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Wang Q, Zhang J, Liu C, Ru C, Qian Q, Yang M, Yan S, Liu W, Wang G. Identification of antennal alternative splicing by combining genome and full-length transcriptome analysis in Bactrocera dorsalis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1384426. [PMID: 38952867 PMCID: PMC11215311 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1384426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is an essential post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism that diversifies gene function by generating multiple protein isoforms from a single gene and act as a crucial role in insect environmental adaptation. Olfaction, a key sense for insect adaptation, relies heavily on the antennae, which are the primary olfactory organs expressing most of the olfactory genes. Despite the extensive annotation of olfactory genes within insect antennal tissues facilitated by high-throughput sequencing technology advancements, systematic analyses of alternative splicing are still relatively less. In this study, we focused on the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis), a significant pest of fruit crops. We performed a detailed analysis of alternative splicing in its antennae by utilizing the full-length transcriptome of its antennal tissue and the insect's genome. The results revealed 8600 non-redundant full-length transcripts identified in the oriental fruit fly antennal full-length transcriptome, spanning 4,145 gene loci. Over 40% of these loci exhibited multiple isoforms. Among these, 161 genes showed sex-biased isoform switching, involving seven different types of alternative splicing. Notably, events involving alternative transcription start sites (ATSS) and alternative transcription termination sites (ATTS) were the most common. Of all the genes undergoing ATSS and ATTS alternative splicing between male and female, 32 genes were alternatively spliced in protein coding regions, potentially affecting protein function. These genes were categorized based on the length of the sex-biased isoforms, with the highest difference in isoform fraction (dIF) associated with the ATSS type, including genes such as BdorABCA13, BdorCAT2, and BdorTSN3. Additionally, transcription factor binding sites for doublesex were identified upstream of both BdorABCA13 and BdorCAT2. Besides being expressed in the antennal tissues, BdorABCA13 and BdorCAT2 are also expressed in the mouthparts, legs, and genitalia of both female and male adults, suggesting their functional diversity. This study reveals alternative splicing events in the antennae of Bactrophora dorsalis from two aspects: odorant receptor genes and other types of genes expressed in the antennae. This study not only provides a research foundation for understanding the regulation of gene function by alternative splicing in the oriental fruit fly but also offers new insights for utilizing olfaction-based behavioral manipulation techniques to manage this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chenhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanjian Ru
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Qian
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Minghuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shanchun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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Xu L, Jiang HB, Yu JL, Wang JJ. Plasticity of the olfactory behaviors in Bactrocera dorsalis under various physiological states and environmental conditions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 63:101196. [PMID: 38555081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Insects rely heavily on their olfactory system for various behaviors, including foraging, mating, and oviposition. Numerous studies have demonstrated that insects can adjust their olfactory behaviors in response to different physiological states and environmental conditions. This flexibility allows them to perceive and process odorants according to different conditions. The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is a highly destructive and invasive pest causing significant economic losses to fruit and vegetable crops worldwide. The olfactory behavior of B. dorsalis exhibits strong plasticity, resulting in its successful invasion. To enhance our understanding of B. dorsalis' olfactory behavior and explore potential strategies for behavior control, we have reviewed recent literature on its olfactory plasticity and potential molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hong-Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jie-Ling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Zhang Y, Liu W, Luo Z, Yuan J, Wuyun Q, Zhang P, Wang Q, Yang M, Liu C, Yan S, Wang G. Odorant Receptor BdorOR49b Mediates Oviposition and Attraction Behavior of Bactrocera dorsalis to Benzothiazole. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7784-7793. [PMID: 38561632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The ability to recognize a host plant is crucial for insects to meet their nutritional needs and locate suitable sites for laying eggs. Bactrocera dorsalis is a highly destructive pest in fruit crops. Benzothiazole has been found to induce oviposition behavior in the gravid B. dorsalis. However, the ecological roles and the olfactory receptor responsible for benzothiazole are not yet fully understood. In this study, we found that adults were attracted to benzothiazole, which was an effective oviposition stimulant. In vitro experiments showed that BdorOR49b was narrowly tuned to benzothiazole. The electroantennogram results showed that knocking out BdorOR49b significantly reduced the antennal electrophysiological response to benzothiazole. Compared with wild-type flies, the attractiveness of benzothiazole to BdorOR49b knockout adult was significantly attenuated, and mutant females exhibited a severe decrease in oviposition behavior. Altogether, our work provides valuable insights into chemical communications and potential strategies for the control of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Zhicai Luo
