1
|
Weger AA, Rittschof CC. The diverse roles of insulin signaling in insect behavior. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 4:1360320. [PMID: 38638680 PMCID: PMC11024295 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2024.1360320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
In insects and other animals, nutrition-mediated behaviors are modulated by communication between the brain and peripheral systems, a process that relies heavily on the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway (IIS). Previous studies have focused on the mechanistic and physiological functions of insulin-like peptides (ILPs) in critical developmental and adult milestones like pupation or vitellogenesis. Less work has detailed the mechanisms connecting ILPs to adult nutrient-mediated behaviors related to survival and reproductive success. Here we briefly review the range of behaviors linked to IIS in insects, from conserved regulation of feeding behavior to evolutionarily derived polyphenisms. Where possible, we incorporate information from Drosophila melanogaster and other model species to describe molecular and neural mechanisms that connect nutritional status to behavioral expression via IIS. We identify knowledge gaps which include the diverse functional roles of peripheral ILPs, how ILPs modulate neural function and behavior across the lifespan, and the lack of detailed mechanistic research in a broad range of taxa. Addressing these gaps would enable a better understanding of the evolution of this conserved and widely deployed tool kit pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clare C. Rittschof
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou P, Zong X, Yan S, Zhang J, Wang D, Shen J. The Wnt pathway regulates wing morph determination in Acyrthosiphon pisum. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 161:104003. [PMID: 37657610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Wing dimorphism occurs in insects as a survival strategy to adapt to environmental changes. In response to environmental cues, mother aphids transmit signals to their offspring, and the offspring either emerge as winged adults or develop as wingless adults with degeneration of the wing primordia in the early instar stage. However, how the wing morph is determined in the early instar stage is still unclear. Here, we established a surgical sampling method to obtain precise wing primordium tissues for transcriptome analysis. We identified Wnt as a regulator of wing determination in the early second instar stage in the pea aphid. Inhibiting Wnt signaling via knockdown of Wnt2, Wnt11b, the Wnt receptor-encoding gene fz2 or the downstream targets vg and omb resulted in a decreased proportion of winged aphids. Activation of Wnt signaling via knockdown of miR-8, an inhibitor of the Wnt/Wg pathway, led to an increased proportion of winged aphids. Furthermore, the wing primordia of wingless nymphs underwent apoptosis in the early second instar, and cell death was activated by knockdown of fz2 under the wing-inducing condition. These results indicate that the developmental plasticity of aphid wings is modulated by the intrinsic Wnt pathway in response to environmental challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Zong
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junzheng Zhang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang W, Nasir M, Zhao C. Variation of insulin-related peptides accompanying the differentiation of Aphis gossypii biotypes and their expression profiles. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10306. [PMID: 37456079 PMCID: PMC10349280 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin signaling plays a critical role in regulating various aspects of insect biology, including development, reproduction, and the formation of wing polyphenism. This leads to differentiation among insect populations at different levels. The insulin family exhibits functional variation, resulting in diverse functional pathways. Aphis gossypii Glover, commonly known as the cotton-melon aphid, is a highly adaptable aphid species that has evolved into multiple biotypes. To understand the genetic structure of the insulin family and its evolutionary diversification and expression patterns in A. gossypii, we conducted studies using genome annotation files and RNA-sequencing data. Consequently, we identified 11 insulin receptor protein (IRP) genes in the genomes of the examined biotypes. Among these, eight AgosIRPs were dispersed across the X chromosome, while two were found in tandem on the A1 chromosome. Notably, AgosIRP2 exhibited alternative splicing, resulting in the formation of two isoforms. The AgosIRP genes displayed a high degree of conservation between Hap1 and Hap3, although some variations were observed between their genomes. For instance, a transposon was present in the coding regions of AgosIRP3 and AgosIRP9 in the Hap3 genome but not in the Hap1 genome. RNA-sequencing data revealed that four AgosIRPs were expressed ubiquitously across different morphs of A. gossypii, while others showed specific expression patterns in adult gynopara and adult males. Furthermore, the expression levels of most AgosIRPs decreased upon treatment with the pesticide acetamiprid. These findings demonstrate the evolutionary diversification of AgosIRPs between the genomes of the two biotypes and provide insights into their expression profiles across different morphs, developmental stages, and biotypes. Overall, this study contributes valuable information for investigating aphid genome evolution and the functions of insulin receptor proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weili Jiang
