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Sarfi S, Azaryan E, Naseri M. Immune System of Dental Pulp in Inflamed and Normal Tissue. DNA Cell Biol 2024. [PMID: 38959180 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2024.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Teeth are vulnerable to structural compromise, primarily attributed to carious lesions, in which microorganisms originating from the oral cavity deteriorate the mineralized structures of enamel and dentin, subsequently infiltrating the underlying soft connective tissue, known as the dental pulp. Nonetheless, dental pulp possesses the necessary capabilities to detect and defend against bacteria and their by-products, using a variety of intricate defense mechanisms. The pulp houses specialized cells known as odontoblasts, which encounter harmful substances produced by oral bacteria. These cells identify pathogens at an early stage and commence the immune system response. As bacteria approach the pulp, various cell types within the pulp, such as different immune cells, stem cells, fibroblasts, as well as neuronal and vascular networks, contribute a range of defense mechanisms. Therefore, the immune system is present in the healthy pulp to restrain the initial spread of pathogens, and then in the inflamed pulp, it prepares the conditions for necrosis or regeneration, so inflammatory response mechanisms play a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. This review aims to consolidate the existing literature on the immune system in dental pulp, encompassing current knowledge on this topic that explains the diverse mechanisms of recognition and defense against pathogens exhibited by dental pulp cells, elucidates the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity in inflamed pulp, and highlights the difference between inflamed and normal pulp tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Sarfi
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ehsaneh Azaryan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohsen Naseri
- Cellular, and Molecular Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Al-Alawi FZM, Kariminik A, Tajbakhsh E. Toll-like receptors and Streptococcus mutans: An updated review article. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2024; 52:79-84. [PMID: 38186197 DOI: 10.15586/aei.v52i1.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
It has been reported that toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the main innate immune receptors that recognize gram-positive pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The molecules can induce expression of the innate immune-related molecules that are essential against the bacteria. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a potential caries-associated pathogen, and innate immunity plays a key role in inhibiting its development and the progression of inflammatory responses. Recently, the roles played by TLRs against S. mutans and the induction of inflammatory responses were evaluated by several investigations. This review article discusses updated information regarding the roles played by TLRs and their potential therapeutic effects against S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashraf Kariminik
- Department of Microbiology, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran;
| | - Elaheh Tajbakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Takimoto K, Widbiller M, Diogenes A. Expression of Toll-like Receptors in Stem Cells of the Apical Papilla and Its Implication for Regenerative Endodontics. Cells 2023; 12:2502. [PMID: 37887345 PMCID: PMC10605481 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative therapies to replace cells and tissues damaged due to trauma and dental infections require temporal and spatial controlled recruitment and the differentiation of progenitor/stem cells. However, increasing evidence shows microbial antigens can interfere with this process. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP) are required for normal dental development and are intimately involved in the reparative and regenerative capacity of developing teeth. We hypothesized that TLRs are expressed in SCAP and that the activation of TLR2/TLR4 or TLR3 by different ligands results in differential cellular fate, impacting their differentiation into a mineralizing phenotype. We found that most TLRs are expressed as detected by PCR except TLR7 and TLR8; exposure to heat-killed E. coli results in upregulating TLR2 and TLR4 and reducing mineralization capacity. In addition, bacterial exposure resulted in the upregulation of 11 genes, of which 9 were chemokines whose proteins were also upregulated and released, promoting in vitro macrophage migration. On the other hand, TLR3 activation resulted in increased proliferation and a dramatic inhibition of osteogenic and odontoblastic differentiation, which was reversed by inhibition or the knockdown of TLR3 expression. The profound effects of TLR activation resulting in different cell fates that are ligand and receptor-specific warrants further evaluation and represents an important therapeutic target to make regenerative approaches more predictable following dental infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyo Takimoto
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; (K.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Matthias Widbiller
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; (K.T.); (M.W.)
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anibal Diogenes
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; (K.T.); (M.W.)
