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Ramos GV, Titotto AC, da Costa GB, Ferraz GDC, de Lacerda-Neto JC. Determination of speed and assessment of conditioning in horses submitted to a lactate minimum test-alternative approaches. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1324038. [PMID: 38725567 PMCID: PMC11079280 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1324038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is a well-known gold standard method for determining the aerobic capacity of athletic horses. Owing to its high cost and complex execution, there is a search for standardized exercise tests that can predict this value in a single session. One of the methods described for this purpose is the lactate minimum test (LMT), which could be more accurate despite being adequate to predict MLSS. This study aimed to examine the impact of training on the speed corresponding to lactate minimum speed (LMS) and to apply new mathematical methods to evaluate the fitness level of horses based on the curve obtained by the LMT. Ten Arabian horses underwent a 6-week training program based on LMS calculated by second-degree polynomial regression (LMSP). In addition, the LMS was also determined by visual inspection (LMSV), bi-segmented linear regression (LMSBI) and spline regression (LMSS). From the curve obtained during the LMT, it was possible to calculate angles α, β and ω, as well as the total area under the curve (AUCTOTAL) before (AUCPRELMS) and after (AUCPOSLMS) the LMS. The methods for determining the LMS were evaluated by ANOVA, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and effect size (ES) by Cohen's d test. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the proposed LMS determination methods and other mathematical methods was also calculated. Despite showing a good correlation (ICC >0.7), the LMS determination methods differed from each other (p < 0.05), albeit without a significant difference resulting from conditioning. There were reductions in α:β ratio, angle α, and AUCPOSTLMS, with the latter indicating lower lactate accumulation in the incremental phase of LMT after conditioning, in addition to an improvement in the animals' aerobic capacity. Considering that the most common methods for determining the LMS are applicable yet with low sensitivity for conditioning assessment, the approaches proposed herein can aid in analyzing the aerobic capacity of horses subjected to LMT. The mathematical models presented in this paper have the potential to be applied in human lactate-guided training program trials with a comparable study basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Vieira Ramos
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Angélica Cristina Titotto
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Barbosa da Costa
- Equine Exercise Physiology and Pharmacology Laboratory (LAFEQ), Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Camargo Ferraz
- Equine Exercise Physiology and Pharmacology Laboratory (LAFEQ), Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - José Corrêa de Lacerda-Neto
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Titotto AC, Santos MM, Ramos GV, Adão MDS, Benvenuto GV, De Lacerda LCC, Lisbôa JAN, Lacerda-Neto JC. Effect of Lactate Minimum Speed-Guided Training on the Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Status of Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3290. [PMID: 37894014 PMCID: PMC10603943 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of lactate minimum speed (LMS)-guided training on horses' homeostasis is still unknown. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of an LMS-guided training program on the fluid, electrolyte and acid-base status of horses. Ten untrained Arabian horses were submitted to an LMS test on a treadmill before and after six weeks of training. The training intensity was 80% of the LMS in the first three sessions and 100% of the LMS in the other sessions. The venous blood was collected before (T-1) and after (T-2) training at rest, during and after the LMS test for lactate, pH, pCO2, HCO3-, and electrolyte measurements. The LMS and strong ion difference (SID4) were calculated. A mild increase in the mean values (p > 0.05) was observed at rest in T-2 in comparison with T-1 in the following variables: pH (from 7.436 ± 0.013 to 7.460 ± 0.012), pCO2 (from 42.95 ± 1.58 to 45.06 ± 0.81 mmHg), HCO3- (from 27.01 ± 1.02 to 28.91 ± 0.86 mmol/L), and SID4 (from 33.42 ± 1.45 to 35.06 ± 2.94 mmol/L). During T-2, these variables were more stable than during T-1. Despite the improvement in fitness, the LMS did not indicate a significant difference (from 5.40 ± 0.55 to 5.52 ± 0.20 m/s). The results confirmed that the LMS-guided training program had a positive impact on the horses' acid-base status, although some adaptations are still required to improve their fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica C. Titotto
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.T.); (G.V.R.)
| | - Maíra M. Santos
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.T.); (G.V.R.)
| | - Gabriel V. Ramos
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.T.); (G.V.R.)
| | - Milena dos S. Adão
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.T.); (G.V.R.)
| | - Guilherme V. Benvenuto
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.T.); (G.V.R.)
| | - Luciana C. C. De Lacerda
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.T.); (G.V.R.)
| | - Júlio A. N. Lisbôa
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - José C. Lacerda-Neto
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.T.); (G.V.R.)
