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Identification of PAX6 and NFAT4 as the Transcriptional Regulators of the Long Noncoding RNA Mrhl in Neuronal Progenitors. Mol Cell Biol 2022; 42:e0003622. [PMID: 36317923 PMCID: PMC9670966 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00036-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) Mrhl has been shown to be involved in coordinating meiotic commitment of mouse spermatogonial progenitors and differentiation events in mouse embryonic stem cells. Here, we characterized the interplay of Mrhl with lineage-specific transcription factors during mouse neuronal lineage development. Our results demonstrate that Mrhl is expressed in the neuronal progenitor populations in mouse embryonic brains and in retinoic acid-derived radial-glia-like neuronal progenitor cells. Depletion of Mrhl leads to early differentiation of neuronal progenitors to a more committed state. A master transcription factor, PAX6, directly binds to the Mrhl promoter at a major site in the distal promoter, located at 2.9 kb upstream of the transcription start site (TSS) of Mrhl. Furthermore, NFAT4 occupies the Mrhl-proximal promoter at two sites, at 437 base pairs (bp) and 143 bp upstream of the TSS. Independent knockdown studies for PAX6 and NFAT4 confirm that they regulate Mrhl expression in neuronal progenitors. We also show that PAX6 and NFAT4 associate with each other in the same chromatin complex. NFAT4 occupies the Mrhl promoter in PAX6-bound chromatin, implying possible coregulation of Mrhl. Our studies are crucial for understanding how lncRNAs are regulated by major lineage-specific transcription factors, in order to define specific development and differentiation events.
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2
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Zhang T, Wang WL, Liu TJ, Lu S, Bian YC, Xiao R, Zhang CL. LncRNA <i>Gm16638-201</i> Inhibits the 14-3-3Ɛ Pathway in the Murine Prefrontal Cortex to Induce Depressive Behaviors. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1616-1626. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University
| | - Wan Lun Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University
| | - Tong Jia Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University
| | - Shuang Lu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University
| | - Yan Chao Bian
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University
| | - Rui Xiao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University
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3
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Ninou E, Michail A, Politis PK. Long Non-Coding RNA Lacuna Regulates Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells During Brain Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:726857. [PMID: 34900989 PMCID: PMC8653915 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.726857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is one of the most abundant classes of RNAs encoded within the mammalian genome and are highly expressed in the adult brain, they remain poorly characterized and their roles in the brain development are not well understood. Here we identify the lncRNA Lacuna (also catalogued as NONMMUT071331.2 in NONCODE database) as a negative regulator of neuronal differentiation in the neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) during mouse brain development. In particular, we show that Lacuna is transcribed from a genomic locus near to the Tbr2/Eomes gene, a key player in the transition of intermediate progenitor cells towards the induction of neuronal differentiation. Lacuna RNA expression peaks at the developmental time window between E14.5 and E16.5, consistent with a role in neural differentiation. Overexpression experiments in ex vivo cultured NSCs from murine cortex suggest that Lacuna is sufficient to inhibit neuronal differentiation, induce the number of Nestin+ and Olig2+ cells, without affecting proliferation or apoptosis of NSCs. CRISPR/dCas9-KRAB mediated knockdown of Lacuna gene expression leads to the opposite phenotype by inducing neuronal differentiation and suppressing Nestin+ and Olig2+ cells, again without any effect on proliferation or apoptosis of NSCs. Interestingly, despite the negative action of Lacuna on neurogenesis, its knockdown inhibits Eomes transcription, implying a simultaneous, but opposite, role in facilitating the Eomes gene expression. Collectively, our observations indicate a critical function of Lacuna in the gene regulation networks that fine tune the neuronal differentiation in the mammalian NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpinickie Ninou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Artemis Michail
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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4
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Pant T, DiStefano JK, Logan S, Bosnjak ZJ. Emerging Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders and Anesthetic-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity. Anesth Analg 2021; 132:1614-1625. [PMID: 33332892 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical investigations in animal models have consistently demonstrated neurobiological changes and life-long cognitive deficits following exposure to widely used anesthetics early in life. However, the mechanisms by which these exposures affect brain function remain poorly understood, therefore, limiting the efficacy of current diagnostic and therapeutic options in human studies. The human brain exhibits an abundant expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). These biologically active transcripts play critical roles in a diverse array of functions, including epigenetic regulation. Changes in