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Bucchi C, Ohlsson E, de Anta JM, Woelflick M, Galler K, Manzanares-Cespedes MC, Widbiller M. Human Amnion Epithelial Cells: A Potential Cell Source for Pulp Regeneration? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052830. [PMID: 35269973 PMCID: PMC8911206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the suitability of pluripotent stem cells derived from the amnion (hAECs) as a potential cell source for revitalization in vitro. hAECs were isolated from human placentas, and dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and dentin matrix proteins (eDMPs) were obtained from human teeth. Both hAECs and hDPSCs were cultured with 10% FBS, eDMPs and an osteogenic differentiation medium (StemPro). Viability was assessed by MTT and cell adherence to dentin was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the expression of mineralization-, odontogenic differentiation- and epithelial–mesenchymal transition-associated genes was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR, and mineralization was evaluated through Alizarin Red staining. The viability of hAECs was significantly lower compared with hDPSCs in all groups and at all time points. Both hAECs and hDPSCs adhered to dentin and were homogeneously distributed. The regulation of odontoblast differentiation- and mineralization-associated genes showed the lack of transition of hAECs into an odontoblastic phenotype; however, genes associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition were significantly upregulated in hAECs. hAECs showed small amounts of calcium deposition after osteogenic differentiation with StemPro. Pluripotent hAECs adhere on dentin and possess the capacity to mineralize. However, they presented an unfavorable proliferation behavior and failed to undergo odontoblastic transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bucchi
- Research Centre for Dental Sciences (CICO), Department of Integral Adult Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Ella Ohlsson
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (E.O.); (M.W.); (M.W.)
| | - Josep Maria de Anta
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (J.M.d.A.); (M.C.M.-C.)
| | - Melanie Woelflick
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (E.O.); (M.W.); (M.W.)
| | - Kerstin Galler
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - María Cristina Manzanares-Cespedes
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (J.M.d.A.); (M.C.M.-C.)
| | - Matthias Widbiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (E.O.); (M.W.); (M.W.)
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Nukaeow K, Patinotham N, Tanasawet S, Kaewpitak A. Upregulation of TRPA1 and reduction of NF-κB translocation could be part of the immunomodulatory process during primary tooth inflammation. Odontology 2022; 110:777-785. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Aubeux D, Renard E, Pérez F, Tessier S, Geoffroy V, Gaudin A. Review of Animal Models to Study Pulp Inflammation. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.673552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human dental pulp is a highly dynamic tissue equipped with a network of resident immunocompetent cells that play a major role in the defense against pathogens and during tissue injury. Animal studies are mandatory and complementary to in vitro experiments when studying the physiopathology of dental pulp, new diagnostic tools, or innovative therapeutic strategies. This animal approach makes it possible to define a benefit-risk ratio necessary to be subsequently tested in humans. Among the animal kingdom, rodents, rabbits, ferrets, swine, dogs, and non-human primates have been used to model human pulpitis. The diversity of animals found in studies indicate the difficulty of choosing the correct and most efficient model. Each animal model has its own characteristics that may be advantageous or limiting, according to the studied parameters. These elements have to be considered in preclinical studies. This article aims to provide a thorough understanding of the different animal models used to study pulp inflammation. This may help to find the most pertinent or appropriate animal model depending on the hypothesis investigated and the expected results.
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Feng Z, Meng R, Li Q, Li D, Xu Q. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine may regulate the inflammatory response of human odontoblast-like cells through the NF-κB pathway. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1105-1117. [PMID: 33539038 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the role of DNA methylation in the innate immunity of the dental pulp, this study investigated the effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZA) on lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced cytokine production and related intracellular signalling pathways in human odontoblast-like cells (hOBs). METHODOLOGY hOBs were cultured and differentiated from human dental pulp tissue, and the odontoblastic phenotype of the cells was detected using immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR and Western blotting. hOBs were pretreated with AZA and then stimulated with 10 μg mL-1 LTA. The levels of 42 cytokines related to immunity and inflammation were examined using a cytokine antibody array and verified using qRT-PCR and ELISA. The effect of AZA on the LTA-induced NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways was explored using Western blotting. The cells were treated with the specific NF-κB inhibitor PDTC and MAPK inhibitors (the ERK inhibitor U0126, the p38 inhibitor SB203580, and the JNK inhibitor SP600125) to further confirm the role of the signalling pathways in LTA-treated hOBs. DNA immunoprecipitation-PCR was used to examine the dynamic methylation status of the gene promoters of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in the LTA-induced hOBs. Statistical analyses of the differences between two groups were performed using Student's t-test. One-way analysis of variance (anova) or repeated-measures anova with a post hoc Dunnett's test was used to assess the differences between multiple sets of data. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS The odontoblastic markers were significantly higher in hOBs than those in human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) (P < 0.05). According to the cytokine antibody array results, hOBs pretreated with AZA had significantly increased production of several inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.05), in which the expression levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were the most dramatically increased upon LTA stimulation (P < 0.01). Furthermore, AZA resulted in the significant upregulation of p-IKKα/β, p-IκBα, p-p65, p-p38 and p-ERK in LTA-stimulated hOBs (P < 0.01). Treatment with the NF-κB pathway inhibitor suppressed both IL-6 and IL-8 expression (P < 0.05), whereas inhibitors of the MAPK pathway (SB203580 and SP600125) did not. In LTA-treated hOBs, AZA significantly increased the expression levels of TRAF6 and MyD88 (P < 0.05). AZA induced MyD88 promoter hypomethylation but did not affect TRAF6 methylation. CONCLUSION AZA regulated the LTA-induced inflammatory response through the NF-κB signal pathway in hOBs. This study highlights the important role of DNA methylation in the immunity defence of odontoblasts during the dental pulp immunity response to caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - R Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Q Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - D Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Q Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Sousa MGDC, Xavier PD, Lima SMDF, Almeida JAD, Franco OL, Rezende TMB. Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus stimulate nitric oxide production in macrophages and fibroblasts in vitro. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.20396/bjos.v19i0.8657039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator related to damage of the pulp tissue and at the same time to regenerative pulp processes. However, it is not clear how common endodontic microorganisms can regulate this mediator. This study aimed to investigate NO production by macrophages and fibroblasts against Enterococcus faecalis- and Staphylococcus aureus-antigens. Methods: RAW 264.7 macrophages and L929 fibroblast cell lines were stimulated with different heat-killed (HK) antigen concentrations (105-108 colony forming units - CFU) from E. faecalis and S. aureus with or without interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Cell viability by MTT colorimetric assay and NO production from the culture supernatants were evaluated after 72 h. Results: Data here reported demonstrated that none of the antigen concentrations decreased cell viability in macrophages and fibroblasts. The presence of HK-S. aureus and HK-E. faecalis antigen- stimulated NO production with or without IFN-γ on RAW 264.7. The HK-S. aureus antigen stimulated NO production in L929 fibroblasts with or without IFN-γ, and the highest concentration of HK-E. faecalis with IFN-γ also stimulated NO production by these cells. Conclusion: The amount of NO produced by macrophages and fibroblasts may be involved in the concentration and type of prevalent endodontic microorganisms, generating new answers for the understanding of pulpal revascularization/regeneration processes.
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An S. Nitric Oxide in Dental Pulp Tissue: From Molecular Understanding to Clinical Application in Regenerative Endodontic Procedures. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 26:327-347. [PMID: 32131706 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), which is synthesized by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS), is a versatile endogenous molecule with multiple biological effects on many tissues and organs. In dental pulp tissue, NO has been found to play multifaceted roles in regulating physiological activities, inflammation processes, and tissue repair events, such as cell proliferation, neuronal degeneration, angiogenesis, and odontoblastic differentiation. However, there is a deficiency of detailed discussion on the NO-mediated interactions between inflammation and reparative/regenerative responses in wounded dental pulp tissue, which is a central determinant of ultimate clinical outcomes. Thus, the purpose of this review is to outline the current molecular understanding on the roles of Janus-faced molecule NO in dental pulp physiology, inflammation, and reparative activities. Based on this knowledge, advanced physicochemical techniques designed to manipulate the therapeutic potential of NOS and NO production in endodontic regeneration procedures are further discussed. Impact statement The interaction between inflammation and reparative/regenerative responses is very important for regenerative endodontic procedures, which are biologically based approaches intended to replace damaged tissues. Inside dental pulp tissue, endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is generated mainly by immunocompetent cells and dental pulp cells and mediates not only inflammatory/immune activities but also signaling cascades that regulate tissue repair and reconstruction, indicating its involvement in both tissue destruction and regeneration. Thus, it is feasible that NO acts as one of the indicators and modulators in dental pulp repair or regeneration under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng An