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Pelosi AC, Scariot PPM, Garbuio ALP, Kraemer MB, Priolli DG, Masselli Dos Reis IG, Messias LHD. A systematic review of exercise protocols applied to athymic mice in tumor-related experiments. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:719-729. [PMID: 37384946 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Athymic mice are unable to produce T-cells and are then characterized as immunodeficient. This characteristic makes these animals ideal for tumor biology and xenograft research. New non-pharmacological therapeutics are required owing to the exponential increase in global oncology costs over the last 10 years and the high cancer mortality rate. In this sense, physical exercise is regarded as a relevant component of cancer treatment. However, the scientific community lacks information regarding the effect of manipulating training variables on cancer in humans, and experiments with athymic mice. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to address the exercise protocols used in tumor-related experiments using athymic mice. The PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched without restrictions on published data. A combination of key terms such as athymic mice, nude mice, physical activity, physical exercise, and training was used. The database search retrieved 852 studies (PubMed, 245; Web of Science, 390; and Scopus, 217). After title, abstract, and full-text screening, 10 articles were eligible. Based on the included studies, this report highlights the considerable divergences in the training variables adopted for this animal model. No studies have reported the determination of a physiological marker for intensity individualization. Future studies are recommended to explore whether invasive procedures can result in pathogenic infections in athymic mice. Moreover, time-consuming tests cannot be applied to experiments with specific characteristics such as tumor implantation. In summary, non-invasive, low-cost, and time-saving approaches can suppress these limitations and improve the welfare of these animals during experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corazzi Pelosi
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Luíza Paula Garbuio
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Maurício Beitia Kraemer
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Denise Gonçalves Priolli
- Coloproctology service of the Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo and Faculty of Health Sciences Pitágoras de Codó, Codó, Brazil
| | - Ivan Gustavo Masselli Dos Reis
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Henrique Dalcheco Messias
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
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Santos MM, Benvenuto GV, Ramos GV, Titotto AC, Adão MDS, de Lacerda LDCC, Lisbôa JAN, Lacerda-Neto JCD. Effect of Lactate Minimum Speed-Guided Conditioning on Selected Blood Parameters of Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 119:104133. [PMID: 36184020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During exercise, equines can suffer severe water and electrolyte imbalances depending on the intensity and duration. In this sense, conditioning aims to promote adaptations to the organism in order to maintain cardiovascular and thermoregulatory stability during exertion. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of conditioning guided by lactate minimum speed (LMS) test on the blood osmolality of horses. We hypothesized that after conditioning the blood osmolality would vary less during exercise and that LMS could be used in equine conditioning program. Ten Arabian horses were evaluated before (ET 1) and after (ET 2) 6 weeks of conditioning. The conditioning intensity was established from the LMS during ET 1. The blood was obtained at rest and during the ETs. An increase in LMS and a decrease in lactate were seen in individual horses; however, these differences were not significant at a group level. No change in blood osmolality was observed when comparing the ETs. The plasma volume remained unchanged in ET 2. The conditioning guided by LMS improved the animals' fitness, which was evidenced by the lower lactate production in ET 2. The fact that the osmolality kept unchanged proves the effectiveness of the osmotic blood balance during exercise, as its control involves the interaction of different systems. Body adaptations occurred with conditioning, providing greater homeostasis control since the plasma volume remained stable in ET 2. It was concluded that the LMS test can be used to define an effective equine conditioning program even though some adjustments are still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Moreira Santos
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Vechiato Benvenuto
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Vieira Ramos
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angélica Cristina Titotto