lncRNA expression have been linked with brain development, normal CNS processes, brain injuries, and the development of neurodegenerative diseases, and many lncRNAs are known to have brain-specific expression. Aberrant lncRNA expression has also been implicated in areas of growing importance in anesthesia-related research, including anesthetic-induced developmental neurotoxicity (AIDN), a condition defined by neurological changes occurring in patients repeatedly exposed to anesthesia, and the related condition of perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND). In this review, we detail recent advances in PND and AIDN research and summarize the evidence supporting roles for lncRNAs in the brain under both normal and pathologic conditions. We also discuss lncRNAs that have been linked with PND and AIDN, and conclude with a discussion of the clinical potential for lncRNAs to serve as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for the prevention of these neurocognitive disorders and the challenges facing the identification and characterization of associated lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Pant
- Department of Diabetes and Fibrotic Disease Unit, Translational Genomic Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Sara Logan
- Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Zeljko J Bosnjak
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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5
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Banerjee B, Koner D, Karasik D, Saha N. Genome-wide identification of novel long non-coding RNAs and their possible roles in hypoxic zebrafish brain. Genomics 2020; 113:29-43. [PMID: 33264657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the master regulators of numerous biological processes. Hypoxia causes oxidative stress with severe and detrimental effects on brain function and acts as a critical initiating factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). From the RNA-Seq in the forebrain (Fb), midbrain (Mb), and hindbrain (Hb) regions of hypoxic and normoxic zebrafish, we identified novel lncRNAs, whose potential cis targets showed involvement in neuronal development and differentiation pathways. Under hypoxia, several lncRNAs and mRNAs were differentially expressed. Co-expression studies indicated that the Fb and Hb regions' potential lncRNA target genes were involved in the AD pathogenesis. In contrast, those in Mb (cry1b, per1a, cipca) was responsible for regulating circadian rhythm. We identified specific lncRNAs present in the syntenic regions between zebrafish and humans, possibly functionally conserved. We thus identified several conserved lncRNAs as the probable regulators of AD genes (adrb3b, cav1, stat3, bace2, apoeb, psen1, s100b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodhisattwa Banerjee
- Musculoskeletal Genetics Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel.
| | - Debaprasad Koner
- Biochemical Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - David Karasik
- Musculoskeletal Genetics Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Nirmalendu Saha
- Biochemical Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India.
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6
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Liu X, Fan B, Chopp M, Zhang Z. Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Adult Post Stroke Neurogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6179. [PMID: 32867041 PMCID: PMC7504398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains the leading cause of adult disability. Post-stroke neurogenesis contributes to functional recovery. As an intrinsic neurorestorative process, it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying stroke-induced neurogenesis and to develop therapies designed specifically to augment neurogenesis. Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modification and its mediation by microRNAs and long-non-coding RNAs. In this review, we highlight how epigenetic factors including DNA methylation, histone modification, microRNAs and long-non-coding RNAs mediate stroke-induced neurogenesis including neural stem cell self-renewal and cell fate determination. We also summarize therapies targeting these mechanisms in the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianshuang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (B.F.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Baoyan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (B.F.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (B.F.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Zhenggang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (B.F.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
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7
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Chen C, Liu C, Niu Z, Li M, Zhang Y, Gao R, Chen H, Wang Q, Zhang S, Zhou R, Gan L, Zhang Z, Zhu T, Yu H, Liu J. RNA-seq analysis of the key long noncoding RNAs and mRNAs related to cognitive impairment after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:14490-14505. [PMID: 32693388 PMCID: PMC7425488 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac arrest (CA) is the leading cause of death around the world. Survivors after CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) develop moderate to severe cognitive impairment up to 60% at 3 months. Accumulating evidence demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) played a pivotal role in ischemic brain injury. This study aimed to identify potential key lncRNAs associated with early cognitive deficits after CA/CPR. LncRNA and mRNA expression profiles of the hippocampus in CA/CPR or sham group were analyzed via high-throughput RNA sequencing, which exhibited 1920 lncRNAs and 