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Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Machado E, Guimarães P, Borba E, Tartaruga MP, Buzzachera CF, Correale L, Lanferdini FJ, da Silva ES. Biomechanical, physiological and anthropometrical predictors of performance in recreational runners. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16940. [PMID: 38426136 PMCID: PMC10903338 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The maximal running speed (VMAX) determined on a graded treadmill test is well-recognized as a running performance predictor. However, few studies have assessed the variables that predict VMAX in recreationally active runners. Methods We used a mathematical procedure combining Fick's law and metabolic cost analysis to verify the relation between (1) VMAX versus anthropometric and physiological determinants of running performance and, (2) theoretical metabolic cost versus running biomechanical parameters. Linear multiple regression and bivariate correlation were applied. We aimed to verify the biomechanical, physiological, and anthropometrical determinants of VMAX in recreationally active runners. Fifteen recreationally active runners participated in this observational study. A Conconi and a stead-steady running test were applied using a heart rate monitor and a simple video camera to register the physiological and mechanical variables, respectively. Results Statistical analysis revealed that the speed at the second ventilatory threshold, theoretical metabolic cost, and fat-mass percentage confidently estimated the individual running performance as follows: VMAX = 58.632 + (-0.183 * fat percentage) + (-0.507 * heart rate percentage at second ventilatory threshold) + (7.959 * theoretical metabolic cost) (R2 = 0.62, p = 0.011, RMSE = 1.50 km.h-1). Likewise, the theoretical metabolic cost was significantly explained (R2 = 0.91, p = 0.004, RMSE = 0.013 a.u.) by the running spatiotemporal and elastic-related parameters (contact and aerial times, stride length and frequency, and vertical oscillation) as follows: theoretical metabolic cost = 10.421 + (4.282 * contact time) + (-3.795 * aerial time) + (-2.422 * stride length) + (-1.711 * stride frequency) + (0.107 * vertical oscillation). Conclusion Critical determinants of elastic mechanism, such as maximal vertical force and vertical and leg stiffness were unrelated to the metabolic economy. VMAX, a valuable marker of running performance, and its physiological and biomechanical determinants can be effectively evaluated using a heart rate monitor, treadmill, and a digital camera, which can be used in the design of training programs to recreationally active runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A. Peyré-Tartaruga
- Human Performance Laboratory (LocoLab), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- LaBiodin, Biodynamics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Esthevan Machado
- LaBiodin, Biodynamics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Patrick Guimarães
- LaBiodin, Biodynamics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Edilson Borba
- LaBiodin, Biodynamics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcus P. Tartaruga
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste do Paraná, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | - Cosme F. Buzzachera
- Human Performance Laboratory (LocoLab), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Correale
- Human Performance Laboratory (LocoLab), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fábio Juner Lanferdini
- LaBiodin, Biodynamics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Edson Soares da Silva
- LaBiodin, Biodynamics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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Saccà M, Bondi D, Balducci F, Petri C, Mazza G. Intra- and Inter-Seasonal Fitness and Training Load Variations of Elite U20 Soccer Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:940-947. [PMID: 35612959 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2074951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inherent physical and anthropometric traits of elite soccer players, influenced by nature and nurture, account for the emergence of performances across time. Purpose: The present study aimed to evaluate inter- and intraseasonal differences and the influence of playing position on training and fitness metrics in talented young soccer players. Methods: A total of 74 male players from U20 teams of a single elite club were tested both at beginning, during, and at the end of three consecutive competitive seasons. Players under went anthropometric measurement and were tested for aerobic, jumping, and sprinting performances; the GPS-derived measures of metabolic power (MP) and equivalent distance index (ED) of every athlete were analyzed. Results: Difference between teams emerged in Mognoni's test, while it did not in countermovement jump and anthropometrics. ED was different across seasons. The model selection criteria revealed that the Bosco-Vittori test achieved the best fit. BMI and countermovement jump (CMJ) increased, and fat mass decreased, during season; different intraseasonal trends for CMJ. MP was slightly greater in midfielder. Conclusion: Network approaches in modeling performance metrics in sports team could unveil original interconnections between performance factors. In addition, the authors support multiparametric longitudinal assessments and a huge database of sports data for facilitating talent identification.
