous technical difficulties for evaluating energy in pigs and poultry, the absolute energy values depend on feed and animal factors, the environment, and the methods and concepts. Finally, as implemented in pigs, the use of NE values should be the objective of a more reliable energy system for poultry feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Noblet
- INRAE, UMR 1348 PEGASE, 35590 St-Gilles, France
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Mingan Choct
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Batorek-Lukač N, Čandek-Potokar M, Škrlep M, Kubale V, Labussière E. Effect of Changes in Dietary Net Energy Concentration on Growth Performance, Fat Deposition, Skatole Production, and Intestinal Morphology in Immunocastrated Male Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:789776. [PMID: 34970619 PMCID: PMC8712477 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.789776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional requirements of heavy immunocastrated (IM) pigs and therefore appropriate feeding strategies have not yet been determined. Thus, the effects of changes in dietary net energy (NE) content were studied in 41 IM pigs, fed ad libitum diets with low, medium, and high NE content (LNE, MNE, and HNE diets, with 8.5, 9.3, and 10.0 MJ NE/kg, respectively), from 84 days of age until slaughter at an average age of 172 days and an average body weight of 122.5 kg. In the period from 143 to 170 days of age, there was a tendency for a greater NE intake (p = 0.08) in pigs fed the HNE diet along with greater (p < 0.01) backfat gain. Dietary treatment affected carcass composition, as lower backfat thickness (p = 0.01) and lower area of fat over the longissimus muscle (p = 0.05) were observed in the LNE and MNE pigs. In addition, greater lean meat content (p = 0.04) was observed in the LNE pigs. Reducing the NE of the diet by replacement of cereals and soybean meal with high-fiber ingredients resulted in lower indole production in the ascending colon (p < 0.01) and greater skatole production (p < 0.01) in the cecum. Greater villus area, width, height and perimeter, crypt depth, and thickness of the intestinal mucosa in the jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, and descending colon were found in the LNE group (p < 0.01) than in the HNE group, while those in the MNE group was intermediate. Cell proliferation was not affected by dietary treatment (p > 0.05). The present results show that a reduction in dietary NE concentration lowers lipid deposition, without affecting performance or energy efficiency in IM pigs. This technique provides an advantage in terms of improved leanness, without affecting growth rate in IM pigs after immunization, which is particularly important when the backfat thickness is a determinant of carcass value and IM pigs are fattened to higher weights (e.g., in heavy pig production) or when a longer delay between immunization and slaughter is practiced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Batorek-Lukač
- Agricultural institute of Slovenia, Animal Production Department, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Martin Škrlep
- Agricultural institute of Slovenia, Animal Production Department, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valentina Kubale
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
High piglet pre-weaning mortality rates can be attributed to poor creep area microclimate resulting in negative productivity, welfare, and economic consequences. A piglet mechanistic steady-state thermal balance model was developed using previous models and expanded to assess (a) thermal interactions of multiple pigs and (b) conduction heat transfer. The piglet Effective Environment Temperature (EET) equation was also modified to incorporate piglet age (day 0 to 30) and a conduction heat transfer term. Model parameters were validated with empirical data consisting of the thermal component (dry-bulb temperature, Tdb; mean radiant temperature, TMR; airspeed, U; mat underside temperature, Tm) of the microclimate and dimension data of the piglets (i.e., body weight, length, height, width, and calculated surface area). Model results demonstrate that the common microclimate supplemental heat sources (heat mats and heat lamps; HL) can meet the needs of the piglets. The new EET was more consistent for a novel semi-enclosed heated microclimate (SEHM) in comparison to the HL. This demonstrates the benefit of precision technologies over manually adjusted supplemental heat sources. The experimental data and model results suggest further development of an ideal thermal index for piglet microclimates needs to account for variations of piglet health and body condition to be more applicable in industry.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 supplementation in finishing male pigs helps to cope with heat stress through feeding behaviour and gut microbiota modulation. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:353-368. [PMID: 34039449 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521001756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pigs subjected to heat stress (HS) decrease their feed intake and growth. The objectives of the experiment were to determine the effects of live yeast (LY) supplementation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var boulardii CNCM I-1079) on feeding behaviour, energy metabolism and faecal microbiota composition of finishing boars (n 10) housed in a respiration chamber at thermoneutrality (7 d at 22°C) or during HS (seven plus six days at 28°C). Dietary LY supplementation increased DM intake (P = 0·01) whatever the ambient temperature, whereas HS decreased feed intake whatever the dietary supplementation (P = 0·01). Dietary LY supplementation increased the number of meals (P = 0·02). Energy retention was higher with dietary LY supplementation (P < 0·01) but decreased during HS (P < 0·01). The skin temperature of the supplemented pigs was lower at thermoneutrality and increased during HS to a lesser extent than that of non-supplemented pigs (P < 0·01). Faecal microbiota composition was determined using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Treponema, Christensenellaceae R-7, Ruminococcaceae UCG-002, Rikenellaceae RC9, Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Romboutsia genera and some bacteria belonging to Alloprevotella, Oxalobacter and Anaeroplasma genera were more abundant under HS. LY supplementation attenuated HS effects on Romboutsia abundance, while decreasing the abundance of some bacteria from Ruminoccocus, Coprococcus, Peptococcus and Oxalobacter genera and increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria from Lactococcus and Subdoligranulum genera. Our results suggest that higher level of the keystone species Ruminococcus bromii at thermoneutrality may be one of the causes for higher energy retention observed under subsequent HS.
