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Hao JR, Hu QM, Yang X, Wei P, Wang HY, Sun N, Gao C. Isoflurane impairs GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors trafficking and cognition via decreasing histone acetylation and EphB2 expression in aged hippocampal neurons. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 132:180-196. [PMID: 36321664 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) is a common complication that occurs among elderly patients in the perioperative course. Current clinical evidence has shown that isoflurane exposure could cause cognitive decline, but the exact molecular mechanisms remain unclear. As both NMDARs-dependent synaptic plasticity and histone acetylation play vital roles in processing learning and memory, we postulated that these alternations might occur in the isoflurane-associated PND. Here, we found that isoflurane impaired fear memory in aged mice, decreased GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors phosphorylation and trafficking, as well as the expression of EphB2, a key regulator of synaptic localization of NMDA receptors. We also identified that isoflurane could increase the expression of HDAC2, which was significantly enriched at the ephb2 gene promoter and regulated the transcription of ephb2. Furthermore, we showed that suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a nonselective HDAC inhibitor or knocking-down HDAC2 rescued the cognitive dysfunction in isoflurane-treated aged mice via increasing acetylation of H3Ac, expression of EphB2 and promoting NMDA receptor trafficking. Collectively, our study highlighted the crucial role of histone posttranslational modifications for EphB2-GluN2B signals in isoflurane-associated PND, and modulating HDAC2 might be a new therapeutic strategy for isoflurane-associated PND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ru Hao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiu-Mei Hu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiu Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pan Wei
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hu-Yi Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Can Gao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Deutsch S, Parsons R, Shia J, Detmering S, Seng C, Ng A, Uribe J, Manahan M, Friedman A, Winters-Bostwick G, Crook RJ. Evaluation of Candidates for Systemic Analgesia and General Anesthesia in the Emerging Model Cephalopod, Euprymna berryi. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:201. [PMID: 36829480 PMCID: PMC9953149 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods' remarkable behavior and complex neurobiology make them valuable comparative model organisms, but studies aimed at enhancing welfare of captive cephalopods remain uncommon. Increasing regulation of cephalopods in research laboratories has resulted in growing interest in welfare-oriented refinements, including analgesia and anesthesia. Although general and local anesthesia in cephalopods have received limited prior study, there have been no studies of systemic analgesics in cephalopods to date. Here we show that analgesics from several different drug classes may be effective in E. berryi. Buprenorphine, ketorolac and dexmedetomidine, at doses similar to those used in fish, showed promising effects on baseline nociceptive thresholds, excitability of peripheral sensory nerves, and on behavioral responses to transient noxious stimulation. We found no evidence of positive effects of acetaminophen or ketamine administered at doses that are effective in vertebrates. Bioinformatic analyses suggested conserved candidate receptors for dexmedetomidine and ketorolac, but not buprenorphine. We also show that rapid general immersion anesthesia using a mix of MgCl2 and ethanol was successful in E. berryi at multiple age classes, similar to findings in other cephalopods. These data indicate that systemic analgesia and general anesthesia in Euprymna berryi are achievable welfare enhancing interventions, but further study and refinement is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyler Deutsch
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Rachel Parsons
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Jonathan Shia
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02445, USA
| | - Sarah Detmering
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Christopher Seng
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Alyssa Ng
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Jacqueline Uribe
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Megan Manahan
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Amanda Friedman
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Robyn J. Crook
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
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Anesthetic modulations dissociate neuroelectric characteristics between sensory-evoked and spontaneous activities across bilateral rat somatosensory cortical laminae. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11661. [PMID: 35804171 PMCID: PMC9270342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous neural activity has been widely adopted to construct functional connectivity (FC) amongst distant brain regions. Although informative, the functional role and signaling mechanism of the resting state FC are not intuitive as those in stimulus/task-evoked activity. In order to bridge the gap, we investigated anesthetic modulation of both resting-state and sensory-evoked activities. We used two well-studied GABAergic anesthetics of varying dose (isoflurane: 0.5–2.0% and α-chloralose: 30 and 60 mg/kg∙h) and recorded changes in electrophysiology using a pair of laminar electrode arrays that encompass the entire depth of the bilateral somatosensory cortices (S1fl) in rats. Specifically, the study focused to describe how varying anesthesia conditions affect the resting state activities and resultant FC between bilateral hemispheres in comparison to those obtained by evoked responses. As results, isoflurane decreased the amplitude of evoked responses in a dose-dependent manner mostly due to the habituation of repetitive responses. However, α-chloralose rather intensified the amplitude without exhibiting habituation. No such diverging trend was observed for the spontaneous activity, in which both anesthetics increased the signal power. For α-chloralose, overall FC was similar to that obtained with the lowest dose of isoflurane at 0.5% while higher doses of isoflurane displayed increased FC. Interestingly, only α-chloralose elicited relatively much greater increases in the ipsi-stimulus evoked response (i.e., in S1fl ipsilateral to the stimulated forelimb) than those associated with the contra-stimulus response, suggesting enhanced neuronal excitability. Taken together, the findings demonstrate modulation of the FC profiles by anesthesia is highly non-linear, possibly with a distinct underlying mechanism that affects either resting state or evoked activities differently. Further, the current study warrants thorough investigation of the basal neuronal states prior to the interpretation of resting state FC and evoked activities for accurate understanding of neural signal processing and circuitry.