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milena Dos Santos Adão
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana de Cenço Corrêa de Lacerda
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Corrêa de Lacerda-Neto
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Nadeev AD, Kritskaya KA, Fedotova EI, Berezhnov AV. «One Small Step for Mouse»: High CO 2 Inhalation as a New Therapeutic Strategy for Parkinson's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2832. [PMID: 36359351 PMCID: PMC9687253 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a ubiquitous neurodegenerative disorder for which no effective treatment strategies are available. Existing pharmacotherapy is aimed only at correcting symptoms and slowing the progression of the disease, mainly by replenishing dopamine deficiency. It is assumed that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the pathogenesis of PD. It has been suggested that activation of specific degradation of damaged mitochondria (mitophagy) may prevent cell death. An almost exclusive way to initiate mitophagy is acidification of intracellular pH. We attempted to implement transient brain acidification using two experimental therapy strategies: forced moderate physical activity and high CO2 inhalation. The beneficial effects of CO2 supplementation on behavioral aspects were demonstrated in a rotenone-induced PD model. Mice treated with CO2 restored their exploratory behavior and total locomotor activity lost after rotenone administration. Additionally, this treatment enabled the removal of impaired coordination. We have illustrated this therapeutic strategy using histological studies of brain sections to confirm the survival of nigrostriatal areas. These findings suggest that high CO2 inhalation presumably initiates mitophagy via transient brain acidification, and can treat PD-like symptoms in a rodent rotenone model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Nadeev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center «Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences», 142290 Pushchino, Russia
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Kraemer MB, Silva KC, Kraemer CCF, Pereira JS, dos Reis IGM, Priolli DG, Messias LHD. Validity of the peak velocity to detect physical training improvements in athymic mice. Front Physiol 2022; 13:943498. [PMID: 36091383 PMCID: PMC9451039 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.943498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study comprises two complementary experiments with athymic Balb/c (Nu/Nu) mice. In experiment 1, the aim was to verify the reproducibility of the peak velocity (VPeak) determined from the incremental test. The second experiment aimed to assess the VPeak sensitivity to prescribe and detect modulations of the physical training in athymic nude mice. Sixteen mice were submitted to two incremental treadmill tests separated by 48-h (Experiment 1). The test consisted of an initial warm-up of 5 minutes. Subsequently, animals initiated the tests at 8 m min−1 with increments of 2 m min−1 every 3 minutes. The VPeak was determined as the highest velocity attained during the protocol. In experiment 2, these animals were randomly allocated to an exercise group (EG) or a control group (CG). The training protocol consisted of 30-min of treadmill running at 70% of the VPeak five times a week for 4 weeks. High indexes of reproducibility were obtained for VPeak (Test = 19.7 ± 3.6 m min−1; Retest = 19.2 ± 3.4 m min−1; p = 0.171; effect size = 0.142; r = 0.90). Animals from the EG had a significant increase of VPeak (Before = 18.4 ± 2.7 m min−1; After = 24.2 ± 6.0 m min−1; p = 0.023). Conversely, a significant decrease was observed for the CG (Before = 21.1 ± 3.9 m min−1; After = 15.9 ± 2.7 m min−1; p = 0.038). The VPeak is a valid parameter for exercise prescription in studies involving athymic nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Beitia Kraemer
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Karen Christine Silva
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Camila Cunha França Kraemer
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva Pereira
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Ivan Gustavo Masseli dos Reis
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Denise Gonçalves Priolli
- Coloproctology Service of the Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo and Faculty of Health Sciences Pitágoras de Codó, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Henrique Dalcheco Messias
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Leonardo Henrique Dalcheco Messias,