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Kraemer MB, Garbuio ALP, Kaneko LO, Gobatto CA, Manchado-Gobatto FB, dos Reis IGM, Messias LHD. Associations among sleep, hematologic profile, and aerobic and anerobic capacity of young swimmers: A complex network approach. Front Physiol 2022; 13:948422. [PMID: 36091363 PMCID: PMC9448919 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.948422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the link between sleep and hematological parameters is well-described, it is unclear how this integration affects the swimmer’s performance. The parameters derived from the non-invasive critical velocity protocol have been extensively used to evaluate these athletes, especially the aerobic capacity (critical velocity—CV) and the anaerobic work capacity (AWC). Thus, this study applied the complex network model to verify the influence of sleep and hematological variables on the CV and AWC of young swimmers. Thirty-eight swimmers (male, n = 20; female, n = 18) completed five experimental evaluations. Initially, the athletes attended the laboratory facilities for venous blood collection, anthropometric measurements, and application of sleep questionnaires. Over the 4 subsequent days, athletes performed randomized maximal efforts on distances of 100, 200, 400, and 800-m. The aerobic and anerobic parameters were determined by linear function between distance vs. time, where CV relates to the slope of regression and AWC to y-intercept. Weighted but untargeted networks were generated based on significant (p < 0.05) correlations among variables regardless of the correlation coefficient. Betweenness and eigenvector metrics were used to highlight the more important nodes inside the complex network. Regardless of the centrality metric, basophils and red blood cells appeared as influential nodes in the networks with AWC or CV as targets. The role of other hematologic components was also revealed in these metrics, along with sleep total time. Overall, these results trigger new discussion on the influence of sleep and hematologic profile on the swimmer’s performance, and the relationships presented by this targeted complex network can be an important tool throughout the athlete’s development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Beitia Kraemer
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Ana Luíza Paula Garbuio
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Luisa Oliveira Kaneko
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | | | - Ivan Gustavo Masseli dos Reis
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Henrique Dalcheco Messias
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Leonardo Henrique Dalcheco Messias,
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Effects of different inspiratory muscle warm-up loads on mechanical, physiological and muscle oxygenation responses during high-intensity running and recovery. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11223. [PMID: 35780133 PMCID: PMC9250525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14616-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW) has been used as a resource to enhance exercises and sports performance. However, there is a lack of studies in the literature addressing the effects of different IMW loads (especially in combination with a shorter and applicable protocol) on high-intensity running and recovery phase. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of three different IMW loads using a shorter protocol on mechanical, physiological and muscle oxygenation responses during and after high-intensity running exercise. Sixteen physically active men, randomly performed four trials 30 s all-out run, preceded by the shorter IMW protocol (2 × 15 breaths with a 1-min rest interval between sets, accomplished 2 min before the 30 s all-out run). Here, three IMW load conditions were used: 15%, 40%, and 60% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), plus a control session (CON) without the IMW. The force, velocity and running power were measured (1000 Hz). Two near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) devices measured (10 Hz) the muscle’s oxygenation responses in biceps brachii (BB) and vastus lateralis (VL). Additionally, heart rate (HR) and blood lactate ([Lac]) were also monitored. IMW loads applied with a shorter protocol promoted a significant increase in mean and minimum running power as well as in peak and minimum force compared to CON. In addition, specific IMW loads led to higher values of peak power, mean velocity (60% of MIP) and mean force (40 and 60% of MIP) in relation to CON. Physiological responses (HR and muscles oxygenation) were not modified by any IMW during exercise, as well as HR and [Lac] in the recovery phase. On the other hand, 40% of MIP presented a higher tissue saturation index (TSI) for BB during recovery phase. In conclusion, the use of different loads of IMW may improve the performance of a physically active individual in a 30 s all-out run, as verified by the increased peak, mean and minimum mechanical values, but not in performance assessed second by second. In addition, 40% of the MIP improves TSI of the BB during the recovery phase, which can indicate greater availability of O2 for lactate clearance.