1162 mRNAs were differentially expressed. These differentially expressed genes were confirmed to be primarily associated with inflammatory or apoptotic signaling pathways through GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and coding-noncoding co-expression network analysis. Among which, five key pairs of lncRNA-mRNA were further analyzed by qRT-PCR and western blot. We found that the lncRNANONMMUT113601.1 and mRNA Shc1, an inflammation and apoptosis-associated gene, exhibited the most significant changes in hippocampus of CA/CPR mice. Furthermore, we found that the correlations between this lncRNA and mRNA mainly happened in neurons of hippocampus by in situ hybridization. These results suggested that the critical pairs of lncRNA-mRNA may act as essential regulators in early cognitive deficits after resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changliang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhendong Niu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ronghua Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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8
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Kazimierczyk M, Kasprowicz MK, Kasprzyk ME, Wrzesinski J. Human Long Noncoding RNA Interactome: Detection, Characterization and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1027. [PMID: 32033158 PMCID: PMC7037361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of a new generation of sequencing techniques has revealed that most of the genome has already been transcribed. However, only a small part of the genome codes proteins. The rest of the genome "dark matter" belongs to divergent groups of non-coding RNA (ncRNA), that is not translated into proteins. There are two groups of ncRNAs, which include small and long non-coding RNAs (sncRNA and lncRNA respectively). Over the last decade, there has been an increased interest in lncRNAs and their interaction with cellular components. In this review, we presented the newest information about the human lncRNA interactome. The term lncRNA interactome refers to cellular biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and peptides that interact with lncRNA. The lncRNA interactome was characterized in the last decade, however, understanding what role the biomolecules associated with lncRNA play and the nature of these interactions will allow us to better understand lncRNA's biological functions in the cell. We also describe a set of methods currently used for the detection of lncRNA interactome components and the analysis of their interactions. We think that such a holistic and integrated analysis of the lncRNA interactome will help to better understand its potential role in the development of organisms and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan Wrzesinski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland (M.K.K.); (M.E.K.)
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9
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Elkouris M, Kouroupi G, Vourvoukelis A, Papagiannakis N, Kaltezioti V, Matsas R, Stefanis L, Xilouri M, Politis PK. Long Non-coding RNAs Associated With Neurodegeneration-Linked Genes Are Reduced in Parkinson's Disease Patients. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:58. [PMID: 30853899 PMCID: PMC6396023 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome analysis has identified a plethora of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) expressed in the human brain and associated with neurological diseases. However, whether lncRNAs expression levels correlate with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis remains unknown. Herein, we show that a number of lncRNA genes encompassing transcriptional units in close proximity to PD-linked protein-coding genes, including SNCA, LRRK2, PINK1, DJ-1, UCH-L1, MAPT and GBA1, are expressed in human dopaminergic cells and post-mortem material, such as cortex, Substantia Nigra and cerebellum. Interestingly, these lncRNAs are upregulated during neuronal differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells and of dopaminergic neurons generated from human fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Importantly, six lncRNAs are found under-expressed in the nigra and three in the cerebellum of PD patients compared to controls. Simultaneously, SNCA mRNA levels are increased in the nigra, while LRRK2 and PINK1 mRNA levels are decreased both in the nigra and the cerebellum of PD subjects compared to controls, indicating a possible correlation between the expression profile of the respective lncRNAs with their adjacent coding genes. Interestingly, all dysregulated lncRNAs are also detected in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and four of them in exosomes derived from human cerebrospinal fluid, providing initial evidence for their potential use as diagnostic tools for PD. Our data raise the intriguing possibility that these lncRNAs may be involved in disease pathogenesis by regulating their neighboring PD-associated genes and may thus represent novel targets for the diagnosis and/or treatment of PD or related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilianos Elkouris
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Kouroupi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur InstituteAthens, Greece
| | - Alexios Vourvoukelis
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papagiannakis
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Valeria Kaltezioti
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur InstituteAthens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Xilouri
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K. Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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10