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De Maré L, Boshuizen B, Vidal Moreno de Vega C, de Meeûs C, Plancke L, Gansemans Y, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, de Oliveira JE, Hosotani G, Oosterlinck M, Delesalle C. Profiling the Aerobic Window of Horses in Response to Training by Means of a Modified Lactate Minimum Speed Test: Flatten the Curve. Front Physiol 2022; 13:792052. [PMID: 35392373 PMCID: PMC8982777 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.792052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a great need for objective external training load prescription and performance capacity evaluation in equestrian disciplines. Therefore, reliable standardised exercise tests (SETs) are needed. Classic SETs require maximum intensities with associated risks to deduce training loads from pre-described cut-off values. The lactate minimum speed (LMS) test could be a valuable alternative. Our aim was to compare new performance parameters of a modified LMS-test with those of an incremental SET, to assess the effect of training on LMS-test parameters and curve-shape, and to identify the optimal mathematical approach for LMS-curve parameters. Six untrained standardbred mares (3–4 years) performed a SET and LMS-test at the start and end of the 8-week harness training. The SET-protocol contains 5 increments (4 km/h; 3 min/step). The LMS-test started with a 3-min trot at 36–40 km/h [until blood lactate (BL) > 5 mmol/L] followed by 8 incremental steps (2 km/h; 3 min/step). The maximum lactate steady state estimation (MLSS) entailed >10 km run at the LMS and 110% LMS. The GPS, heartrate (Polar®), and blood lactate (BL) were monitored and plotted. Curve-parameters (R core team, 3.6.0) were (SET) VLa1.5/2/4 and (LMS-test) area under the curve (AUC>/<LMS), LMS and Aerobic Window (AW) via angular vs. threshold method. Statistics for comparison: a paired t-test was applied, except for LMS: paired Wilcoxon test; (p < 0.05). The Pearson correlation (r > 0.80), Bland-Altman method, and ordinary least products (OLP) regression analyses were determined for test-correlation and concordance. Training induced a significant increase in VLa1.5/2/4. The width of the AW increased significantly while the AUC</>LMS and LMS decreased post-training (flattening U-curve). The LMS BL steady-state is reached earlier and maintained longer after training. BLmax was significantly lower for LMS vs. SET. The 40° angular method is the optimal approach. The correlation between LMS and VMLSS was significantly better compared to the SET. The VLa4 is unreliable for equine aerobic capacity assessment. The LMS-test allows more reliable individual performance capacity assessment at lower speed and BL compared to SETs. The LMS-test protocol can be further adapted, especially post-training; however, inducing modest hyperlactatemia prior to the incremental LMS-stages and omitting inclusion of a per-test recovery contributes to its robustness. This LMS-test is a promising tool for the development of tailored training programmes based on the AW, respecting animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorie De Maré
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Lorie De Maré,
| | - Berit Boshuizen
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Equine Hospital Wolvega, Oldeholtpade, Netherlands
| | - Carmen Vidal Moreno de Vega
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Constance de Meeûs
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lukas Plancke
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yannick Gansemans
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Maarten Oosterlinck
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Catherine Delesalle
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Vobejda C, Wortmann T, Zimmermann E. Constant power threshold—predicting maximal lactate steady state in recreational cyclists. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-022-00801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Prolonged time trials proved capable of precisely estimating anaerobic threshold. However, time trial studies in recreational cyclists are missing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate accuracy and viability of constant power threshold, which is the highest power output constantly maintainable over time, for estimating maximal lactate steady state in recreational athletes.
Methods
A total of 25 recreational athletes participated in the study of whom 22 (11 female, 11 male) conducted all constant load time trials required for determining constant power threshold 30 min and 45 min, which is the highest power output constantly maintainable over 30 min and 45 min, respectively. Maximal lactate steady state was assessed subsequently from blood samples taken every 5 min during the time trials.
Results
Constant power threshold over 45 min (175.5 ± 49.6 W) almost matched power output at maximal lactate steady state (176.4 ± 50.5 W), whereas constant power threshold over 30 min (181.4 ± 51.4 W) was marginally higher (P = 0.007, d = 0.74). Interrelations between maximal lactate steady state and constant power threshold 30 min and constant power threshold 45 min were very close (R2 = 0.99, SEE = 8.9 W, Percentage SEE (%SEE) = 5.1%, P < 0.001 and R2 = 0.99, SEE = 10.0 W, %SEE = 5.7%, P < 0.001, respectively).