- Basic Experimental Teaching Center of Life SciencesYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Muhammad Nasir
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI)FaisalabadPakistan
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control/College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuan Y, Wang Y, Ye W, Yuan E, Di J, Chen X, Xing Y, Sun Y, Ge F. Functional evaluation of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway in determination of wing polyphenism in pea aphid. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:816-828. [PMID: 36178731 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wing polyphenism is a common phenomenon that plays key roles in environmental adaptation of insects. Insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway is a highly conserved pathway in regulation of metabolism, development, and growth in metazoans. It has been reported that IIS is required for switching of wing morph in brown planthopper via regulating the development of the wing pad. However, it remains elusive whether and how IIS pathway regulates transgenerational wing dimorphism in aphid. In this study, we found that pairing and solitary treatments can induce pea aphids to produce high and low percentage winged offspring, respectively. The expression level of ILP5 (insulin-like peptide 5) in maternal head was significantly higher upon solitary treatment in comparison with pairing, while silencing of ILP5 caused no obvious change in the winged offspring ratio. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of FoxO (Forkhead transcription factor subgroup O) in stage 20 embryos significantly increased the winged offspring ratio. The results of pharmacological and quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments showed that the embryonic insulin receptors may not be involved in wing polyphenism. Additionally, ILP4 and ILP11 exhibited higher expression levels in 1st wingless offspring than in winged offspring. We demonstrate that FoxO negatively regulates the wing morph development in embryos. ILPs may regulate aphid wing polyphenism in a developmental stage-specific manner. However, the regulation may be not mediated by the canonical IIS pathway. The findings advance our understanding of IIS pathway in insect transgenerational wing polyphenism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Yuan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Jinan, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wanwan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Erliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Di
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yanling Xing
- College of Life Sciences, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu B, Chen H. Identification and functional characterization of insulin-like peptides in a pine beetle. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 147:104521. [PMID: 37156359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Insulin - including insulin-like peptides (ILPs), relaxins and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) - is an evolutionarily conserved hormone in all metazoans It is involved in various physiological processes, such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, lifespan and stress resistance. However, there are no reports on the functional role of ILPs in the Chinese white pine beetle, Dendroctonus armandi. In this study, we have cloned and identified two ILP cDNAs in D. armandi. The expression levels of DaILP1 and DaILP2 were significantly changed in different developmental stages. Both ILPs were expressed mostly in the head and fat body. Moreover, starvation induces the reduction of ILP1 mRNA level in adults and larvae, while ILP2 only in larvae of D. armandi, respectively. Additionally, RNA-interference (RNAi) using double stranded RNA to knock down ILP1 and ILP2 reduced the mRNA levels of the target genes, and caused a significant reduction in body weight of D. armandi. Moreover, silencing ILP1 led to an increase of trehalose and glycogen and significantly enhanced starvation resistance in both adults and larvae. The results show that the ILP signaling pathway plays a significant role in growth and carbohydrate metabolism of D. armandi and may provide a potential molecular target for pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu S, Tang Y, Su S, Ding W, He H, Xue J, Gao Q, Qiu L, Li Y. RNA interference knockdown of insulin receptor inhibits ovarian development in Chilo suppressalis. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11765-11773. [PMID: 36201100 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07948-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nutritional signaling pathway regulates an insect's size, development, and lifespan, as well as playing a vital role in reproduction. The insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway plays a key role in the nutrition signaling pathway. As an integral component of the IIS pathway, insulin receptor (InR), a receptor tyrosine kinase, plays a role in the insulin pathway by controlling reproduction in many insect species. However, the precise molecular function of InR in non-model insect reproduction is poorly understood. METHODS In our study, Chilo suppressalis, a well-known rice pest, was used as a molecular system to determine the role of InR in insect reproduction. Sequencing the InR gene of C. suppressalis, comparing the amino acid sequence-specific structure, and constructing a phylogenetic tree revealed that this gene has four main domains: ligand binding L domain, Furin-like region, fibronectin type III domains, and Tyrosine kinase catalytic domain, which were all highly conserved in insects. RESULTS By characterizing the spatiotemporal expression profile of InR in different developmental stages and tissues, we found that InR gene expression was highest on the 3-day old in female pupae, 6th instar larvae, and fat body on the 6-day old in female pupae. InR gene expression may promote the molting and pupation of larvae and play a role in reproduction in the fat body. Furthermore, the RNA interference knockdown of InR dramatically reduced yolk deposition and blocked oocyte maturation. After suppression of InR, the expression of several other genes fluctuated to varying degrees. CONCLUSION In conclusion, InR is vital to reproduction and is expected to become a new target for pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Shaojun Su