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jinxi Yuan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - QiQige Wuyun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Minghuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chenhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shanchun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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Li XL, Li DD, Cai XY, Cheng DF, Lu YY. Reproductive behavior of fruit flies: courtship, mating, and oviposition. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:935-952. [PMID: 37794312 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Many species of the Tephritidae family are invasive and cause huge damage to agriculture and horticulture, owing to their reproductive characteristics. In this review, we have summarized the existing studies on the reproductive behavior of Tephritidae, particularly those regarding the genes and external factors that are associated with courtship, mating, and oviposition. Furthermore, we outline the issues that still need to be addressed in fruit fly reproduction research. The review highlights the implications for understanding the reproductive behavior of fruit flies and discusses methods for their integrated management and biological control. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Lian Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dou-Dou Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yan Cai
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dai-Feng Cheng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Yue Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang JJ, Ma C, Yue Y, Yang J, Chen LX, Wang YT, Zhao CC, Gao X, Chen HS, Ma WH, Zhou Z. Identification of candidate chemosensory genes in Bactrocera cucurbitae based on antennal transcriptome analysis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1354530. [PMID: 38440345 PMCID: PMC10910661 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1354530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Tephritidae: Diptera), is an invasive pest that poses a significant threat to agriculture in Africa and other regions. Flies are known to use their olfactory systems to recognise environmental chemical cues. However, the molecular components of the chemosensory system of B. cucurbitae are poorly characterised. To address this knowledge gap, we have used next-generation sequencing to analyse the antenna transcriptomes of sexually immature B. cucurbitae adults. The results have identified 160 potential chemosensory genes, including 35 odourant-binding proteins (OBPs), one chemosensory protein (CSP), three sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), 70 odourant receptors (ORs), 30 ionotropic receptors (IRs), and 21 gustatory receptors (GRs). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to validate the results by assessing the expression profiles of 25 ORs and 15 OBPs. Notably, high expression levels for BcucOBP5/9/10/18/21/23/26 were observed in both the female and male antennae. Furthermore, BcucOROrco/6/7/9/13/15/25/27/28/42/62 exhibited biased expression in the male antennae, whereas BcucOR55 showed biased expression in the female antennae. This comprehensive investigation provides valuable insights into insect olfaction at the molecular level and will, thus, help to facilitate the development of enhanced pest management strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Yang Yue
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Jingfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Li Xiang Chen
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Yi Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | | | - Xuyuan Gao
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Biology of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Hong Song Chen
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Biology of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Hua Ma
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongshi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
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Lei Q, Xu L, Tang KY, Yu JL, Chen XF, Wu SX, Wang JJ, Jiang HB. An Antenna-Enriched Chemosensory Protein Plays Important Roles in the Perception of Host Plant Volatiles in Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2888-2897. [PMID: 38294413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Olfaction plays indispensable roles in insect behavior such as host location, foraging, oviposition, and avoiding predators. Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) can discriminate the hydrophobic odorants and transfer them to the odorant receptors. Presently, CSPs have been identified in many insect species. However, their presence and functions remain unknown in Bactrocera dorsalis, a destructive and invasive insect pest in the fruit and vegetable industry. Here, we annotated eight CSP genes in the genome of B. dorsalis. The results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showed that BdorCSP3 was highly expressed in the antennae. Molecular docking and in vitro binding assays showed that BdorCSP3 had a good binding ability to host volatiles methyl eugenol (ME, male-specific attractant) and β-caryophyllene (potential female attractant). Subsequently, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to generate BdorCSP3-/- mutants. Electroantennograms (EAGs) and behavioral assays revealed that male mutants significantly reduced the preference for ME, while female mutants lost their oviposition preference to β-caryophyllene. Our data indicated that BdorCSP3 played important roles in the perception of ME and β-caryophyllene. The results not only expanded our knowledge of the olfaction perception mechanism of insect CSPs but also provided a potential molecular target for the control of B. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Lei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kai-Yue Tang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jie-Ling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shuang-Xiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hong-Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Zou Y, Chen Y, Wang D, Xie X, Li G, Zheng C, Wen J, Su H, Liu X, Zeng L, Lu Y, Cao F. The Effects of Nine Compounds on Aldehyde-Oxidase-Related Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Genes (Basel) 2023; 15:35. [PMID: 38254925 PMCID: PMC10815873 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (B. dorsalis) is an important agricultural, major invasive, and quarantine pest that can cause significant damage to the economic value of the fruit and vegetable industry. Male bait is one of the most effective methods of surveying, monitoring, and controlling B. dorsalis. In our study, we constructed cDNA libraries using total RNA extracted independently from the antennae, mouthparts, and thoracic legs of male and female adults and the ovipositors of female adults and screened out four aldehyde-oxidase-related genes (AOX-related), C58800, C66700, C67485, and C67698. Molecular docking predictions showed that eight compounds, including 3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol, 3,4-dimethoxy-cinnamaldehyde, deet, ethyl N-acetyl-N-butyl-β-alaninate, n-butyl butyrate, n-butyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, methyl eugenol, and ethyl acetate, could combine with proteins encoded by the four B. dorsalis AOX-related genes. Furthermore, QPCR was performed to confirm that four compounds, including 3,4-dimethoxy cinnamic aldehyde, butyl levulinic acid ethyl ester (mosquito repellent), butyl butyrate, and methyl eugenol, induced significant changes in the AOX-related genes of B. dorsalis. These results provide useful information and guidance for the batch screening of potentially useful compounds and the search for effective attractants of B. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zou
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China; (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (J.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.C.); (G.L.); (C.Z.); (H.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Duoduo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China;
| | - Xiaowei Xie
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China; (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (J.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.C.); (G.L.); (C.Z.); (H.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chunyan Zheng
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.C.); (G.L.); (C.Z.); (H.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jian Wen
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China; (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (J.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Hongai Su
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.C.); (G.L.); (C.Z.); (H.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China; (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (J.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Ling Zeng
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.C.); (G.L.); (C.Z.); (H.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongyue Lu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.C.); (G.L.); (C.Z.); (H.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Fengqin Cao
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China; (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (J.W.); (X.L.)
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Chen Y, Hong B, Zhang Y, Chen X, Zhang T, Zhong G, Yi X. FoxO directly regulates the expression of odorant receptor genes to govern olfactory plasticity upon starvation in Bactrocera dorsalis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 153:103907. [PMID: 36610504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Under nutrient-poor conditions, animals must save energy by adjusting their behavior and physiology in order to survive. Although the impact of feeding state on olfactory sensory neuron activity has been well studied, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the transcriptional changes in odorant receptors (Ors) induced by feeding signals are seldom mentioned. Here, we showed that starvation could attenuate antennal responses of Bactrocera dorsalis toward multiple odorants, which could be reverted by sugar re-feeding, but not by a protein-rich diet. Using methyl eugenol (ME) as a paradigm, our study provided molecular evidence that Forkhead Box protein O (FoxO) can be expressed in antennal tissues to govern starvation-induced olfactory modifications by binding to the upstream regulatory regions of ME-responsive Ors and regulating their expressions. Since the consensus FoxO binding motif was also identified in other 17 Ors whose expression levels were also significantly altered upon FoxO knockdown and starvation, our data suggest that FoxO-dependent binding is likely a universal regulatory mechanism for Or genes during starvation and re-feeding cycles. Taken together, the FoxO-Ors axis elucidated in this study provides an improved understanding of how the insulin signaling pathway senses the feeding state and certain macronutrient composition to shape olfactory plasticity, allowing flies to dynamically alter chemosensory sensitivities toward different odors. Our study also highlights sugar as a satiety signal, which could increase ME-mediated trap efficiency in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boer Hong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, China