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Cheng L, Wang Y, Wang J, Qin H, Zhu G, Tao L. Cytotoxic Action of Palladium-Based Compound on Prostate Stem Cells, Primary Prostate Epithelial Cells, Prostate Epithelial Cells, and Prostate Cell Lines. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:4993405. [PMID: 35345664 PMCID: PMC8957437 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4993405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer found to occur in males and is ranked as the second-highest cause of cancer-associated deaths among male patients. In this study, we have shown the influence of a new palladium-based anticancer agent in contrast to the six distinct prostate cancer lines and the primary cultures. Methods In this study, we have used six distinct prostate cell lines, that is, PNT2-C2, LNCaP, BPH-1, PC-3, PNT1A, and P4E6. The MTP and ATP assay were performed to evaluate the growth of the cell and the flow cytometry to investigate the status of the cell cycle. The antigrowth effect of the palladium complex was evaluated against different cell lines at three time zones 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. [PdCl(terpy)] (capsule)-2H2O is synthesized by direct encapsulation of equimolar amounts of capsule ions into [Pd (terpy) Cl] Cl-2H2O. Results A comparative analysis was done on 25 mM etoposide and 12 mM cisplatin, cytotoxic agents. The lowest IC50 value at 72 hours was 0.128 mM for BPH-1 cell lines with 0.139 mM, whereas PNT2-C2 cells were found to be most resistant with IC50 values of 0.829 mM. The antigrowth effect of palladium complex on cell lines was measured using the MTS assay at 24, 48, and 72 hours. BPH-1, PNT2-C2, and PNT1A either possess normal tissues or have benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues whereas P4E6, PC-3, and LNCaP cell lines possess malignant origin. The Pd complex exhibited significant cytotoxic action in stem cells when compared against etoposide. An antigrowth effect was reported for Pd complex at lower concentration, but it was more cytotoxic than etoposide with significant cytotoxicity (P=0.001). Conclusion The palladium complex experienced a substantial antigrowth influence over most of the prostate tumor cell lines and the primary cultures, eventually, leading to the implementation of this Pd complex in the treating procedure of metastatic prostate cancer, which is tremendously resistant to the traditional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cheng
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Haibo Qin
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Guangbiao Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lingsong Tao
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
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5
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Luczak A, Kubo Y. Predictive Neuronal Adaptation as a Basis for Consciousness. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 15:767461. [PMID: 35087383 PMCID: PMC8789243 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.767461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Being able to correctly predict the future and to adjust own actions accordingly can offer a great survival advantage. In fact, this could be the main reason why brains evolved. Consciousness, the most mysterious feature of brain activity, also seems to be related to predicting the future and detecting surprise: a mismatch between actual and predicted situation. Similarly at a single neuron level, predicting future activity and adapting synaptic inputs accordingly was shown to be the best strategy to maximize the metabolic energy for a neuron. Following on these ideas, here we examined if surprise minimization by single neurons could be a basis for consciousness. First, we showed in simulations that as a neural network learns a new task, then the surprise within neurons (defined as the difference between actual and expected activity) changes similarly to the consciousness of skills in humans. Moreover, implementing adaptation of neuronal activity to minimize surprise at fast time scales (tens of milliseconds) resulted in improved network performance. This improvement is likely because adapting activity based on the internal predictive model allows each neuron to make a more "educated" response to stimuli. Based on those results, we propose that the neuronal predictive adaptation to minimize surprise could be a basic building block of conscious processing. Such adaptation allows neurons to exchange information about own predictions and thus to build more complex predictive models. To be precise, we provide an equation to quantify consciousness as the amount of surprise minus the size of the adaptation error. Since neuronal adaptation can be studied experimentally, this can allow testing directly our hypothesis. Specifically, we postulate that any substance affecting neuronal adaptation will also affect consciousness. Interestingly, our predictive adaptation hypothesis is consistent with multiple ideas presented previously in diverse theories of consciousness, such as global workspace theory, integrated information, attention schema theory, and predictive processing framework. In summary, we present a theoretical, computational, and experimental support for the hypothesis that neuronal adaptation is a possible biological mechanism of conscious processing, and we discuss how this could provide a step toward a unified theory of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Luczak
- Canadian Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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6