- Agricultural Bureau of Dingcheng County, Changde, 415006, China
| | - Wenbing Ding
- National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Biopesticide and Formulation Processing, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Hualiang He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jin Xue
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Qiao Gao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Youzhi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
- National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
- Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bai Y, Pei XJ, Ban N, Chen N, Liu SN, Li S, Liu TX. Nutrition-dependent juvenile hormone sensitivity promotes flight-muscle degeneration during the aphid dispersal-reproduction transition. Development 2022; 149:275958. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
In insects, the loss of flight typically involves a dispersal-reproduction transition, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the parthenogenetic pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, winged females undergo flight-muscle degeneration after flight and feeding on new host plants. Similarly, topical application of a juvenile hormone (JH) mimic to starved aphids also induces flight-muscle degeneration. We found that feeding preferentially upregulated the expression of the JH receptor gene Met and a JH-inducible gene, Kr-h1, in the flight muscles, and, thus, enhanced tissue-specific JH sensitivity and signaling. RNAi-mediated knockdown of Kr-h1 prevented flight-muscle degeneration. Likewise, blocking nutritional signals by pharmacological inhibition of the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) impaired JH sensitivity of the flight muscles in feeding aphids and subsequently delayed muscle degeneration. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that enhanced JH signaling inhibited the transcription of genes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, likely resulting in reduction of the energy supply, mitochondrial dysfunction and muscle-fiber breakdown. This study shows that nutrient-dependent hormone sensitivity regulates developmental plasticity in a tissue-specific manner, emphasizing a relatively underappreciated mechanism of hormone sensitivity in modulating hormone signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Development Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University 1 , Guangzhou 510631 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University 2 , Yangling 712100 , China
| | - Xiao-Jin Pei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Development Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University 1 , Guangzhou 510631 , China
| | - Ning Ban
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University 3 , Qingdao 266109 , China
| | - Nan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Development Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University 1 , Guangzhou 510631 , China
| | - Su-Ning Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Development Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University 1 , Guangzhou 510631 , China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Development Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University 1 , Guangzhou 510631 , China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University 4 , Guiyang 550025 , China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huygens C, Ribeiro Lopes M, Gaget K, Duport G, Peignier S, De Groef S, Parisot N, Calevro F, Callaerts P. Evolutionary diversification of insulin-related peptides (IRPs) in aphids and spatiotemporal distribution in Acyrthosiphon pisum. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 141:103670. [PMID: 34666188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Members of the insulin superfamily activate the evolutionarily highly conserved insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway, involved in regulation of growth, energy homeostasis, and longevity. In the current study we focus on aphids to gain more insight into the evolution of the IRPs and how they may contribute to regulation of the insulin-signaling pathway. Using the latest annotation of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) genome, and combining sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses, we identified seven putative IRP encoding-genes, with IRP1-IRP4 resembling the classical insulin and insulin-like protein structures, and IRP5 and IRP6 bearing insulin-like growth factor (IGF) features. We also identified IRP11 as a new and structurally divergent IRP present in at least eight aphid genomes. Globally the ten aphid genomes analyzed in this work contain four to 15 IRPs, while only three IRPs were found in the genome of the grape phylloxera, a hemipteran insect representing an earlier evolutionary branch of the aphid group. Expression analyses revealed spatial and temporal variation in the expression patterns of the different A. pisum IRPs. IRP1 and IRP4 are expressed throughout all developmental stages and morphs in neuroendocrine cells of the brain, while IRP5 and IRP6 are expressed in the fat body. IRP2 is expressed in specific cells of the gut in aphids in non-crowded conditions and in the head of aphids under crowded conditions, IRP3 in salivary glands, and both IRP2 and IRP3 in the male morph. IRP11 expression is enriched in the carcass. This complex spatiotemporal expression pattern suggests functional diversification of the IRPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Huygens