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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9
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Fan Y, Zhang C, Qin Y, Yin X, Dong X, Desneux N, Zhou H. Monitoring the Methyl Eugenol Response and Non-Responsiveness Mechanisms in Oriental Fruit Fly Bactrocera dorsalis in China. INSECTS 2022; 13:1004. [PMID: 36354828 PMCID: PMC9695349 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bactrocera dorsalis is a notorious polyphagous pest in China, and its management strategies largely depend on methyl eugenol (ME), which has been widely used as an attractant to monitor and eradicate B. dorsalis populations for seven decades. However, the non-responsiveness levels in field B. dorsalis populations to ME is unknown. In this study, we monitored the response to ME in field populations from the four most heavily infested provinces in China, and the results showed that the populations had lower sensitivity to ME relative to GZS susceptible strain. The percent responsiveness of the lowest sensitivity population was 5.88-, 3.47-, and 1.47-fold lower relative to the susceptible strain at doses of 1, 10, and 100 µL of ME, respectively. Gene expression analysis and inhibitor assays further revealed that odorant binding protein (BdorOBP2, BdorOBP83b) and the P450 enzyme system may be associated with the lower response to ME. To our knowledge, this work is the first to report that the P450 enzyme system confers a lower responsiveness to lure insects. These findings provided valuable insights for exploiting ME non-responsiveness to protect sterile males from ME-based control strategies and the use of lures combined with insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Fan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Changzhen Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xinhui Yin
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xinyi Dong
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Hongxu Zhou
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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10
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Hu ZJ, Yang JW, Chen ZH, Chang C, Ma YP, Li N, Deng M, Mao GL, Bao Q, Deng SZ, Liu H. Exploration of Clove Bud ( Syzygium aromaticum) Essential Oil as a Novel Attractant against Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Its Safety Evaluation. INSECTS 2022; 13:918. [PMID: 36292866 PMCID: PMC9603929 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is a destructive polyphagous species that targets many economically important fruits and vegetables. The primary control of B. dorsalis relies mainly on the use of synthetic chemicals, and excessive use of these chemicals has adverse effects on both the environment and human health. Environmentally friendly management of pests involving plant essential oils is useful for controlling the populations of pests responsible for decreasing the yields and quality of crops. In the present study, we demonstrate that clove bud essential oil (CBEO) is strongly attractive to sexually mature males. Mature males responded to the CBEO differently throughout the day; the strongest response was elicited during the day and decreased at dusk. Virgin and mated mature males did not respond differently to CBEO. No obvious response behaviour to the CBEO was observed in two species of beneficial natural predator ladybirds. In addition, a cytotoxicity assessment demonstrated that CBEO is nontoxic to normal human and mouse cells. Based on our laboratory experiments, CBEO may serve as a promising, sustainable, and environmentally friendly attractant for B. dorsalis males; however, field experiments are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Jie Hu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jing-Wei Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Zi-Han Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yu-Pei Ma
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Nan Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Meng Deng
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Gen-Lin Mao
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiang Bao
- Hunan Provincial Tea Research Institute, Hunan Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Deng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China
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11
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Xu L, Jiang HB, Tang KY, Yan Y, Schetelig MF, Wang JJ. CRISPR-mediated mutagenesis of the odorant receptor co-receptor (Orco) gene disrupts olfaction-mediated behaviors in Bactrocera dorsalis. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1275-1286. [PMID: 34986270 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction plays an essential role in insect behavior such as host location, foraging, mating, and oviposition. The odorant receptor co-receptor (Orco) is an obligatory odorant receptor and indispensable in odor perception. Here, we characterized the Orco gene from the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), a notorious agriculture pest. The olfactory deficiency mutants were generated by editing the BdorOrco gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Electroantennograms (EAG) and olfactory preference assays confirmed that BdorOrco-/- mutant flies had reduced perception of methyl eugenol, β-caryophyllene, and ethyl acetate. Oviposition bioassays showed that the eggs laid by BdorOrco-/- females mediated by benzothiazole and 1-octen-3-ol were significantly decreased. In addition, BdorOrco-/- mutant flies took a significantly longer time to locate the food source compared with wild type (WT) flies. Altogether, our data indicated that Orco is essential for multiple physiological processes in B. dorsalis, and it expands our understanding of the function of insect Orco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai-Yue Tang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Insect Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marc F Schetelig