Conclusions
Determination of constant power threshold is a straining but viable and precise alternative for recreational cyclists to estimate power output at maximal lactate steady state and thus maximal sustainable oxidative metabolic rate.
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Effect of acute swimming exercise at different intensities but equal total load over metabolic and molecular responses in swimming rats. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2022; 43:35-44. [PMID: 35084659 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-022-09614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute metabolic and molecular response to exercise may vary according to exercise's intensity and duration. However, there is a lack regarding specific tissue alterations after acute exercise with aerobic or anaerobic predominance. The present study investigated the effects of acute exercise performed at different intensities, but with equal total load on molecular and physiological responses in swimming rats. Sixty male rats were divided into a control group and five groups performing an acute bout of swimming exercise at different intensities (80, 90, 100, 110 and 120% of anaerobic threshold [AnT]). The exercise duration of each group was balanced so all groups performed at the same total load. Gene expression (HIF-1α, PGC-1α, MCT1 and MCT4 mRNA), blood biomarkers and tissue glycogen depletion were analyzed after the exercise session. ANOVA One-Way was used to indicate statistical mean differences considering 5% significance level. Blood lactate concentration was the only biomarker sensitive to acute exercise, with a significant increase in rats exercised above AnT intensities (p < 0.000). Glycogen stores of gluteus muscle were significantly reduced in all exercised animals in comparison to control group (p = 0.02). Hepatic tissue presented significant reduction in glycogen in animals exercised above AnT (p = 0.000, as well as reduced HIF-1α mRNA and increased MCT1 mRNA, especially at the highest intensity (p = 0.002). Physiological parameters did not alter amongst groups for most tissues. Our results indicate the hepatic tissue alterations (glycogen stores and gene expressions) in response to different exercise intensities of exercise, even with the total load matched.
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Fedotova EI, Dolgacheva LP, Abramov AY, Berezhnov AV. Lactate and Pyruvate Activate Autophagy and Mitophagy that Protect Cells in Toxic Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:177-190. [PMID: 34642892 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular quality control regulated by autophagy process is important for maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Deregulation of autophagy and more specifically mitophagy leads to accumulation of the misfolded proteins and damaged mitochondria that in turn leads to the cell loss. Alteration of autophagy and mitophagy has shown to be involved in the number of disorders including neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy and mitophagy could be activated by short-time acidification of the cytosol; however, most of the compounds which can induce it are toxic. Here, we tested several organic compounds which are involved in cellular metabolism on their ability to change intracellular pH and induce mitophagy/autophagy. We have found that lactate and pyruvate are able to reduce intracellular pH in non-toxic concentrations. Short-term (2 h) and long-term (24 h) incubation of the cells with lactate and pyruvateinduced mitophagy and autophagy. Incubation of the SH-SY5Y cells or primary neurons and astrocytes with lactate or pyruvate also activated mitophagy and autophagy after MPP + treatment that led to recovery of mitochondrial function and protection of these cells against apoptotic and necrotic death. Thus, pyruvate- or lactate-induced acidification of cytosol activates cell protective mitophagy and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya I Fedotova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya St., 142290, Pushchino, Russia.,Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Orel State University, 29 Naugorskoe Highway, 302020, Orel, Russia
| | - Ludmila P Dolgacheva
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya St., 142290, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Orel State University, 29 Naugorskoe Highway, 302020, Orel, Russia.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Alexey V Berezhnov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya St., 142290, Pushchino, Russia. .,Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Orel State University, 29 Naugorskoe Highway, 302020, Orel, Russia.