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KULeuven, University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium; Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Ribeiro Lopes
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - K Gaget
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - G Duport
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - S Peignier
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - S De Groef
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KULeuven, University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - N Parisot
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - F Calevro
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - P Callaerts
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KULeuven, University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cuti P, Barberà M, Veenstra JA, Martínez-Torres D. Progress in the characterization of insulin-like peptides in aphids: Immunohistochemical mapping of ILP4. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 136:103623. [PMID: 34246764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aphids were the first animals described as photoperiodic due to their seasonal switch from viviparous parthenogenesis to sexual reproduction (cyclical parthenogenesis) caused by the shortening of the photoperiod in autumn. This switch produces a single sexual generation of oviparous females and males that mate and lay diapausing cold-resistant eggs that can overcome the unfavourable environmental conditions typical of winter in temperate regions. Previous studies have hinted at a possible implication of two insulin-like peptides (ILP1 and ILP4) in the aphid seasonal response, changing their expression levels between different photoperiodic conditions. Moreover, in situ localization of their transcripts in particular neurosecretory cells (NSCs) in the aphid brain supported the idea that these neuropeptides could correspond to the formerly called virginoparin, an uncharacterized factor originally proposed to be transported directly to the aphid embryos to promote their development as parthenogenetic individuals. To further investigate the fate of these ILPs, we raised a specific antiserum against one of them (ILP4) and mapped this neuropeptide by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in Acyrthosiphon pisum and Megoura viciae aphids. Coincident with in situ localization, our results show that ILP4 is synthesized in two groups (one in each brain hemisphere) of four neurosecretory cells in the pars intercerebralis (NSC group I) and then it is transported outside the brain to the corpora cardiaca. From there, three nerves (two laterals and one medial) transport it to the abdomen. Although no precise site of release has been found, the terminations of these nerves near the germaria would be compatible with the proposal of a direct connection between group I of NSCs and the reproductive system by localized release. In addition, we detected some collateral arborizations originating from the eight NSCs going to the pars lateralis, where clock neurons and some photoreceptors have been previously localized, suggesting a possible communication between the circadian and photoperiodic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Cuti
- Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes, Parc Cientific, Universitat de València, C/ Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980, Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Miquel Barberà
- Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes, Parc Cientific, Universitat de València, C/ Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980, Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Jan A Veenstra
- Université de Bordeaux, INCIA CNRS UMR, 5287, Talence, France
| | - David Martínez-Torres
- Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes, Parc Cientific, Universitat de València, C/ Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980, Paterna, València, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Smýkal V, Pivarči M, Provazník J, Bazalová O, Jedlička P, Lukšan O, Horák A, Vaněčková H, Beneš V, Fiala I, Hanus R, Doležel D. Complex Evolution of Insect Insulin Receptors and Homologous Decoy Receptors, and Functional Significance of Their Multiplicity. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:1775-1789. [PMID: 32101294 PMCID: PMC7253209 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence accumulates that the functional plasticity of insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling in insects could spring, among others, from the multiplicity of insulin receptors (InRs). Their multiple variants may be implemented in the control of insect polyphenism, such as wing or caste polyphenism. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of insect InR sequences in 118 species from 23 orders and investigate the role of three InRs identified in the linden bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus, in wing polymorphism control. We identified two gene clusters (Clusters I and II) resulting from an ancestral duplication in a late ancestor of winged insects, which remained conserved in most lineages, only in some of them being subject to further duplications or losses. One remarkable yet neglected feature of InR evolution is the loss of the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain, giving rise to decoys of InR in both clusters. Within the Cluster I, we confirmed the presence of the secreted decoy of insulin receptor in all studied Muscomorpha. More importantly, we described a new tyrosine kinase-less gene (DR2) in the Cluster II, conserved in apical Holometabola for ∼300 My. We differentially silenced the three P. apterus InRs and confirmed their participation in wing polymorphism control. We observed a pattern of Cluster I and Cluster II InRs impact on wing development, which differed from that postulated in planthoppers, suggesting an independent establishment of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling control over wing development, leading to idiosyncrasies in the co-option of multiple InRs in polyphenism control in different taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Smýkal
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pivarči
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Provazník
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Bazalová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jedlička
- Chemistry of Social Insects, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Lukšan
- Chemistry of Social Insects, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Horák
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Vaněčková
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Beneš
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivan Fiala
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Hanus
- Chemistry of Social Insects, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Doležel
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun CX, Li ZX. Biosynthesis of aphid alarm pheromone is modulated in response to starvation stress under regulation by the insulin, glycolysis and isoprenoid pathways. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 128:104174. [PMID: 33242454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism for biosynthesis and molecular regulation of the aphid alarm pheromone (AAP) is still a mystery. Previous studies indicated that the biosynthesis of AAP was directly affected by the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway, and several pathways involved in nutritional metabolism providing the bricks for AAP biosynthesis were up-regulated in response to simulated stimulation. This suggests that AAP biosynthesis might be regulated by complex metabolic pathways. Here the molecular responses of the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi to starvation stress were investigated, and the molecular pathways were further analyzed by using RNA interference (RNAi) and protein inhibitor, combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of (E)-β-farnesene (EβF), the major component of the alarm pheromone in R. padi. The results showed that the nutritional stress significantly reduced the weight of aphid and the quantity of EβF, and meanwhile dramatically up-regulated the insulin receptor genes (InsR1/2) and down-regulated the downstream genes encoding the kinases PI3K and Akt, key enzymes in the glycolysis pathway (HK, A6PFK, PK) and the isoprenoid pathway (ACSS, HMGR, FPPS1, FPPS2, GGPPS, DPPS). PI3K inhibitor LY294002 treatment and RNAi-mediated knockdown of InsR1/2 significantly reduced the expression level of downstream genes and the quantity of EβF. Furthermore, knockdown of PK, the rate-limiting enzyme in the glycolysis pathway, down-regulated the genes in the isoprenoid pathway and the production of EβF; knockdown of the genes encoding isoprenyl diphosphate enzymes revealed that FPPS1 and FPPS2 were both required for EβF biosynthesis. Our data suggested that AAP is synthesized via glycolysis and isoprenoid pathways under regulation by the insulin signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xian Sun
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Environment-Friendly Control of Crop Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zheng-Xi Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Environment-Friendly Control of Crop Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li X, Du L, Jiang XJ, Ju Q, Qu CJ, Qu MJ, Liu TX. Identification and Characterization of Neuropeptides and Their G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in the Cowpea Aphid Aphis craccivora. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:640. [PMID: 33042012 PMCID: PMC7527416 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are the most abundant and diverse signal molecules in insects. They act as neurohormones and neuromodulators to regulate the physiology and behavior of insects. The majority of neuropeptides initiate downstream signaling pathways through binding to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the cell surface. In this study, RNA-seq technology and bioinformatics were used to search for genes encoding neuropeptides and their GPCRs in the cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora. And the expression of these genes at different developmental stages of A. craccivora was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). A total of 40 candidate genes encoding neuropeptide precursors were identified from the transcriptome data, which is roughly equivalent to the number of