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Yuan Y, Zheng Z. Geniposide protects PC-12 cells against oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced injury by up-regulation of long-noncoding RNA H19. Life Sci 2018; 216:176-182. [PMID: 30472296 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a common brain injury disease in neonates, which can lead to neonatal disability and death. Geniposide (GEN) is a main ingredient of Gardenia jasminoides, whose anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects have been reported in various diseases. However, the effect of GEN on HIE remains uninvestigated. This study aimed to clarify the protective effect of GEN on PC-12 cells against oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced injury. MAIN METHODS PC-12 cells were subjected to OGD treatment, cell viability, cell cycle-associated factors, apoptosis and apoptosis-associated factors were then determined. The different concentrations of GEN were used to stimulate PC-12 cells, and the effects of GEN on cell proliferation and apoptosis in OGD-treatment cells were assessed. Subsequently, relative expression level of H19 was analyzed in PC-12 cells after treatment with GEN. After this, si-H19 was transfected into PC-12 cells to explore the regulatory effect of H19 on PC-12 cells after treatment with GEN and OGD. Besides, PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways were examined by western blot assay. KEY FINDINGS OGD significantly inhibited cell viability, decreased CyclinD1, CDK4 and CDK6 expression, induced apoptosis and up-regulated Cleaved-Caspase-9/-7/-3 expression in PC-12 cells. GEN treatment obviously alleviated OGD-induced cell injury. Additionally, H19 expression was up-regulated by GEN, and H19 knockdown reversed the protective effect of GEN on PC-12 cells against OGD-induced injury. Finally, GEN activated PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways by regulating H19 in OGD-insulted PC-12 cells. SIGNIFICANCE The findings suggested that GEN protected PC-12 cells against OGD-induced injury by up-regulation of H19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Yuan
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272011, China; Jining No.1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, China
| | - Zebao Zheng
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272011, China; Jining No.1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, China.
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11
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Wei CW, Luo T, Zou SS, Wu AS. The Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Central Nervous System and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:175. [PMID: 30323747 PMCID: PMC6172704 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) refer to a group of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that has a transcript of more than 200 nucleotides in length in eukaryotic cells. The lncRNAs regulate gene expression at epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels by multiple action modes. In this review, we describe the diverse roles reported for lncRNAs, and discuss how they could mechanistically be involved in the development of central nervous system (CNS) and neurodegenerative diseases. Further studies on the function of lncRNAs and their mechanism will help deepen our understanding of the development, function, and diseases of the CNS, and provide new ideas for the design and development of some therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Wei Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - An-Shi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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12
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Zygmunt M, Piechota M, Rodriguez Parkitna J, Korostyński M. Decoding the transcriptional programs activated by psychotropic drugs in the brain. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12511. [PMID: 30084543 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of drug-induced gene expression in the brain has long held the promise of revealing the molecular mechanisms of drug actions as well as predicting their long-term clinical efficacy. However, despite some successes, this promise has yet to be fulfilled. Here, we present an overview of the current state of understanding of drug-induced gene expression in the brain and consider the obstacles to achieving a robust prediction of the properties of psychoactive compounds based on gene expression profiles. We begin with a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms controlling drug-inducible transcription and the complexity resulting from expression of noncoding RNAs and alternative gene isoforms. Particular interest is placed on studies that examine the associations within drug classes with regard to the effects on gene transcription, alterations in cell signaling and neuropharmacological drug properties. While the ability of gene expression signatures to distinguish specific clinical classes of psychotropic and addictive drugs remains unclear, some reports show that under specific constraints, drug properties can be predicted based on gene expression. Such signatures offer a simple and effective way to classify psychotropic drugs and screen novel psychoactive compounds. Finally, we note that the amount of data regarding molecular programs activated in the brain by drug treatment has grown exponentially in recent years and that future advances may therefore come in large part from integrating the currently available high-throughput data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zygmunt
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Piechota
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Rodriguez Parkitna