- Department of Insect Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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12
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Li X, Wu Q, Wu J, Zeng L, Cheng D, Xian J, Lu Y. Effects of four chemosterilants on Bactrocera tau. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 243:114028. [PMID: 36037635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bactrocera tau (Walker) is a fly pest species mainly distributed in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific; it causes substantial ecological and economic issues because of its destructiveness and rapid reproduction. Chemical sterilization technology can reduce the use of insecticides and is widely applied for insect pest control. In this study, the sterilization efficacy of varying concentrations of four chemosterilants, namely, hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), CSII Aqua, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and colchicine, on adult pumpkin flies was investigated. The results indicated that a solution of 0.03% HMPA had the highest sterilization efficacy. When the number of sterile males was equal to or exceeded 20 times that of untreated males, the hatching rate of offspring eggs was less than 10%. Chemosterilant treatment significantly altered the levels of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and B. tau vitellogenin (BtVg); these substances have an important impact on reproductive development. The treatment also decreased the size of the reproductive organs (i.e., testes and ovaries). Our results suggest that 0.03% HMPA has unique sterilization properties and may represent a new chemical agent for the control of B. tau populations in agricultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- XinLian Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - QiSong Wu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jiao Wu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ling Zeng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - DaiFeng Cheng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - JiDong Xian
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - YongYue Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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13
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Liu H, Wang DD, Wan L, Hu ZY, He TT, Wang JB, Deng SZ, Wang XS. Assessment of attractancy and safeness of (E)-coniferyl alcohol for management of female adults of Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1018-1028. [PMID: 34773351 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bactrocera dorsalis is a devastating pest on fruits and vegetables because the adult female is the key factor that determines the population density of offspring and the degree of host damage. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of effective female attractants for behavioral control. Males of B. dorsalis fed on methyl eugenol (ME) were shown to be more sexually attracted to females and, therefore, were more successful in mating over ME-deprived males. RESULTS In the current study, we demonstrated that (E)-coniferyl alcohol (E-CF), one of the ME metabolites in males, was highly attractive to sexually-mature females in laboratory bioassays. During the dusk courtship period, mature females showed the highest response to E-CF. However, there were no significant differences in olfactory responses to E-CF between virgin and mated mature females. Moreover, no obvious signs and symptoms of toxicity or death were observed in mice during a 14-day acute oral toxicity test. Toxicologically, no significant changes were observed in body weight, water intake, food consumption and absolute and relative organ weights between control and treated groups of healthy-looking mice, implying that E-CF could be regarded as non-toxic. Furthermore, cytotoxicity assessment revealed that E-CF was non-toxic against human fetal lung fibroblast 1 (HFL1), human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), mouse embryonic hepatocytes (BNL-CL.2) and Spodoptera frugiperda ovary (SF-9) cell lines. CONCLUSIONS E-CF proved to be an effective, promising and eco-friendly lure to B. dorsalis females. Therefore, this study may facilitate the development of novel control strategies against B. dorsalis in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Lin Wan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Hu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ting-Ting He
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jun-Bo Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Deng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xin-Shuai Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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14