neuropeptide genes that have been reported in other insects. On this basis, software analysis combined with homologous prediction estimated that there could be more than 60 mature neuropeptides with biological activity. In addition, 46 neuropeptide GPCRs were obtained, of which 40 belong to rhodopsin-like receptors (A-family GPCRs), including 21 families of neuropeptide receptors and 7 orphan receptors, and 6 belong to secretin-like receptors (B-family GPCRs), including receptors for diuretic hormone 31, diuretic hormone 44 and pigment-dispersing factor (PDF). Compared with holometabolous insects such as Drosophila melanogaster, the coding genes for sulfakinin, corazonin, arginine vasopressin-like peptide (AVLP), and trissin and the corresponding receptors were not found in A. craccivora. It is speculated that A. craccivora likely lacks the above neuropeptide signaling pathways, which is consistent with Acyrthosiphon pisum and that the loss of these pathways may be a common feature of aphids. In addition, expression profiling revealed neuropeptide genes and their GPCR genes that are differentially expressed at different developmental stages and in different wing morphs. This study will help to deepen our understanding of the neuropeptide signaling systems in aphids, thus laying the foundation for the development of new methods for aphid control targeting these signaling systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Long Du
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Jiang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Ju
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Chun-Juan Qu
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Ming-Jing Qu
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Ming-Jing Qu
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Tong-Xian Liu
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Okada Y, Katsuki M, Okamoto N, Fujioka H, Okada K. A specific type of insulin-like peptide regulates the conditional growth of a beetle weapon. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000541. [PMID: 31774806 PMCID: PMC6880982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling (IIS) has been identified as a major physiological mechanism underlying the nutrient-dependent regulation of sexually selected weapon growth in animals. However, the molecular mechanisms that couple nutritional state with weapon growth remain largely unknown. Here, we show that one specific subtype of insulin-like peptide (ILP) responds to nutrient status and thereby regulates weapon size in the broad-horned flour beetle Gnatocerus cornutus. By using transcriptome information, we identified five G. cornutus ILP (GcorILP1-5) and two G. cornutus insulin-like receptor (GcorInR1, -2) genes in the G. cornutus genome. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene silencing revealed that a certain subtype of ILP, GcorILP2, specifically regulated weapon size. Importantly, GcorILP2 was highly and specifically expressed in the fat body in a condition-dependent manner. We further found that GcorInR1 and GcorInR2 are functionally redundant but that the latter is partially specialized for regulating weapon growth. These results strongly suggest that GcorILP2 is an important component of the developmental mechanism that couples nutritional state to weapon growth in G. cornutus. We propose that the duplication and subsequent diversification of IIS genes played a pivotal role in the evolution of the complex growth regulation of secondary sexual traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Okada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masako Katsuki
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Okamoto
- Department of Entomology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Haruna Fujioka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of General Systems studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Okada
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Grantham ME, Shingleton AW, Dudley E, Brisson JA. Expression profiling of winged- and wingless-destined pea aphid embryos implicates insulin/insulin growth factor signaling in morph differences. Evol Dev 2019; 22:257-268. [PMID: 31682317 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity allows the matching of adult phenotypes to different environments. Although considerable effort has gone into understanding the evolution and ecology of plasticity, less is known about its developmental genetic basis. We focused on the pea aphid wing polyphenism, in which high- or low-density environments cause viviparous aphid mothers to produce winged or wingless offspring, respectively. Maternally provided ecdysone signals to embryos to be winged or wingless, but it is unknown how embryos respond to that signal. We used transcriptional profiling to investigate the gene expression state of winged-destined (WD) and wingless-destined (WLD) embryos at two developmental stages. We found that embryos differed in a small number of genes, and that gene sets were enriched for the insulin-signaling portion of the FoxO pathway. To look for a global signature of insulin signaling, we examined the size and stage of WD and WLD embryos but found no differences. These data suggest the hypothesis that FoxO signaling is important for morph development in a tissue-specific manner. We posit that maternally supplied ecdysone affects embryonic FoxO signaling, which ultimately plays a role in alternative morph development. Our study is one of an increasing number that implicate insulin signaling in the generation of alternative environmentally induced morphologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Grantham