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Azizan A, Alfaro AC, Young T, Venter L. Beyond relaxed: magnesium chloride anaesthesia alters the circulatory metabolome of a marine mollusc (Perna canaliculus). Metabolomics 2021; 17:73. [PMID: 34390406 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The New Zealand Green-lipped mussel industry is well-established providing vastly to aquaculture exports. To assess mussel health and reproduction status, visual examination of organs and/or collection of haemolymph is commonly applied. Anesthetics, such as magnesium chloride (MgCl2) can be utilized to prevent muscle contraction and keep shells open during sampling. The specific effects of muscle relaxing agents on baseline metabolism in invertebrates is unknown, but it is evident that molecular, cellular and physiological parameters are altered with these chemical applications. To this end, metabolomics approaches can help elucidate the effects of relaxing agents for better assessment of their use as a research tool. METHODS Adult Green-lipped mussels were anaesthetized for 3 h in a MgCl2 bath, whereafter haemolymph samples were collected and analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry applying methyl chloroformate alkylation derivatization. RESULTS Anesthetized mussels were characterized as non-responsive to manual manipulation, with open valves, and limited siphoning function. Metabolite profiling revealed significant increases in the abundances of most metabolites with an array of metabolic activities affected, resulting in an energy imbalance driven by anaerobic metabolism with altered amino acids acting as neurotransmitters and osmolytes. CONCLUSION This research is the first to use a metabolomics approach to identify the metabolic consequences of this commonly used bivalve relaxing technique. Ultimately the use of MgCl2 anesthetization as a sampling strategy should be carefully evaluated and managed when performing metabolomics-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awanis Azizan
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Applied Ecology, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Applied Ecology, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Applied Ecology, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Centre for Biomedical & Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Leonie Venter
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Applied Ecology, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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7
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Kell DB. A protet-based, protonic charge transfer model of energy coupling in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. Adv Microb Physiol 2021; 78:1-177. [PMID: 34147184 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Textbooks of biochemistry will explain that the otherwise endergonic reactions of ATP synthesis can be driven by the exergonic reactions of respiratory electron transport, and that these two half-reactions are catalyzed by protein complexes embedded in the same, closed membrane. These views are correct. The textbooks also state that, according to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis, a (or the) kinetically and thermodynamically competent intermediate linking the two half-reactions is the electrochemical difference of protons that is in equilibrium with that between the two bulk phases that the coupling membrane serves to separate. This gradient consists of a membrane potential term Δψ and a pH gradient term ΔpH, and is known colloquially as the protonmotive force or pmf. Artificial imposition of a pmf can drive phosphorylation, but only if the pmf exceeds some 150-170mV; to achieve in vivo rates the imposed pmf must reach 200mV. The key question then is 'does the pmf generated by electron transport exceed 200mV, or even 170mV?' The possibly surprising answer, from a great many kinds of experiment and sources of evidence, including direct measurements with microelectrodes, indicates it that it does not. Observable pH changes driven by electron transport are real, and they control various processes; however, compensating ion movements restrict the Δψ component to low values. A protet-based model, that I outline here, can account for all the necessary observations, including all of those inconsistent with chemiosmotic coupling, and provides for a variety of testable hypotheses by which it might be refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative, Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
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Li W, Hao X, Liu Y, Tong T, Xu H, Jia L. Effects of anesthetic agents on inflammation in Caco-2, HK-2 and HepG2 cells. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:487. [PMID: 33790996 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthetic agents are often used in surgical procedures to relieve pain in patients with traumatic injuries. Several anesthetic agents can cause immunosuppression by suppressing the secretion of immune factors such as cytokines. However, the effects of different anesthetic agents on inflammation are not completely understood. In the present study, three cell lines, Caco-2, HK-2 and HepG2, were treated with five anesthetic agents, including sodium barbiturate, midazolam, etomidate, ketamine and propofol, to investigate the effects of different anesthetic agents on inflammation in in vitro models. The expression levels of inflammatory genes, including NF-κB and its downstream cytokines, were detected via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The results indicated that anesthetic agents, including sodium barbiturate, ketamine and propofol, but not midazolam and etomidate, exerted significant inhibitory effects on NF-κB expression in the three different cell lines. Sodium barbiturate, ketamine and propofol also decreased the expression levels of the NF-κB downstream cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-18. Moreover, sodium barbiturate, ketamine and propofol reduced the effect of TNF-α on inflammatory activity in the three cell lines. The results of the present study may provide novel insight into the effects of anesthetic agents on inflammation and may aid with selecting the most appropriate anesthetic agent in surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Hao
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Tong Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Hongmeng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Li Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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9