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Chen X, Lei Y, Li H, Xu L, Yang H, Wang J, Jiang H. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis abolishes odorant-binding protein BdorOBP56f-2 and impairs the perception of methyl eugenol in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 139:103656. [PMID: 34582991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction underpins many insect behaviors, such as foraging, host location, mating, and predator avoidance. In the first step of insect olfaction, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) bind hydrophobic odorants and transport them to odorant receptors. Methyl eugenol (ME) is a powerful attractant for mature males of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), one of the most destructive fruit pests. The underlying molecular mechanism is unclear, but there is in vitro evidence that BdorOBP56f-2 is involved in ME perception. We used microscale thermophoresis to confirm that BdorOBP56f-2 directly binds ME with strong affinity in vitro. We then used CRISPR/Cas9 to knock out the BdorOBP56f-2 gene, allowing us to establish a homozygous mutant B. dorsalis line. The electroantennogram response and behavioral attraction to ME were significantly reduced in the mutant, providing in vivo evidence that BdorOBP56f-2 is necessary for efficient ME perception. Our results offer insight into the molecular mechanism of ME perception in B. dorsalis and provide a theoretical basis for the functional analysis of other OBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yibo Lei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jinjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Hongbo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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15
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Ono H. Functional characterization of an olfactory receptor in the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, that responds to eugenol and isoeugenol. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 258:110696. [PMID: 34800681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Most insects utilize a diverse array of olfactory cues for host finding and reproduction behaviors. Males of several Dacini fruit fly species (Tephritidae) are selectively attracted to certain phytochemicals to acquire sex pheromone precursors. Despite the importance of olfaction, only a limited number of olfactory receptors (ORs) in Dacini fruit flies have been characterized. In this study, I focused on the OR94b-2 subfamily, because a clade consisting of these homologs was distinctly localized from other OR clades in a constructed phylogenetic tree. To deorphanize the ORs, I used plant essential oils to screen ligands. Using heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes, I analyzed the functional properties of BdorOR94b-2 and ZcucOR94b-2 from the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, and the melon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, respectively. I found that cinnamon leaf oil evoked responses in oocytes expressing BdorOR94b-2 and the corresponding co-receptor BdorORCO. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated that eugenol is a major component of cinnamon leaf oil. In accordance with the response to cinnamon leaf oil containing eugenol, BdorOR94b-2/BdorORCO revealed a weak but significant response to eugenol. BdorOR94b-2/BdorORCO also responded to isoeugenol, but not to other related aromatic semiochemicals such as known male-specific attractants and sex pheromones. In contrast, ZcucOR94b-2/ZcucORCO did not respond to any of the phenolic compounds tested, including eugenol analogs. Therefore, BdorOR94b-2/BdorORCO is narrowly tuned to eugenol analogs, whereas ZcucOR94b-2/ZcucORCO likely binds to other compound(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Ono
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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16
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Deng SZ, Li XY, Wang ZM, Wang JB, Han DY, Fan JH, Zhao Q, Liu H, Wang XS. Assessment of 2-allyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenol safety and attractiveness to mature males of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 223:112567. [PMID: 34364125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Males of the Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) are highly attracted to, and compulsively feed, on methyl eugenol (ME). ME is converted into 2-allyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenol (DMP) and (E)-coniferyl alcohol (E-CF), which are temporarily sequestered in the fly's rectal gland prior to being released at dusk. Previous research initially confirmed that DMP is a relatively strong lure to B. dorsalis males. However, the characteristics of males' response to DMP and toxicology of DMP remains largely unclear. In our study, we demonstrated that DMP was more attractive to sexually mature males than E-CF tested in laboratory bioassays. Interestingly, the responsiveness of mature males to DMP was not uniform throughout the day, eliciting the highest response during the day and dropping to a low level at night. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the olfactory responses of virgin and mated mature males to DMP. No obvious signs of toxic symptom and deaths were observed in mice during a 14-day acute oral toxicity testing. Further, toxicologically significant changes were not observed in body weight, water intake, food consumption, and absolute and relative organ weights between control and treated groups, implying DMP could be regarded as nontoxic. Lastly, the cytotoxicity data of DMP on cells showed that it exhibited no significant cytotoxicity to normal human and mouse cells. Taken together, results from both the acute and cellular toxicity experiments demonstrated the nontoxic nature of DMP. In conclusion, DMP shows promise as an effective and eco-friendly lure for B. dorsalis males, and may contribute to controlling B. dorsalis in the flied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zhen Deng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Xin-Yang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zi-Ming Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jun-Bo Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Dan-Yang Han
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jia-Hao Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, China.