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Manchado-Gobatto FB, Torres RS, Marostegan AB, Rasteiro FM, Hartz CS, Moreno MA, Pinto AS, Gobatto CA. Complex Network Model Reveals the Impact of Inspiratory Muscle Pre-Activation on Interactions among Physiological Responses and Muscle Oxygenation during Running and Passive Recovery. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070963. [PMID: 36101345 PMCID: PMC9311794 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Different warm-ups can be used to improve physical and sports performance. Among these strategies, we can include the pre-activation of the inspiratory muscles. Our study aimed to investigate this pre-activation model in high-intensity running performance and recovery using an integrative computational analysis called a complex network. The participants in this study underwent four sessions. The first and second sessions were performed to explain the procedures, characterize them and determine the individualized pre-activation intensity (40% of the maximum inspiratory pressure). Subsequently, on different days, the subjects were submitted to high-intensity tethered runs on a non-motorized treadmill with monitoring of the physiological responses during and after this effort. To understand the impacts of the pre-activation of inspiratory muscles on the organism, we studied the centrality metrics obtained by complex networks, which help in the interpretation of data in a more integrated way. Our results revealed that the graphs generated by this analysis were altered when inspiratory muscle pre-activation was applied, emphasizing muscle oxygenation responses in the leg and arm. Blood lactate also played an important role, especially after our inspiratory muscle strategy. Our findings confirm that the pre-activation of inspiratory muscles promotes modulations in the organism, better integrating physiological responses, which could increase performance and improve recovery. Abstract Although several studies have focused on the adaptations provided by inspiratory muscle (IM) training on physical demands, the warm-up or pre-activation (PA) of these muscles alone appears to generate positive effects on physiological responses and performance. This study aimed to understand the effects of inspiratory muscle pre-activation (IMPA) on high-intensity running and passive recovery, as applied to active subjects. In an original and innovative investigation of the impacts of IMPA on high-intensity running, we proposed the identification of the interactions among physical characteristics, physiological responses and muscle oxygenation in more and less active muscle to a running exercise using a complex network model. For this, fifteen male subjects were submitted to all-out 30 s tethered running efforts preceded or not preceded by IMPA, composed of 2 × 15 repetitions (1 min interval between them) at 40% of the maximum individual inspiratory pressure using a respiratory exercise device. During running and recovery, we monitored the physiological responses (heart rate, blood lactate, oxygen saturation) and muscle oxygenation (in vastus lateralis and biceps brachii) by wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Thus, we investigated four scenarios: two in the tethered running exercise (with or without IMPA) and two built into the recovery process (after the all-out 30 s), under the same conditions. Undirected weighted graphs were constructed, and four centrality metrics were analyzed (Degree, Betweenness, Eigenvector, and Pagerank). The IMPA (40% of the maximum inspiratory pressure) was effective in increasing the peak and mean relative running power, and the analysis of the complex networks advanced the interpretation of the effects of physiological adjustments related to the IMPA on exercise and recovery. Centrality metrics highlighted the nodes related to muscle oxygenation responses (in more and less active muscles) as significant to all scenarios, and systemic physiological responses mediated this impact, especially after IMPA application. Our results suggest that this respiratory strategy enhances exercise, recovery and the multidimensional approach to understanding the effects of physiological adjustments on these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fúlvia Barros Manchado-Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira 13484-350, Brazil; (A.B.M.); (F.M.R.); (C.A.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Silva Torres
- Department of ICT and Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 6009 Ålesund, Norway;
| | - Anita Brum Marostegan
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira 13484-350, Brazil; (A.B.M.); (F.M.R.); (C.A.G.)
| | - Felipe Marroni Rasteiro
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira 13484-350, Brazil; (A.B.M.); (F.M.R.); (C.A.G.)
| | - Charlini Simoni Hartz
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba 13400-000, Brazil; (C.S.H.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Marlene Aparecida Moreno
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba 13400-000, Brazil; (C.S.H.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Allan Silva Pinto
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil;
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira 13484-350, Brazil; (A.B.M.); (F.M.R.); (C.A.G.)