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Fawzy El-Sayed KM, Elsalawy R, Ibrahim N, Gadalla M, Albargasy H, Zahra N, Mokhtar S, El Nahhas N, El Kaliouby Y, Dörfer CE. The Dental Pulp Stem/Progenitor Cells-Mediated Inflammatory-Regenerative Axis. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2019; 25:445-460. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karim M. Fawzy El-Sayed
- Oral Medicine and Periodontology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Nehal Zahra
- Faculty of Dentistry, New Giza University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Christof E. Dörfer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
Los odontoblastos son células post-mitóticas de origen mesenquimal dispuestas en forma de palizada en la periferia de la pulpa dental y responsables de la formación de la dentina. Los odontoblastos derivan de la cresta neural y su diferenciación es la consecuencia de las interacciones epitelio-mesénquima entre las células de la papila dental y el epitelio dental interno. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo revisar los aspectos fisiológicos y patológicos de los odontoblastos, comprendiendo su origen, mecanismos de diferenciación y propiedades funcionales. Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica de literatura desde el año 2000 hasta Febrero de 2018, seleccionando 2889 artículos, de los cuales 52 artículos fueron analizados y discutidos. Los resultados exponen el origen, etapas y los factores relacionados con la diferenciación odontoblástica, junto con los aspectos principales de la organización estructural y funciones que desempeñan los odontoblastos. Esta revisión demuestra mediante la evidencia científica actual como los estudios concernientes a los odontoblastos se focalizan en comprender los mecanismos en la formación de la dentina reparativa, la respuesta inmunitaria y su rol en los procesos de inflamación y dolor. Trabajos futuros deberán esclarecer las diferentes señales involucradas en los procesos fisiopatológicos celulares y moleculares llevados a cabo por los odontoblastos.
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Chronic treatment with zoledronic acid alters the expression levels of inflammatory, bone, and apoptotic markers and Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in rat dental pulp. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2019; 128:139-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Moon CY, Nam OH, Kim M, Lee HS, Kaushik SN, Cruz Walma DA, Jun HW, Cheon K, Choi SC. Effects of the nitric oxide releasing biomimetic nanomatrix gel on pulp-dentin regeneration: Pilot study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205534. [PMID: 30308037 PMCID: PMC6181396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful disinfection alongside complete endodontic tissue regeneration and revascularization are the most desired clinical outcomes of regenerative endodontics. Despite reported clinical successes, significant limitations to the current regenerative endodontic procedure (REP) have been elucidated. To improve the current REP, an antibiotics and nitric oxide (NO) releasing biomimetic nanomatrix gel was developed. The study evaluates antibacterial effects of an antibiotics and NO releasing biomimetic nanomatrix gel on multispecies endodontic bacteria. Antibiotics, ciprofloxacin (CF) and metronidazole (MN) were mixed and encapsulated within the NO releasing biomimetic nanomatrix gel. The gel was synthesized and self-assembled from peptide amphiphiles containing various functional groups. Antibacterial effects of the antibiotics and NO releasing biomimetic nanomatrix gel were evaluated using bacterial viability assays involving endodontic microorganisms including clinical samples. Pulp-dentin regeneration was evaluated via animal-model experiments. The antibiotics and NO releasing biomimetic nanomatrix gel demonstrated a concentration dependent antibacterial effect. In addition, NO alone demonstrated a concentration dependent antibacterial effect on endodontic microorganism. An in vivo analysis demonstrated the antibiotics and NO releasing biomimetic nanomatrix gel promoted tooth revascularization with maturation of root canals. An optimal concentration of and NO releasing nanomatrix gel is suggested for its potential as a root treatment material for REP and an appropriate protocol for human trials. Further investigation is required to obtain a larger sample size and decide upon ideal growth factor incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Yang Moon
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ok Hyung Nam
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Misun Kim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Seol Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sagar N. Kaushik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - David A. Cruz Walma
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ho-Wook Jun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kyounga Cheon
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SCC); (KC)
| | - Sung Chul Choi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SCC); (KC)