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Korostyński
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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13
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Zhang Q, Xiang W, Yi DY, Xue BZ, Wen WW, Abdelmaksoud A, Xiong NX, Jiang XB, Zhao HY, Fu P. Current status and potential challenges of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for malignant gliomas. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:228. [PMID: 30143053 PMCID: PMC6109313 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0977-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma, which accounts for more than 30% of primary central nervous system tumours, is characterised by symptoms such as headaches, epilepsy, and blurred vision. Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive, malignant, and lethal brain tumour in adults. Even with progressive combination treatment with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the prognosis for glioma patients is still extremely poor. Compared with the poor outcome and slowly developing technologies for surgery and radiotherapy, the application of targeted chemotherapy with a new mechanism has become a research focus in this field. Moreover, targeted therapy is promising for most solid tumours. The tumour-tropic ability of stem cells, including neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells, provides an alternative therapeutic approach. Thus, mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy is based on a tumour-selective capacity and has been thought to be an effective anti-tumour option over the past decades. An increasing number of basic studies on mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for gliomas has yielded complex outcomes. In this review, we summarise the biological characteristics of human mesenchymal stem cells, and the current status and potential challenges of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in patients with malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ave. Jiefang No.1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ave. Jiefang No.1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Ye Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ave. Jiefang No.1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Zhou Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ave. Jiefang No.1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Wan Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2, Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ahmed Abdelmaksoud
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ave. Jiefang No.1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Xiang Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ave. Jiefang No.1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ave. Jiefang No.1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ave. Jiefang No.1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ave. Jiefang No.1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
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Liu R, Liao X, Li X, Wei H, Liang Q, Zhang Z, Yin M, Zeng X, Liang Z, Hu C. Expression profiles of long noncoding RNAs and mRNAs in post-cardiac arrest rat brains. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6413-6424. [PMID: 29512756 PMCID: PMC5928618 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate long noncoding (lnc)-RNA and mRNA expression profiles in post-cardiac arrest (CA) brains, an external transthoracic electrical current was applied for 8 min to induce CA (the CA group). A total of 4 rats received sham-operations and served as the blank control (BC) group. Upon return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), lncRNA and mRNA expression in the rat cerebral cortex was assayed with high-throughput Agilent lncRNA and mRNA microarrays. In total, 37 lncRNAs were upregulated and 21 lncRNAs were downregulated in the CA group, and 258 mRNA transcripts were differentially expressed with 177 mRNAs upregulated and 81 mRNAs downregulated in the CA group. The differentially expressed lncRNAs in the CA group were co-expressed with thousands of mRNAs. The differentially expressed lncRNAs could be clustered into >100 signaling pathways and processes according to Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. The most common predicted functions involved metabolic pathways, protein synthesis, transport and degradation during CA-ROSC. CA-ROSC led to significant alterations in cerebral lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles. Thus, lncRNA-mRNA network interactions have the potential to regulate vital metabolic pathways and processes involved in CA-ROSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxing Liao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Wei
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Qing Liang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Zuopeng Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Meixian Yin
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Zeng
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zijing Liang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Chunlin Hu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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15