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Continuous Monitoring of Pigs in Fattening Using a Multi-Sensor System: Behavior Patterns. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010052. [PMID: 31888006 PMCID: PMC7022589 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The livestock sector seeks technologies and procedures to collect and manage data and information about its facilities and animals being the basis of the so-called precision livestock. The installation of unusual devices in commercial facilities, as well as the use of electronic feeding stations, allows observers to characterize the behavior pattern of each individual in order to improve farm management techniques and, therefore, its productivity. In this study, 30 Landrace pigs were monitored during the whole fattening period. Results from the study show that the ear skin temperatures of the animals can be used to distinguish animals with different thermal patterns. The parameters extracted from the feeding stations show consistent relationships between the parameters related to the frequency, size, and duration parameters, highlighting the differences in the feeding strategies. Abstract In this work, a complete fattening period (81 days) of a total of 30 Landrace pigs housed in two pens of a nucleus in Villatobas (Castilla-La Mancha, Spain) were supervised. The ear skin temperature of each animal was recorded every three minutes. The body weight, the date, the duration, and the amount of feed consumed per animal was monitored via an electronic feeding station. The objective was the identification of animals with different behaviors based on the integration of their thermal and intake patterns. The ear skin temperatures of the animals showed a negative relationship between the mean and the standard deviation (r = 0.83), distinguishing animals with different thermal patterns: individuals with high-temperature values show less thermal variability and vice versa. Feeding parameters showed differences in the feeding strategies of animals, identifying fast-eating animals with a high rate feed intake (60 g/min) and slow eaters (30 g/min). The correlation between the change in the rate of feed intake along with animal growth and feed efficiency reached a significant negative value (−0.57), indicating that animals that do not alter their rate of feed intake along breeding showed higher efficiencies. The difference in temperature of an animal with respect to the averaged group value has allowed us to identify animals with differentiated feeding patterns.
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Abstract
Immunocastration, a technique to replace surgical castration of piglets, consists of two consecutive vaccinations to induce antibodies which transiently suppress testicular functions and avoid boar taint. It is a method to ensure both a high product quality and a high level of animal welfare. The impact of immunocastration on the three pillars of sustainability has been studied extensively. While all aspects of sustainability have been studied separately, however, a contemporary global overview of different aspects is missing. In immunocastrates, performance results are better than in barrows, but worse than in boars. The environmental impact of pork production with immunocastrates is lower than with barrows, but higher than with boars. The level of aggression is considerably lower in immunocastrates compared to boars. Societal concerns are mainly related to food safety, and are not supported by scientific evidence. After second vaccination, immunocastrates switch from a boar- to a barrow-like status. Therefore, the timing of second vaccination is a fine-tuning tool to balance advantages of boars with environmental and economic benefits against increased risk of welfare problems and boar taint. Nevertheless, both synergic and conflicting relationships between the pillars of sustainability must be communicated along the value chain to produce tailored pork products.