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11
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Rodrigues NA, Gobatto CA, Forte LDM, Sousa FADB, Torsoni AS, Fante TD, Manchado-Gobatto FB. Load-matched acute and chronic exercise induce changes in mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic markers. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1196-1206. [PMID: 33779293 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of acute and chronic exercise, prescribed in different intensity zones, but with total load-matched on mitochondrial markers (cytochrome C oxidase subunit IV (COX-IV), mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), and citrate synthase (CS) activity in skeletal muscles, heart, and liver), glycogen stores, aerobic capacity, and anaerobic index in swimming rats. For this, 2 experimental designs were performed (acute and chronic efforts). Load-matched exercises were prescribed below, above, and on the anaerobic threshold (AnT), determined by the lactate minimum test. In chronic programs, 2 training prescription strategies were assessed (monotonous and linear periodized model). Results show changes in glycogen stores but no modification in the COX-IV and Tfam contents after acute exercises. In the chronic protocols, COX-IV and Tfam proteins and CS adaptations were intensity- and tissue-dependent. Monotonous training promoted better adaptations than the periodized model. Training at 80% of the AnT improved both performance variables, emphasizing the anaerobic index, concomitant to CS and COX-IV improvement (soleus muscle). The aerobic capacity and CS activity (gastrocnemius) were increased after 120% AnT training. In conclusion, acute exercise protocol did not promote responses in mitochondrial target proteins. An intensity and tissue dependence were reported in the chronic protocols, highlighting training at 80 and 120% of the AnT. Novelty: Load-matched acute exercise did not enhance COX-IV and Tfam contents in skeletal muscles, heart, and liver. In chronic exercise, COX-IV, Tfam, and CS activity adaptations were intensity- and tissue-dependent. Monotonous training was more efficient than the periodized linear model in adaptations of target proteins and enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Almeida Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Dantas Maia Forte
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Souza Torsoni
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais de Fante
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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de Moraes RC, Barbosa AC, Barroso R, Papoti M, Colantonio E, Andries JÚnior O. Predicting the individual lactate minimum speed by T10 and T30 in swimming. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:19-24. [PMID: 33586936 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the relationship between the lactate minimum (LACmin) and the 10- (T10) and 30-min (T30) continuous tests in swimmers. METHODS Twelve swimmers (78.1 ± 3.1% of world record) performed the LACmin (hyperlactatemia: 2 x 50 m all-out 8-min apart, incremental part: n x 300 m 30-s apart), T30 and T10 using the front-crawl stroke. Blood samples were collected after each stage of LACmin for lactate analysis. Swimmers were oriented to swim as fast and as constant as possible in T10 and T30. RESULTS Speeds in T10 (1.28 ± 0.10 m/s) and T30 (1.21 ± 0.09 m/s) were different from LACmin (1.24 ± 0.09 m/s). T10 and T30 speeds presented a nearly perfect relationship with LACmin and acceptable prediction errors (T10: r = 0.938, p < 0.001, 0.033 m/s; T30: r = 0.927, p < 0.001, 0.036 m/s, respectively). CONCLUSIONS T10 and T30 can be used as indirect tests for evaluating LACmin in swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C de Moraes
- Department of Sports Science, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Barroso
- Department of Sports Science, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Emilson Colantonio
- Movement Sciences Department, Physical Education Course, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Orival Andries JÚnior
- Department of Sports Science, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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13
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Forte LDM, Rodrigues NA, Cordeiro AV, de Fante T, Simino LAP, Torsoni AS, Torsoni MA, Gobatto CA, Manchado-Gobatto FB. Periodized versus non-periodized swimming training with equal total training load: Physiological, molecular and performance adaptations in Wistar rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239876. [PMID: 32997706 PMCID: PMC7526899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of non-periodized training performed at 80, 100 and 120% of the anaerobic threshold intensity (AnT) and a linear periodized training model adapted for swimming rats on the gene expression of monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 (MCT1 and 4, in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles), protein contents, blood biomarkers, tissue glycogen, body mass, and aerobic and anaerobic capacities. Sixty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 10 per group): a baseline (BL; euthanized before training period), a control group (GC; not exercised during the training period), three groups exercised at intensities equivalent to 80, 100 and 120% of the AnT (G80, G100 and G120, respectively) at the equal workload and a linear periodized training group (GPE). Each training program lasted 12 weeks subdivided into three periods: basic mesocycle (6 weeks), specific mesocycle (5 weeks) and taper (1 week). Although G80, G100 and G120 groups were submitted to monotony workload (i.e. non-modulation at intensity or volume throughout the training program), rodents were evaluated during the same experimental timepoints as GPE to be able comparisons. Our main results showed that all training programs were capable to minimize the aerobic capacity decrease promoted by age, which were compared to control group. Rats trained in periodization model had reduced levels of lipid blood biomarkers and increased hepatic glycogen stores compared to all other trained groups. At the molecular level, only expressions of MCT1 in the muscle were modified by different training regimens, with MCT1 mRNA increasing in rats trained at lower intensities (G80), and MCT1 protein content showed higher values in non-periodized groups compared to pre-training and GPE. Here, training at different intensities but at same total workload promoted similar adaptations in rats. Nevertheless, our results suggested that periodized training seems to be optimize the physiological responses of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D. M. Forte