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Emma Dudley
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hu L, Gui W, Chen B, Chen L. Transcriptome profiling of maternal stress-induced wing dimorphism in pea aphids. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11848-11862. [PMID: 31695892 PMCID: PMC6822051 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Wing dimorphism, that is, wingless and winged forms, can be induced by maternal stress signals and is an adaptive response of aphids to environmental changes. Here, we investigated the ecological and molecular effects of three kinds of stress, namely crowding, predation, and aphid alarm pheromone, on wing dimorphism. These three stressors induced high proportion of up to 60% of winged morphs in offspring. Transcriptome analysis of stress-treated female aphids revealed different changes in maternal gene expression induced by the three stressors. Crowding elicited widespread changes in the expression of genes involved in nutrient accumulation and energy mobilization. Distinct from crowding, predation caused dramatic expression changes in cuticle protein (CP) genes. Twenty-three CP genes that belong to CP RR2 subfamily and are highly expressed in legs and embryos were greatly repressed by the presence of ladybird. By contrast, application of alarm pheromone, E-β-farnesene, caused slight changes in gene expression. The three factors shared a responsive gene, cuticle protein 43. This study reveals the adaptive response of aphids to environmental stresses and provides a rich resource on genome-wide expression genes for exploring molecular mechanisms of ecological adaptation in aphids. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.55b2b15.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Environment Change and Resources Utilization of Ministry of EducationNanning Normal UniversityNanningChina
| | - Wanying Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life ScienceHebei UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang XX, Chen ZS, Feng ZJ, Zhu JY, Zhang Y, Liu TX. Starvation Stress Causes Body Color Change and Pigment Degradation in Acyrthosiphon pisum. Front Physiol 2019; 10:197. [PMID: 30890958 PMCID: PMC6412094 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), shows body color shifting from red to pale under starvation in laboratory conditions. These body color changes reflect aphid’s adaptation to environmental stress. To understand the color-shifting patterns, the underlying mechanism and its biological or ecological functions, we measured the process of A. pisum’s body color shifting patterns using a digital imagery and analysis system; we conducted a series of biochemical experiments to determine the mechanism that causes color change and performed biochemical and molecular analyses of the energy reserves during the color shifting process. We found that the red morph of A. pisum could shift their body color to pale red, when starved; this change occurred rapidly at a certain stress threshold. Once A. pisum initiated the process, the shifting could not be stopped or reversed even after food was re-introduced. We also discovered that the orange-red pigments may be responsible for the color shift and that the shift might be caused by the degradation of these pigments. The carbohydrate and lipid content correlated to the fading of color in red A. pisum. A comparative analysis revealed that these reddish pigments might be used as backup energy. The fading of color reflects a reorganization of the energy reserves under nutritional stress in A. pisum; surprisingly, aphids with different body colors exhibit diverse strategies for storage and consumption of energy reserves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horiculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhan-Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jing-Yun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gao J, Guo HJ, Sun YC, Ge F. Juvenile hormone mediates the positive effects of nitrogen fertilization on weight and reproduction in pea aphid. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2511-2519. [PMID: 29656587 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The positive effects of nitrogen fertilization on the performance of phytophagous insects have been reported extensively; the physiological and molecular basis involved, however, is largely unclear. Here, we test experimentally whether enhancement of juvenile hormone (JH) is responsible for the increased weight and fecundity of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) under nitrogen fertilization. RESULTS Aphids fed on Medicago truncatula with nitrogen fertilization have a greater amino acid content, higher weight at the fourth instar and adult stage, and produce more offspring than those without nitrogen fertilization. Furthermore, nitrogen fertilization upregulates the transcripts of JH biosynthesis-related genes and increases JH titre at the fourth instar and adult stage, suggesting that JH is involved in the positive responses of aphids to nitrogen fertilization. Application of 100 ng JH increases adult weight and fecundity in aphids fed on M. truncatula without nitrogen fertilization. Conversely, impairing JH signalling by pharmacologically inhibiting the target of rapamycin pathway or by knocking down JH biosynthetic gene decreases adult weight and fecundity in aphids fed on M. truncatula with nitrogen fertilization, whereas application of JH rescued the phenotype. CONCLUSION The increased JH titre at the fourth instar and adult stage is required for the increases of weight and fecundity of A. pisum under nitrogen fertilization. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kremer LPM, Korb J, Bornberg-Bauer E. Reconstructed evolution of insulin receptors in insects reveals duplications in early insects and cockroaches. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 330:305-311. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith Korb