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11
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How Pigs Influence Indoor Air Properties in Intensive Farming: Practical Implications – A Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Indoor environmental conditions in intensive pig farms are influenced by both the outdoor air temperature and humidity, and the heat, moisture and gas exchanges between the animal and the air. As ventilation rate in pig facilities is usually estimated in temperature, moisture and even CO2 balances, estimation of heat losses or gains, and moisture and CO2 production from the animal is needed, but the contribution of other sources of the barn, such as slurry or wet surfaces have also to be taken into account. Some recent studies have been conducted to update total heat and moisture production at farm level, showing that current, historical standards of latent heat transfer are consistently lower than those reported recently at facility level, for both adult and growing animals. Also, CO2 production needs to be updated by including an estimation of its release from slurry. These new values will help with updating the standards for ventilation rate recommendations and design of the modern intensive pig buildings.
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Huntley NF, Nyachoti CM, Patience JF. Lipopolysaccharide immune stimulation but not β-mannanase supplementation affects maintenance energy requirements in young weaned pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:47. [PMID: 29946460 PMCID: PMC6003148 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathogen or diet-induced immune activation can partition energy and nutrients away from growth, but clear relationships between immune responses and the direction and magnitude of energy partitioning responses have yet to be elucidated. The objectives were to determine how β-mannanase supplementation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) immune stimulation affect maintenance energy requirements (MEm) and to characterize immune parameters, digestibility, growth performance, and energy balance. Methods In a randomized complete block design, 30 young weaned pigs were assigned to either the control treatment (CON; basal corn, soybean meal and soybean hulls diet), the enzyme treatment (ENZ; basal diet + 0.056% β-mannanase), or the immune system stimulation treatment (ISS; basal diet + 0.056% β-mannanase, challenged with repeated increasing doses of Escherichia coli LPS). The experiment consisted of a 10-d adaptation period, 5-d digestibility and nitrogen balance measurement, 22 h of heat production (HP) measurements, and 12 h of fasting HP measurements in indirect calorimetry chambers. The immune challenge consisted of 4 injections of either LPS (ISS) or sterile saline (CON and ENZ), one every 48 h beginning on d 10. Blood was collected pre- and post-challenge for complete blood counts with differential, haptoglobin and mannan binding lectin, 12 cytokines, and glucose and insulin concentrations. Results Beta-mannanase supplementation did not affect immune status, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, energy balance, or MEm. The ISS treatment induced fever, elevated proinflammatory cytokines and decreased leukocyte concentrations (P < 0.05). The ISS treatment did not impact nitrogen balance or nutrient digestibility (P > 0.10), but increased total HP (21%) and MEm (23%), resulting in decreased lipid deposition (−30%) and average daily gain (−18%) (P < 0.05). Conclusions This experiment provides novel data on β-mannanase supplementation effects on immune parameters and energy balance in pigs and is the first to directly relate decreased ADG to increased MEm independent of changes in feed intake in immune challenged pigs. Immune stimulation increased energy partitioning to the immune system by 23% which limited lipid deposition and weight gain. Understanding energy and nutrient partitioning in immune-stressed pigs may provide insight into more effective feeding and management strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-018-0264-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole F Huntley
- 1Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - C Martin Nyachoti
- 2Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, 226 Animal Science Building, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - John F Patience
- 1Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
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Li Z, Liu H, Li Y, Lv Z, Liu L, Lai C, Wang J, Wang F, Li D, Zhang S. Methodologies on estimating the energy requirements for maintenance and determining the net energy contents of feed ingredients in swine: a review of recent work. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:39. [PMID: 29785263 PMCID: PMC5954459 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, a considerable amount of research has focused on the determination of the digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents of feed ingredients fed to swine. Compared with the DE and ME systems, the net energy (NE) system is assumed to be the most accurate estimate of the energy actually available to the animal. However, published data pertaining to the measured NE content of ingredients fed to growing pigs are limited. Therefore, the Feed Data Group at the Ministry of Agricultural Feed Industry Centre (MAFIC) located at China Agricultural University has evaluated the NE content of many ingredients using indirect calorimetry. The present review summarizes the NE research works conducted at MAFIC and compares these results with those from other research groups on methodological