| | - Xin-Shuai Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
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17
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Manrakhan A, Daneel JH, Beck R, Love CN, Gilbert MJ, Virgilio M, De Meyer M. Effects of male lure dispensers and trap types for monitoring of Ceratitis capitata and Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2219-2230. [PMID: 33345441 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attractant-based trapping is used in the establishment of pest-free areas and areas of low pest prevalence for fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Male lures are commonly used attractants in fruit fly trapping. In this study, the effects of male lure dispensers, traps and combinations of dispensers and traps on monitoring of two fruit fly pests, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), were investigated in South Africa. RESULTS In the male-lure-based trapping systems evaluated, trimedlure (TML) for C. capitata and methyl eugenol (ME) for B. dorsalis, the type of dispenser affected catches for both species. Higher catches of B. dorsalis males were recorded in bucket traps baited with a dispenser containing 15 g ME compared with traps baited with dispensers containing either 4 g ME or 2 g ME. Catches of C. capitata males were higher with dispensers containing TML than those with TML plus extender (Capilure®). The type of trap used with TML also influenced catches of C. capitata with higher numbers recorded in yellow Delta trap compared with the Sensus bucket trap. CONCLUSIONS Dispensers with higher ME loadings are more effective for monitoring of B. dorsalis. The yellow Delta trap baited with TML (without extender) would be an effective monitoring system for C. capitata. Fruit fly prevalence levels as determined by specific trapping systems should be related to their efficiency in terms of catches of the target pests. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rooikie Beck
- Citrus Research International, Nelspruit, South Africa
| | - Claire N Love
- Citrus Research International, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Martin J Gilbert
- Citrus Research International, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
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18
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Scolari F, Valerio F, Benelli G, Papadopoulos NT, Vaníčková L. Tephritid Fruit Fly Semiochemicals: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12050408. [PMID: 33946603 PMCID: PMC8147262 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Dipteran family Tephritidae (true fruit flies) comprises more than 5000 species classified in 500 genera distributed worldwide. Tephritidae include devastating agricultural pests and highly invasive species whose spread is currently facilitated by globalization, international trade and human mobility. The ability to identify and exploit a wide range of host plants for oviposition, as well as effective and diversified reproductive strategies, are among the key features supporting tephritid biological success. Intraspecific communication involves the exchange of a complex set of sensory cues that are species- and sex-specific. Chemical signals, which are standing out in tephritid communication, comprise long-distance pheromones emitted by one or both sexes, cuticular hydrocarbons with limited volatility deposited on the surrounding substrate or on the insect body regulating medium- to short-distance communication, and host-marking compounds deposited on the fruit after oviposition. In this review, the current knowledge on tephritid chemical communication was analysed with a special emphasis on fruit fly pest species belonging to the Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, and Rhagoletis genera. The multidisciplinary approaches adopted for characterising tephritid semiochemicals, and the real-world applications and challenges for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and biological control strategies are critically discussed. Future perspectives for targeted research on fruit fly chemical communication are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scolari
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (L.V.); Tel.: +39-0382-986421 (F.S.); +420-732-852-528 (L.V.)
| | - Federica Valerio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Nikos T. Papadopoulos
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou st., N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece;
| | - Lucie Vaníčková
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (L.V.); Tel.: +39-0382-986421 (F.S.); +420-732-852-528 (L.V.)