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Breda FL, Manchado-Gobatto FB, de Barros Sousa FA, Beck WR, Pinto A, Papoti M, Scariot PPM, Gobatto CA. Complex networks analysis reinforces centrality hematological role on aerobic-anaerobic performances of the Brazilian Paralympic endurance team after altitude training. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1148. [PMID: 35064131 PMCID: PMC8782909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the 30-days altitude training (2500 m, LHTH-live and training high) on hematological responses and aerobic–anaerobic performances parameters of high-level Paralympic athletes. Aerobic capacity was assessed by 3000 m run, and anaerobic variables (velocity, force and mechanical power) by a maximal 30-s semi-tethered running test (AO30). These assessments were carried out at low altitude before (PRE) and after LHTH (5–6 and 15–16 days, POST1 and POST2, respectively). During LHTH, hematological analyzes were performed on days 1, 12, 20 and 30. After LHTH, aerobic performance decreased 1.7% in POST1, but showed an amazing increase in POST2 (15.4 s reduction in the 3000 m test, 2.8%). Regarding anaerobic parameters, athletes showed a reduction in velocity, force and power in POST1, but velocity and power returned to their initial conditions in POST2. In addition, all participants had higher hemoglobin (Hb) values at the end of LHTH (30 days), but at POST2 these results were close to those of PRE. The centrality metrics obtained by complex networks (pondered degree, pagerank and betweenness) in the PRE and POST2 scenarios highlighted hemoglobin, hematocrit (Hct) and minimum force, velocity and power, suggesting these variables on the way to increasing endurance performance. The Jaccard’s distance metrics showed dissimilarity between the PRE and POST2 graphs, and Hb and Hct as more prominent nodes for all centrality metrics. These results indicate that adaptive process from LHTH was highlighted by the complex networks, which can help understanding the better aerobic performance at low altitude after 16 days in Paralympic athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Leandro Breda
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia Barros Manchado-Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Filipe Antônio de Barros Sousa
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Wladimir Rafael Beck
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Physical Exercise, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Allan Pinto
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo Menezes Scariot
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-350, Brazil.
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Cirino C, Gobatto CA, Pinto AS, Torres RS, Hartz CS, Azevedo PHSM, Moreno MA, Manchado-Gobatto FB. Complex network model indicates a positive effect of inspiratory muscles pre-activation on performance parameters in a judo match. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11148. [PMID: 34045508 PMCID: PMC8160163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of inspiratory muscle pre-activation (IMPA) on the interactions among the technical-tactical, physical, physiological, and psychophysiological parameters in a simulated judo match, based on the centrality metrics by complex network model. Ten male athletes performed 4 experimental sessions. Firstly, anthropometric measurements, maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and global strenght of the inspiratory muscles were determined. In the following days, all athletes performed four-minute video-recorded judo matches, under three conditions: without IMPA (CON), after IMPA at 15% (IMPA15), and at 40% (IMPA40) of MIP using an exerciser device. Blood lactate, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were monitored, and the technical-tactical parameters during the match were related to offensive actions and the time-motion. Based on the complex network, graphs were constructed for each scenario (CON, IMPA15, and IMPA40) to investigate the Degree and Pagerank centrality metrics. IMPA40 increased the connectivity of the physical and technical-tactical parameters in complex network and highlighted the combat frequency and average combat time in top-five ranked nodes. IMPA15 also favoured the interactions among the psychophysiological, physical, and physiological parameters. Our results suggest the positive effects of the IMPA, indicating this strategy to prepare the organism (IMPA15) and to improve performance (IMPA40) in judo match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cirino
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Limeira, Sao Paulo 13484-350 Brazil
| | - Claudio A. Gobatto
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Limeira, Sao Paulo 13484-350 Brazil
| | - Allan S. Pinto
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Limeira, Sao Paulo 13484-350 Brazil
| | - Ricardo S. Torres
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Department of ICT and Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Ålesund, Norway
| | - Charlini S. Hartz
- grid.412397.a0000 0001 0271 5964Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Paulo H. S. M. Azevedo
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marlene A. Moreno
- grid.412397.a0000 0001 0271 5964Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Fúlvia B. Manchado-Gobatto
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Limeira, Sao Paulo 13484-350 Brazil
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Durand F, Raberin A. Exercise-Induced Hypoxemia in Endurance Athletes: Consequences for Altitude Exposure. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:663674. [PMID: 33981992 PMCID: PMC8107360 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.663674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced hypoxemia (EIH) is well-described in endurance-trained athletes during both maximal and submaximal exercise intensities. Despite the drop in oxygen (O2) saturation and provided that training volumes are similar, athletes who experience EIH nevertheless produce the same endurance performance in normoxia as athletes without EIH. This lack of a difference prompted trainers to consider that the phenomenon was not relevant to performance but also suggested that a specific adaptation to exercise is present in EIH athletes. Even though the causes of EIH have been extensively studied, its consequences have not been fully characterized. With the development of endurance outdoor activities and altitude/hypoxia training, athletes often train and/or compete in this stressful environment with a decrease in the partial pressure of inspired O2 (due to the drop in barometric pressure). Thus, one can reasonably hypothesize that EIH athletes can specifically adapt to hypoxemic episodes during exercise at altitude. Although our knowledge of the interactions between EIH and acute exposure to hypoxia has improved over the last 10 years, many questions have yet to be addressed. Firstly, endurance performance during acute exposure to altitude appears to be more impaired in EIH vs. non-EIH athletes but the corresponding physiological mechanisms are not fully understood. Secondly, we lack information on the consequences of EIH during chronic exposure to altitude. Here, we (i) review research on the consequences of EIH under acute hypoxic conditions, (ii) highlight unresolved questions about EIH and chronic hypoxic exposure, and (iii) suggest perspectives for improving endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Durand
- Images Espace Dev, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
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Corresponding Assessment Scenarios in Laboratory and on-Court Tests: Centrality Measurements by Complex Networks Analysis in Young Basketball Players. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8620. [PMID: 32451399 PMCID: PMC7248086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides technical and tactical aspects, basketball matches involve high aerobic and anaerobic capacities, conferring the final performance of a team. Thus, the evaluation of physical and technical responses is an effective way to predict the performance of athletes. Field and laboratory tests have been used in sports. The first involving high ecological validity and low cost, and the second, greater control and accuracy but not easy application, considering the different preparation phases in a season. This study aimed, through complex networks analysis, to verify whether centrality parameters analysed from significant correlations behave similarly in distinct scenarios (laboratory and on-court), emphasizing aerobic and anaerobic physical parameters and technical performances. The results showed that, in a compelling analysis involving basketball athletes, the studied centralities (degree, betweenness, eigenvector and pagerank) revealed similar responses in both scenarios, which is widely attractive considering the greater financial economy and lower time when applying tests in the field.
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10
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New Insights into Mechanical, Metabolic and Muscle Oxygenation Signals During and After High-Intensity Tethered Running. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6336. [PMID: 32286408 PMCID: PMC7156678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63297-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High-intensity exercises including tethered efforts are commonly used in training programs for athletes, active and even sedentary individuals. Despite this, the knowledge about the external and internal load during and after this effort is scarce. Our study aimed to characterize the kinetics of mechanical and physiological responses in all-out 30 seconds (AO30) tethered running and up to 18 minutes of passive recovery. Additionally, in an innovative way, we investigated the muscle oxygenation in more or less active muscles (vastus lateralis and biceps brachii, respectively) during and after high-intensity tethered running by near-infrared spectroscopy – NIRS. Twelve physically active young men were submitted to AO30 on a non-motorized treadmill to determine the running force, velocity and power. We used wearable technologies to monitor the muscle oxygenation and heart rate responses during rest, exercise and passive recovery. Blood lactate concentration and arterial oxygen saturation were also measured. In a synchronized analysis by high capture frequency of mechanical and physiological signals, we advance the understanding of AO30 tethered running. Muscle oxygenation responses showed rapid adjustments (both, during and after AO30) in a tissue-dependence manner, with very low tissue saturation index observed in biceps brachii during exercise when compared to vastus lateralis. Significant correlations between peak and mean blood lactate with biceps brachii oxygenation indicate an important participation of less active muscle during and after high-intensity AO30 tethered running.
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Pereira-Ferrero VH, Lewis TG, Ferrero LGP, Duarte LT. Complex Networks Models and Spectral Decomposition in the Analysis of Swimming Athletes' Performance at Olympic Games. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1134. [PMID: 31551810 PMCID: PMC6733958 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to present complex network models which analyze professional swimmers of 50-m freestyle Olympic competitions, comparing characteristics and variables that are considered performance determinants. This comparative research includes Olympic medalists’ versus non-medalists’ behavior. Using data from 40 athletes with a mean age, weight and height of 26 ± 2.9 years, 87 ± 5.59 kg, 193 ± 3.85 cm, respectively, at the Olympics of 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016 (16-year interval), we built two types of complex networks (graphs) for each edition, using mathematical correlations, metrics and the spectral decomposition analysis. It is possible to show that complex metrics behave differently between medalists and non-medalists. The spectral radius (SR) proved to be an important form of evaluation since in all 5 editions it was higher among medalists (SR results: 3.75, 3.5, 3.39, 2.91, and 3.66) compared to non-medalists (2.18, 2.51, 2.23, 2.07, and 2.04), with significantly differences between. This study introduces a remarkable tool in the evaluation of the performance of groups of swimming athletes by complex networks, and is relevant to athletes, coaches, and even amateurs, regarding how individual variables relate to competition results and are reflected in the SR for the best performance. In addition, this is a general method and may, in the future, be developed in the analysis of other competitive sports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodore Gyle Lewis
- Center for Homeland Defense and Security, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, United States
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