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Putland R, Rogers L, Giuffrida B, Mensinger A. Anesthetic effects of AQUI-S 20E® (eugenol) on the afferent neural activity of the oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:2213-2226. [PMID: 32901327 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00874-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anesthesia is used to sedate aquatic animals during transportation or to immobilize them for surgery. However, most studies have focused on the behavioral effects of induction and recovery, without addressing the effect of anesthetic on neural activity. This study investigated the neural response of anterior lateral line afferent fibers in the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau, during exposure to incremental increases of AQUI-S 20E (0.001-0.006%), to determine if eugenol (the active ingredient of AQUI-S 20E) influences neural activity of the fish lateral line system. Ventilation rate significantly decreased following AQUI-S 20E exposure with the surgical plane of anesthesia reached at 0.003%, characterized by shallow ventilation, equilibrium loss, and no response to tactile stimuli. Spontaneous and evoked firing rates of anterior lateral line fibers also significantly decreased following exposure, although the effect was transitory as neural activity recovered in the majority of fibers (70%) within 30 min of anesthetic withdrawal. While AQUI-S 20E proved effective in inducing the surgical plane of anesthesia without compromising survival, it is not recommended for acute neural preparations due to its depression of neural activity. However, the depression of lateral line sensitivity at low concentrations could play a role in reducing the stress response during fish transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn Putland
- Department of Biology, Swenson Science Building, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
| | - Loranzie Rogers
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Beth Giuffrida
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- Wareham High School, Wareham, MA, 02571, USA
| | - Allen Mensinger
- Department of Biology, Swenson Science Building, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Barnes
- From the Anesthetic Department, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Iqbal F, Thompson AJ, Riaz S, Pehar M, Rice T, Syed NI. Anesthetics: from modes of action to unconsciousness and neurotoxicity. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:760-787. [PMID: 31242059 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00210.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern anesthetic compounds and advanced monitoring tools have revolutionized the field of medicine, allowing for complex surgical procedures to occur safely and effectively. Faster induction times and quicker recovery periods of current anesthetic agents have also helped reduce health care costs significantly. Moreover, extensive research has allowed for a better understanding of anesthetic modes of action, thus facilitating the development of more effective and safer compounds. Notwithstanding the realization that anesthetics are a prerequisite to all surgical procedures, evidence is emerging to support the notion that exposure of the developing brain to certain anesthetics may impact future brain development and function. Whereas the data in support of this postulate from human studies is equivocal, the vast majority of animal research strongly suggests that anesthetics are indeed cytotoxic at multiple brain structure and function levels. In this review, we first highlight various modes of anesthetic action and then debate the evidence of harm from both basic science and clinical studies perspectives. We present evidence from animal and human studies vis-à-vis the possible detrimental effects of anesthetic agents on both the young developing and the elderly aging brain while discussing potential ways to mitigate these effects. We hope that this review will, on the one hand, invoke debate vis-à-vis the evidence of anesthetic harm in young children and the elderly, and on the other hand, incentivize the search for better and less toxic anesthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Iqbal
- Vi Riddell Pain Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Vi Riddell Pain Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saba Riaz
- Vi Riddell Pain Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marcus Pehar
- Vi Riddell Pain Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tiffany Rice
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Naweed I Syed
- Vi Riddell Pain Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Winlow W, Polese G, Moghadam HF, Ahmed IA, Di Cosmo A. Sense and Insensibility - An Appraisal of the Effects of Clinical Anesthetics on Gastropod and Cephalopod Molluscs as a Step to Improved Welfare of Cephalopods. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1147. [PMID: 30197598 PMCID: PMC6117391 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in animal welfare legislation stresses the need to treat cephalopod molluscs, such as Octopus vulgaris, humanely, to have regard for their wellbeing and to reduce their pain and suffering resulting from experimental procedures. Thus, appropriate measures for their sedation and analgesia are being introduced. Clinical anesthetics are renowned for their ability to produce unconsciousness in vertebrate species, but their exact mechanisms of action still elude investigators. In vertebrates it can prove difficult to specify the differences of response of particular neuron types given the multiplicity of neurons in the CNS. However, gastropod molluscs such as Aplysia, Lymnaea, or Helix, with their large uniquely identifiable nerve cells, make studies on the cellular, subcellular, network and behavioral actions of anesthetics much more feasible, particularly as identified cells may also be studied in culture, isolated from the rest of the nervous system. To date, the sorts of study outlined above have never been performed on cephalopods in the same way as on gastropods. However, criteria previously applied to gastropods and vertebrates have proved successful in developing a method for humanely anesthetizing Octopus with clinical doses of isoflurane, i.e., changes in respiratory rate, color pattern and withdrawal responses. However, in the long term, further refinements will be needed, including recordings from the CNS of intact animals in the presence of a variety of different anesthetic agents and their adjuvants. Clues as to their likely responsiveness to other appropriate anesthetic agents and muscle relaxants can be gained from background studies on gastropods such as Lymnaea, given their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Winlow
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NPC Newton, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Hadi-Fathi Moghadam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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