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Chen Y, Zhou J. LncRNAs: macromolecules with big roles in neurobiology and neurological diseases. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:281-291. [PMID: 28161776 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are recently defined as thousands of RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides and lacking an appreciable open reading frame in mammals. Although lncRNAs lack protein-coding function, they play critical roles in the regulation of almost all the protein-coding genes in a cell at various stages including chromatin modification, transcription and post-transcriptional processing. It is thus not surprising that lncRNAs may be the crucial regulators in the normal development, physiology and pathology. LncRNAs in neuroscience is a novel research field. Interestingly, recent studies have demonstrated that many lncRNAs are highly expressed in brain and their dysregulations occur in neurological disorders. In this review, we describe the current understanding of lncRNAs in neurobiology and neurological diseases including cerebral injury. LncRNAs could be novel biomarkers and could be potential new targets for new drugs for many neurological diseases in the future, although the related studies are still at in the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Lingering Questions about Enhancer RNA and Enhancer Transcription-Coupled Genomic Instability. Trends Genet 2017; 33:143-154. [PMID: 28087167 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intergenic and intragenic enhancers found inside topologically associated regulatory domains (TADs) express noncoding RNAs, known as enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). Recent studies have indicated these eRNAs play a role in gene regulatory networks by controlling promoter and enhancer interactions and topology of higher-order chromatin structure. Misregulation of enhancer and promoter associated noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) could stabilize deleterious secondary DNA structures, noncoding RNA associated DNA/RNA hybrid formation, and promote collisions of transcription complexes with replisomes. It is revealing that many chromosomal aberrations, some associated with malignancies, are present inside enhancer and/or promoter sequences. Here, we expand on current concepts to discuss enhancer RNAs and enhancer transcription, and how enhancer transcription influences genomic organization and integrity.
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17
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Puthiyedth N, Riveros C, Berretta R, Moscato P. Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes through Integrated Study of Alzheimer's Disease Affected Brain Regions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152342. [PMID: 27050411 PMCID: PMC4822961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in older adults that damages the brain and results in impaired memory, thinking and behaviour. The identification of differentially expressed genes and related pathways among affected brain regions can provide more information on the mechanisms of AD. In the past decade, several studies have reported many genes that are associated with AD. This wealth of information has become difficult to follow and interpret as most of the results are conflicting. In that case, it is worth doing an integrated study of multiple datasets that helps to increase the total number of samples and the statistical power in detecting biomarkers. In this study, we present an integrated analysis of five different brain region datasets and introduce new genes that warrant further investigation. Methods The aim of our study is to apply a novel combinatorial optimisation based meta-analysis approach to identify differentially expressed genes that are associated to AD across brain regions. In this study, microarray gene expression data from 161 samples (74 non-demented controls, 87 AD) from the Entorhinal Cortex (EC), Hippocampus (HIP), Middle temporal gyrus (MTG), Posterior cingulate cortex (PC), Superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and visual cortex (VCX) brain regions were integrated and analysed using our method. The results are then compared to two popular meta-analysis methods, RankProd and GeneMeta, and to what can be obtained by analysing the individual datasets. Results We find genes related with AD that are consistent with existing studies, and new candidate genes not previously related with AD. Our study confirms the up-regualtion of INFAR2 and PTMA along with the down regulation of GPHN, RAB2A, PSMD14 and FGF. Novel genes PSMB2, WNK1, RPL15, SEMA4C, RWDD2A and LARGE are found to be differentially expressed across all brain regions. Further investigation on these genes may provide new insights into the development of AD. In addition, we identified the presence of 23 non-coding features, including four miRNA precursors (miR-7, miR570, miR-1229 and miR-6821), dysregulated across the brain regions. Furthermore, we compared our results with two popular meta-analysis methods RankProd and GeneMeta to validate our findings and performed a sensitivity analysis by removing one dataset at a time to assess the robustness of our results. These new findings may provide new insights into the disease mechanisms and thus make a significant contribution in the near future towards understanding, prevention and cure of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Puthiyedth
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| | - Carlos Riveros
- Clinical Research Design, Information Technology and Statistics Suport Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
| | - Regina Berretta
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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18