- Evolutionary Biology & Ecology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Erich Bornberg-Bauer
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shang F, Niu JZ, Ding BY, Zhang Q, Ye C, Zhang W, Smagghe G, Wang JJ. Vitellogenin and its receptor play essential roles in the development and reproduction of the brown citrus aphid, Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:221-233. [PMID: 29226991 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitellogenin (Vg) and its receptor (VgR) play a key role in the reproductive process and development of insects. Aphids are a group of high-fecundity insect species with pseudoplacental viviparity, but the roles of their Vg and VgR genes have not been investigated yet. The brown citrus aphid, Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus, is a major insect pest of citrus and the main vector of Citrus tristeza closterovirus. In this study, we identified and characterized these two genes, designated as AcVg and AcVgR, from the brown citrus aphid. We found that AcVg has lost the DUF1943 domain that is present in other insect Vgs. Silencing of AcVg and AcVgR led to a delay in the nymph-adult transition, a prolonged prereproductive period, and a shortened reproductive period, which in turn resulted in slower embryonic development and fewer new-born nymphs. Interestingly, silencing of AcVg decreased the transcript level of AcVgR, but silencing of AcVgR resulted in increased transcript levels of AcVg. In addition, silencing of Vg/VgR had similar phenotypes between alate and apterous morphs, suggesting that the functions of these two genes are the same in the two wing morphs of the aphid. Our results demonstrate that Vg and VgR are involved in various aspects of aphid development and reproduction. Further studies on the synthesis of Vg could help to elucidate the reproductive mechanism and provide information that will be useful for developing new pest control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Shang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - J-Z Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - B-Y Ding
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - C Ye
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - W Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - G Smagghe
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J-J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nijhout HF, McKenna KZ. The distinct roles of insulin signaling in polyphenic development. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:58-64. [PMID: 29602363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many insects have the ability to develop alternative morphologies in response to specific environmental signals such as photoperiod, temperature, nutrition and crowding. These signals are integrated by the brain and result in alternative patterns of secretion of developmental hormones like ecdysone, juvenile hormone and insulin-like growth factors, which, in turn, direct alternative developmental trajectories. Insulin signaling appears to be particularly important when the polyphenism involves differences in the sizes of the body, appendages and other structures, such as wings, mandibles and horns. Here we review recent advances in understanding the role of insulin signaling, and its interaction with other hormones, in the development of polyphenisms.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ding BY, Shang F, Zhang Q, Xiong Y, Yang Q, Niu JZ, Smagghe G, Wang JJ. Silencing of Two Insulin Receptor Genes Disrupts Nymph-Adult Transition of Alate Brown Citrus Aphid. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020357. [PMID: 28230772 PMCID: PMC5343892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptors play key roles in growth, development, and polymorphism in insects. Here, we report two insulin receptor genes (AcInR1 and AcInR2) from the brown citrus aphid, Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus. Transcriptional analyses showed that AcInR1 increased during the nymph–adult transition in alate aphids, while AcInR2 had the highest expression level in second instar nymphs. AcInR1 is important in aphid development from fourth instar nymphs to adults as verified by dsRNA feeding mediated RNAi. The silencing of AcInR1 or/and AcInR2 produced a variety of phenotypes including adults with normal wings, malformed wings, under-developed wings, and aphids failing to develop beyond the nymphal stages. Silencing of AcInR1 or AcInR2 alone, and co-silencing of both genes, resulted in 73% or 60%, and 87% of aphids with problems in the transition from nymph to normal adult. The co-silencing of AcInR1 and AcInR2 resulted in 62% dead nymphs, but no mortality occurred by silencing of AcInR1 or AcInR2 alone. Phenotypes of adults in the dsInR1 and dsInR2 were similar. The results demonstrate that AcInR1 and AcInR2 are essential for successful nymph–adult transition in alate aphids and show that RNAi methods may be useful for the management of this pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Yue Ding
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Feng Shang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Ying Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Qun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jin-Zhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|