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Krunić J, Stojanović N, Đukić L, Roganović J, Popović B, Simić I, Stojić D. Clinical antibacterial effectiveness and biocompatibility of gaseous ozone after incomplete caries removal. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:785-792. [PMID: 29858659 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate local effect of gaseous ozone on bacteria in deep carious lesions after incomplete caries removal, using chlorhexidine as control, and to investigate its effect on pulp vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Antibacterial effect was evaluated in 48 teeth with diagnosed deep carious lesion. After incomplete caries removal, teeth were randomly allocated into two groups regarding the cavity disinfectant used: ozone (open system) or 2% chlorhexidine. Dentin samples were analyzed for the presence of total bacteria and Lactobacillus spp. by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. For evaluation of ozone effect on dental pulp, 38 intact permanent teeth indicated for pulp removal/tooth extraction were included. After cavity preparation, teeth were randomly allocated into two groups: ozone group and control group. VEGF/nNOS level and SOD activity in dental pulp were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and spectrophotometric method, respectively. RESULTS Ozone application decreased number of total bacteria (p = 0.001) and Lactobacillus spp. (p < 0.001), similarly to chlorhexidine. The VEGF (p < 0.001) and nNOS (p = 0.012) levels in dental pulp after ozone application were higher, while SOD activity was lower (p = 0.001) comparing to those in control pulp. CONCLUSIONS Antibacterial effect of ozone on residual bacteria after incomplete caries removal was similar to that of 2% chlorhexidine. Effect of ozone on pulp VEGF, nNOS, and SOD indicated its biocompatibility. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ozone appears as effective and biocompatible cavity disinfectant in treatment of deep carious lesions by incomplete caries removal technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Krunić
- Department of Dental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of East Sarajevo, Studentska 5, 73300, Foca, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Nikola Stojanović
- Department of Dental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of East Sarajevo, Studentska 5, 73300, Foca, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ljiljana Đukić
- Department of Pharmacology in Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Roganović
- Department of Pharmacology in Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Popović
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Simić
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of East Sarajevo, Foca, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dragica Stojić
- Department of Pharmacology in Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Yumoto H, Hirao K, Hosokawa Y, Kuramoto H, Takegawa D, Nakanishi T, Matsuo T. The roles of odontoblasts in dental pulp innate immunity. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2018; 54:105-117. [PMID: 30128058 PMCID: PMC6094490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Odontoblasts located in the outermost layer of dental pulp form a natural barrier between mineralized tissues, dentin, and soft tissues, dental pulp, of the vital tooth, and they first recognize caries-related pathogens and sense external irritations. Therefore, odontoblasts possess a specialized innate immune system to fight oral pathogens invading into dentin. Generally, the rapid initial sensing of microbial pathogens, especially pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) shared by microorganisms, are mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptor and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD). The innate immune responses in odontoblasts initiated by sensing oral pathogens provide host protective events, such as inflammatory reactions, to produce a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators, including chemokines and cytokines. These attract various inflammatory cells and cause antibacterial reactions, such as the production of defensins, to kill microorganisms in the proximal region of the odontoblast layer. This review focuses on innate immunity, especially cellular and molecular mechanisms regarding the sensing of PAMPs from oral pathogens by PRRs, in odontoblasts and provides information for future studies for the development of novel therapeutic strategies, including diagnosis and treatment, to prevent exceeding dental pulp inflammation and preserve the dental pulp tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Yumoto
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Kouji Hirao
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Yuki Hosokawa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kuramoto
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takegawa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakanishi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
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de Barros Silva PG, Verde MEQL, Brizeno LAC, Wong DVT, Lima Júnior RCP, Sousa FB, Mota MRL, Alves APNN. Immune cell profile of dental pulp tissue treated with zoledronic acid. Int Endod J 2017; 50:1067-1076. [PMID: 27977859 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To characterize the pulp immune cell profile in the teeth of rats treated with zoledronic acid (ZA). METHODOLOGY Male Wistar rats (n = 6 per group) received four intravenous infusions of ZA at doses of 0.04, 0.20 or 1.00 mg kg-1 ZA or saline (control). On the 70th experimental day, they were euthanized. The first right molar was examined microscopically and submitted to toluidine blue reaction and immunohistochemical for CD68, tumour necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and IL-18 binding protein (IL-18 bp). The presence of ectasic/dilated vessels and inflammatory cells was analysed, and mast cells and mononuclear CD68-positive cells were counted along with the intensity of immunostaining (0-3) for inflammatory markers in odontoblasts and nonodontoblasts pulp cells. The Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's test (scores or quantitative data) and the chi-squared test (categorical data) were used (GraphPad Prism 5.0, P < 0.05). RESULTS There was no differences in the number of animals exhibiting dilated/ectasic blood vessels (P = 0.242) and inflammatory cells (P = 0.489) or in the number of mast cells (P = 1.000). However, there was an increase in mononuclear CD68-positive cells (P = 0.026), immunostaining of TNF-α (P = 0.020), IL-1β (P = 0.027) and iNOS (P = 0.001) in odontoblasts, and IL-1β (P = 0.013) in nonodontoblast pulp cells dose-dependently. NFkB (nucleus and cytoplasm) and IL-18 bp did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION ZA modified the immune cell profile in the dental pulp, increasing the number of macrophages and expression of pro-inflammatory markers independent of NFkB.