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália A. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André V. Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais de Fante
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Laís A. P. Simino
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Adriana S. Torsoni
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Márcio A. Torsoni
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Claudio A. Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia B. Manchado-Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Ammonium Salts Increase Physical Performance and Reduce Blood Lactate Level in Rats in a Model of Forced Swimming. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 168:610-613. [PMID: 32249402 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We compared the effects of two doses of ammonium chloride and ammonium carbonate (10 and 20 mg/kg) on the duration of swimming and blood lactate level. Ammonium chloride in a dose of 20 mg/kg was more efficient than in a dose of 10 mg/kg. The efficiency of ammonium carbonate in a dose of 10 mg/kg was similar to that of ammonium chloride in a dose of 20 mg/kg. Increasing the dose of ammonium carbonate to 20 mg/kg led to a decrease in the duration of swimming. On the last day of the experiment, lactate level in 5 min after exhausting load was maximum in control rats, while in rats treated with 10 mg/kg ammonium carbonate and 20 mg/kg ammonium chloride it was lower by 27 and 33%, respectively. In the control group, the amplitude of the decrease in lactate concentration in 1 h after load was 2-fold greater than in the group receiving ammonium chloride in a dose of 20 mg/kg and 1.6-fold greater that in groups treated with ammonium carbonate in a dose of 10 mg/kg and ammonium chloride in a dose of 20 mg/kg.
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15
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Mao Y, Shen M, Liu B, Xing L, Chen S, Xue X. Self-Powered Piezoelectric-Biosensing Textiles for the Physiological Monitoring and Time-Motion Analysis of Individual Sports. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19153310. [PMID: 31357659 PMCID: PMC6696300 DOI: 10.3390/s19153310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-powered piezoelectric-biosensing textiles for the physiological monitoring and time-motion analysis of individual sports have been developed. The material system is composed of tetrapod-shaped ZnO nanowires on common textiles. The mechanism is based on the coupling of enzymatic reaction (LOx and lactate) and piezoelectric effect. After conformably attaching the device to the athlete, the device can monitor in real-time the moving speed, frequency, joint angle, and sweat lactate concentration of the athlete. The whole monitoring/analysis process is battery-free. The motor skills and physiological state of two athletes are investigated using the textiles, and different lactate threshold times and maximum lactate release capacities have been obtained. This technique can help them develop distinct training programs. This research is a new direction for the scientific monitoring of kinematics and may also stimulate the development of self-powered wearable sports-related systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Mao
- Physical Education Department, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Mailun Shen
- Physical Education Department, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Bing Liu
- School of Arts, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lili Xing
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Song Chen
- Physical Education Department, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Xinyu Xue
- Physical Education Department, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
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16
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Intense exercise and endurance-training program influence serum kinetics of muscle and cardiac biomarkers in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2018; 121:31-39. [PMID: 30316014 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Few data exist on the physiological consequences of an incremental exercise test (IET) and training in dogs. Here we evaluated the effect of an endurance-training program (ETP) on the kinetics of the serum biomarkers: creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), myoglobin, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB). Eighteen Beagle dogs were assigned to three groups: sedentary (S), untrained (U), and trained (T). The dogs from the groups T and U underwent IET, and their lactate threshold (LT) was determined. The LT and velocity corresponding to the LT (VLT) was determined by visual inspection. The VLT was utilized to determine the training intensity level. Thus, the dogs from group T underwent an eight-week aerobic conditioning program with the intensity training set to 70-80% of the VLT. Next, dogs from the groups T and U have submitted to IET again. The group S did not undergo IETs or training. The maximal velocity (Vmax) at which the dog achieves in the IET and heart rate were determined. For biomarkers, venous blood samples were collected before the experimental procedure (baseline) and before and 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after the IETs. VLT and Vmax increased in group T (P < .05), indicating an improvement in dogs' aerobic and anaerobic fitness. CK and AST rose (P < .05), peaking 6 h after both IETs and returning to baseline levels after 12-24 h. Levels of cTnI and myoglobin were unaltered. CK-MB peaked 1 h after the IETs and returned to baseline levels after 12 h (P < .05). We concluded that ETP improved the aerobic capacity of the dogs without any skeletal or cardiac muscle injury.