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Jeong S, Patel N, Edlund CK, Hartiala J, Hazelett DJ, Itakura T, Wu PC, Avery RL, Davis JL, Flynn HW, Lalwani G, Puliafito CA, Wafapoor H, Hijikata M, Keicho N, Gao X, Argüeso P, Allayee H, Coetzee GA, Pletcher MT, Conti DV, Schwartz SG, Eaton AM, Fini ME. Identification of a Novel Mucin Gene HCG22 Associated With Steroid-Induced Ocular Hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:2737-48. [PMID: 25813999 PMCID: PMC4416661 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathophysiology of ocular hypertension (OH) leading to primary open-angle glaucoma shares many features with a secondary form of OH caused by treatment with glucocorticoids, but also exhibits distinct differences. In this study, a pharmacogenomics approach was taken to discover candidate genes for this disorder. METHODS A genome-wide association study was performed, followed by an independent candidate gene study, using a cohort enrolled from patients treated with off-label intravitreal triamcinolone, and handling change in IOP as a quantitative trait. RESULTS An intergenic quantitative trait locus (QTL) was identified at chromosome 6p21.33 near the 5' end of HCG22 that attained the accepted statistical threshold for genome-level significance. The HCG22 transcript, encoding a novel mucin protein, was expressed in trabecular meshwork cells, and expression was stimulated by IL-1, and inhibited by triamcinolone acetate and TGF-β. Bioinformatic analysis defined the QTL as an approximately 4 kilobase (kb) linkage disequilibrium block containing 10 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Four of these SNPs were identified in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GTEx eQTL browser as modifiers of HCG22 expression. Most are predicted to disrupt or improve motifs for transcription factor binding, the most relevant being disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor binding motif. A second QTL was identified within the predicted signal peptide of the HCG22 encoded protein that could affect its secretion. Translation, O-glycosylation, and secretion of the predicted HCG22 protein was verified in cultured trabecular meshwork cells. CONCLUSIONS Identification of two independent QTLs that could affect expression of the HCG22 mucin gene product via two different mechanisms (transcription or secretion) is highly suggestive of a role in steroid-induced OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinwu Jeong
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 2USC Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California
| | - Nitin Patel
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Christopher K Edlund
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jaana Hartiala
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Dennis J Hazelett
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Tatsuo Itakura
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Pei-Chang Wu
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 5Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Robert L Avery
- California Retina Consultants, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Janet L Davis
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Harry W Flynn
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Geeta Lalwani
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Carmen A Puliafito
- USC Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 7Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Med
| | | | - Minako Hijikata
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Keicho
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoyi Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Hooman Allayee
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 3Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angele
| | - Gerhard A Coetzee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 4USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los An
| | - Mathew T Pletcher
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Stephen G Schwartz
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | | | - M Elizabeth Fini
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 2USC Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California
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Stergiopoulos A, Elkouris M, Politis PK. Prospero-related homeobox 1 (Prox1) at the crossroads of diverse pathways during adult neural fate specification. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:454. [PMID: 25674048 PMCID: PMC4306308 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, adult neurogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged as a fundamental process underlying physiology and disease. Recent evidence indicates that the homeobox transcription factor Prox1 is a critical intrinsic regulator of neurogenesis in the embryonic CNS and adult dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, acting in multiple ways and instructed by extrinsic cues and intrinsic factors. In the embryonic CNS, Prox1 is mechanistically involved in the regulation of proliferation vs. differentiation decisions of neural stem cells (NSCs), promoting cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation, while inhibiting astrogliogenesis. During the complex differentiation events in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, Prox1 is required for maintenance of intermediate progenitors (IPs), differentiation and maturation of glutamatergic interneurons, as well as specification of DG cell identity over CA3 pyramidal fate. The mechanism by which Prox1 exerts multiple functions involves distinct signaling pathways currently not fully highlighted. In this mini-review, we thoroughly discuss the Prox1-dependent phenotypes and molecular pathways in adult neurogenesis in relation to different upstream signaling cues and cell fate determinants. In addition, we discuss the possibility that Prox1 may act as a cross-talk point between diverse signaling cascades to achieve specific outcomes during adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Stergiopoulos
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Maximilianos Elkouris
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens Athens, Greece
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