aspect. These research projects mainly focus on estimating the energy requirements for maintenance and its impact on the determination, prediction, and validation of the NE content of several ingredients fed to swine. The estimation of maintenance energy is affected by methodology, growth stage, and previous feeding level. The fasting heat production method and the curvilinear regression method were used in MAFIC to estimate the NE requirement for maintenance. The NE contents of different feedstuffs were determined using indirect calorimetry through standard experimental procedure in MAFIC. Previously generated NE equations can also be used to predict NE in situations where calorimeters are not available. Although popular, the caloric efficiency is not a generally accepted method to validate the energy content of individual feedstuffs. In the future, more accurate and dynamic NE prediction equations aiming at specific ingredients should be established, and more practical validation approaches need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yakui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhiqian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Changhua Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Fenglai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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14
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Effect of high dietary fat content on heat production and lipid and protein deposition in growing immunocastrated male pigs. Animal 2016; 10:1941-1948. [PMID: 27146081 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In immunocastrated (IC) pigs, revaccination (V2) increases lipid deposition (LD) because of increased voluntary feed intake; but little is known on associated effect of diet composition on partitioning of nutrients in IC pigs. Digestibility measurements, N and energy balances in respiration chambers were performed in two subsequent stages in four replicates of two male littermates to determine the changes between 85 (stage 1) and 135 (stage 2) kg live weight due to combined effect of IC, growth and increased feed intake (IC/growth). During stage 1, pigs received a standard low-fat diet (LF diet; 2.5% dry matter (DM) of fat fed at 2.27 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg BW0.60 per day), whereas during stage 2, feed intake was increased to 2.47 MJ ME/kg BW0.60 per day and one littermate was fed LF diet whereas the second received a fat-enriched diet (HF diet; 8.9% DM of fat) to determine the effect of increased dietary fat content on energy utilization in IC pigs. Results from N balance and measurements of gas exchanges were used to calculate respiratory quotient (RQ), heat production (HP), nutrient contribution to fat retention, components of HP, protein deposition (PD) and LD. Nutrients and energy apparent digestibility coefficients, methane losses and N retention (P<0.05) increased with IC/growth. Despite higher ME intake, total HP remained similar (1365 kJ/kg of BW0.60 per day; P=0.47) with IC/growth. Consequently, total retained energy (RE) increased with IC/growth (from 916 to 1078 kJ/kg of BW0.60 per day; P<0.01) with a higher fat retention (625 to 807 kJ/kg BW0.60 per day; P<0.01), originating mainly from carbohydrates associated with a higher lipogenesis (536 to 746 kJ/kg BW0.60 per day; P<0.01) and RQ (1.095 to 1.145; P<0.01). Both PD (from 178 to 217 g/day; P=0.02) and LD (from 227 to 384 g/day; P<0.01) increased due to IC/growth. Feeding HF diet after IC was associated with increased crude fat digestibility (P<0.01) and increased RE as fat (807 to 914 kJ/kg BW0.60 per day; P=0.03), originating mainly from dietary fat (P<0.01) and resulting in increased LD (384 to 435 g/day; P<0.01) and lower RQ (from 1.145 to 1.073; P<0.01). Altogether, present results indicate that increased fatness of IC pigs is a result of increased daily LD caused by higher energy intake and lower basal metabolic rate. In addition, LD is further enhanced by dietary energy enrichment with fat after V2.
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15
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Campos PHRF, Labussière E, Hernández-García J, Dubois S, Renaudeau D, Noblet J. Effects of ambient temperature on energy and nitrogen utilization in lipopolysaccharide-challenged growing pigs1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:4909-20. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. H. R. F. Campos
- INRA, UMR 1348 PEGASE, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 PEGASE, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - E. Labussière
- INRA, UMR 1348 PEGASE, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 PEGASE, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - S. Dubois
- INRA, UMR 1348 PEGASE, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 PEGASE, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - D. Renaudeau
- INRA, UMR 1348 PEGASE, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 PEGASE, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - J. Noblet
- INRA, UMR 1348 PEGASE, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 PEGASE, F-35000 Rennes, France
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16
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Even PC. Body size, spontaneous activity and thermogenesis effects on energy expenditure: an introduction to a topic on energy metabolism. Front Physiol 2013; 4:301. [PMID: 24146654 PMCID: PMC3797956 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Even
- UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, AgroParisTech INRA, Paris, France
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