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17
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Garcia-Tabar I, Gorostiaga EM. A " Blood Relationship" Between the Overlooked Minimum Lactate Equivalent and Maximal Lactate Steady State in Trained Runners. Back to the Old Days? Front Physiol 2018; 9:1034. [PMID: 30108519 PMCID: PMC6079548 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximal Lactate Steady State (MLSS) and Lactate Threshold (LT) are physiologically-related and fundamental concepts within the sports and exercise sciences. Literature supporting their relationship, however, is scarce. Among the recognized LTs, we were particularly interested in the disused “Minimum Lactate Equivalent” (LEmin), first described in the early 1980s. We hypothesized that velocity at LT, conceptually comprehended as in the old days (LEmin), could predict velocity at MLSS (VMLSS) more accurate than some other blood lactate-related thresholds (BLRTs) routinely used nowadays by many sport science practitioners. Thirteen male endurance-trained [VMLSS 15.0 ± 1.1 km·h−1; maximal oxygen uptake (V.O2max) 67.6 ± 4.1 ml·kg−1·min−1] homogeneous (coefficient of variation: ≈7%) runners conducted 1) a submaximal discontinuous incremental running test to determine several BLRTs followed by a maximal ramp incremental running test for V.O2max determination, and 2) several (4–5) constant velocity running tests to determine VMLSS with a precision of 0.20 km·h−1. Determined BLRTs include LEmin and LEmin-related LEmin plus 1 (LEmin+1mM) and 1.5 mmol·L−1 (LEmin+1.5mM), along with well-established BLRTs such as conventionally-calculated LT, Dmax and fixed blood lactate concentration thresholds. LEmin did not differ from LT (P = 0.71; ES: 0.08) and was 27% lower than MLSS (P < 0.001; ES: 3.54). LEmin+1mM was not different from MLSS (P = 0.47; ES: 0.09). LEmin was the best predictor of VMLSS (r = 0.91; P < 0.001; SEE = 0.47 km·h−1), followed by LEmin+1mM (r = 0.86; P < 0.001; SEE = 0.58 km·h−1) and LEmin+1.5mM (r = 0.84; P < 0.001; SEE = 0.86 km·h−1). There was no statistical difference between MLSS and estimated MLSS using LEmin prediction formula (P = 0.99; ES: 0.001). Mean bias and limits of agreement were 0.00 ± 0.45 km·h−1 and ±0.89 km·h−1. Additionally, LEmin, LEmin+1mM and LEmin+1.5mM were the best predictors of V.O2max (r = 0.72–0.79; P < 0.001). These results support LEmin, an objective submaximal overlooked and underused BLRT, to be one of the best single MLSS predictors in endurance trained runners. Our study advocates factors controlling LEmin to be shared, at least partly, with those controlling MLSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibai Garcia-Tabar
- Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Center, Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esteban M Gorostiaga
- Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Center, Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
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18
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Messias L, Camargo B, Ferrari H, Cardoso J, Manchado-Gobatto F. Effect of mathematical modelling on determining lactate minimum test parameters before and after seven weeks of monitored training. Sci Sports 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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