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G de Barros Silva
- Department of Dental Clinic, Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - M E Q L Verde
- Department of Dental Clinic, Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - L A C Brizeno
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - D V T Wong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - R C P Lima Júnior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - F B Sousa
- Department of Dental Clinic, Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - M R L Mota
- Department of Dental Clinic, Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - A P N N Alves
- Department of Dental Clinic, Division of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
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18
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Kaufman G, Skrtic D. Structural and recovery mechanisms of 3D dental pulp cell microtissues challenged with Streptococcusmutans in extracellular matrix environment. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:1332-1340. [PMID: 27638752 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cariopathogen Streptococcus mutans exists in infected dental pulp of deciduous teeth and is frequently linked with heart diseases. Organotypic (3D) dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) cultures/microtissues, developed to mimic the physiological conditions in vivo, were utilized to assess the bacterial impact on their (i) 3D structural configuration and (ii) recovery mechanisms. The cultures, developed in extracellular matrix (ECM) bio-scaffold (Matrigel™), interacted with WT and GFP-tagged bacterial biofilms by permitting their infiltration through the ECM. Challenged cell constructs were visualized by F-actin/nuclei staining. Their pluripotency (Sox2) and differentiation (osteocalcin) markers were assessed by immunocytochemistry. Secreted mineral was detected by alizarin red, and 3D structural arrangements were analysed by epi-fluorescence and confocal scanning microscopy. Bacterial biofilm/ECM-embedded DPSC interactions appeared in distinct areas of the microtissues. Bacterial attachment to the cell surface occurred without evidence of invasion. Surface architecture of the challenged versus unchallenged microtissues was apparently unaltered. However, significant increases in thickness (138.42 vs 106.51 µm) and bacterial penetration were detected in challenged structures causing canal-like microstructures with various diameters (12.94 -42.88 µm) and average diameter of 20.66 to 33.42 µm per microtissue. Challenged constructs expressed pluripotency and differentiation markers and secreted the mineral. Presented model shows strong potential for assessing pulp-pathogen interactions in vivo. S. mutans infiltrated and penetrated the microtissues but did not invade the cells or compromise major cell repair mechanisms. These findings would suggest reexamining the role of S. mutans as an endodontic pathogen and investigating DPSC resistance to its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gili Kaufman
- Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Drago Skrtic
- Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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Dental Pulp Defence and Repair Mechanisms in Dental Caries. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:230251. [PMID: 26538821 PMCID: PMC4619960 DOI: 10.1155/2015/230251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a chronic infectious disease resulting from the penetration of oral bacteria into the enamel and dentin. Microorganisms subsequently trigger inflammatory responses in the dental pulp. These events can lead to pulp healing if the infection is not too severe following the removal of diseased enamel and dentin tissues and clinical restoration of the tooth. However, chronic inflammation often persists in the pulp despite treatment, inducing permanent loss of normal tissue and reducing innate repair capacities. For complete tooth healing the formation of a reactionary/reparative dentin barrier to distance and protect the pulp from infectious agents and restorative materials is required. Clinical and in vitro experimental data clearly indicate that dentin barrier formation only occurs when pulp inflammation and infection are minimised, thus enabling reestablishment of tissue homeostasis and health. Therefore, promoting the resolution of pulp inflammation may provide a valuable therapeutic opportunity to ensure the sustainability of dental treatments. This paper focusses on key cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in pulp responses to bacteria and in the pulpal transition between caries-induced inflammation and dentinogenic-based repair. We report, using selected examples, different strategies potentially used by odontoblasts and specialized immune cells to combat dentin-invading bacteria in vivo.
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