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Ono H, Hee AKW, Jiang H. Recent Advancements in Studies on Chemosensory Mechanisms Underlying Detection of Semiochemicals in Dacini Fruit Flies of Economic Importance (Diptera: Tephritidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:106. [PMID: 33530622 PMCID: PMC7911962 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dacini fruit flies mainly contain two genera, Bactrocera and Zeugodacus, and include many important pests of fruits and vegetables. Their life cycle is affected by various environmental cues. Among them, multiple characteristic semiochemicals have remarkable effects on their reproductive and host-finding behaviors. Notably, floral fragrances released from so-called fruit fly orchids strongly attract males of several Dacini fruit fly species. Focusing on the strong attraction of male flies to particular chemicals, natural and synthetic lures have been used for pest management. Thus, the perception of semiochemicals is important to understand environmental adaptation in Dacini fruit flies. Since next-generation sequencers are available, a large number of chemosensory-related genes have been identified in Dacini fruit flies, as well as other insects. Furthermore, recent studies have succeeded in the functional analyses of olfactory receptors in response to semiochemicals. Thus, characterization of molecular components required for chemoreception is under way. However, the mechanisms underlying chemoreception remain largely unknown. This paper reviews recent findings on peripheral mechanisms in the perception of odors in Dacini fruit flies, describing related studies in other dipteran species, mainly the model insect Drosophilamelanogaster. Based on the review, important themes for future research have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Ono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Alvin Kah-Wei Hee
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
| | - Hongbo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China;
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals female-biased olfactory genes potentially involved in plant volatile-mediated oviposition behavior of Bactrocera dorsalis. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:25. [PMID: 33407105 PMCID: PMC7789660 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Olfactory systems take on important tasks to distinguish salient information from a complex olfactory environment, such as locating hosts, mating, aggression, selecting oviposition sites, and avoiding predators. The olfactory system of an adult insect consists of two pairs of main olfactory appendages on the head, the antennae, and the palps, which are covered with sensilla. Benzothiazole and 1-octen-3-ol could elicit oviposition behavior in gravid B. dorsalis are regarded as oviposition stimulants. However, the mechanism for how B. dorsalis percepts benzothiazole and 1-octen-3-ol still remains unknown. Results We conducted a comparative analysis of the antennal transcriptomes in different genders of B. dorsalis using Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). We identified a total of 1571 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the two sexes, including 450 female-biased genes and 1121 male-biased genes. Among these DEGs, we screened out 24 olfaction-related genes and validated them by qRT-PCR. The expression patterns of these genes in different body parts were further determined. In addition, we detected the expression profiles of the screened female-biased chemosensory genes in virgin and mated female flies. Furthermore, the oviposition stimulants-induced expression profilings were used to identify chemosensory genes potentially responsible for benzothiazole and 1-octen-3-ol perception in this fly. Conclusions The results from this study provided fundamental data of chemosensory DEGs in the B. dorsalis antenna. The odorant exposure assays we employed lay a solid foundation for the further research regarding the molecular mechanism of benzothiazole and 1-octen-3-ol mediated oviposition behavior in B. dorsalis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07325-z.
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Wu Z, Cui Y, Ma J, Qu M, Lin J. Analyses of chemosensory genes provide insight into the evolution of behavioral differences to phytochemicals in Bactrocera species. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 151:106858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Liu Y, Cui Z, Si P, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Wang G. Characterization of a specific odorant receptor for linalool in the Chinese citrus fly Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 122:103389. [PMID: 32360457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insect sensing of odorants plays important roles in various behaviors, including host location, mate attraction, and oviposition site selection. The odorant receptor (OR) is a key protein in insect environmental odor recognition. Most Diptera studies of ORs have focused on Drosophila and mosquitos, so there little known about ORs in the agricultural pest insects Tephritidae. To understand the olfactory recognition mechanism of Bactrocera minax, we sequenced and analyzed 12 B. minax transcriptomes to identify a total of 59 OR genes. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) showed that several BminORs were highly expressed in antennae. Available with a complete open reading frame and expressed in the antennae of both sexes at a higher level than those of other BminORs, BminOR24 was selected for further functional analyses. BminOR24/BminOrco expressed in Xenopus oocytes responded significantly to linalool. The identification of B. minax OR genes lays a foundation for further functional studies of OR genes, and functional characterization of BminOR24 provides insight for improving methods for controlling B. minax, a devastating pest insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongyi Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Pinfa Si
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen; Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
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Ono H, Miyazaki H, Mitsuno H, Ozaki K, Kanzaki R, Nishida R. Functional characterization of olfactory receptors in three Dacini fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) that respond to 1-nonanol analogs as components in the rectal glands. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 239:110346. [PMID: 31499218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dacini fruit flies (Tephritidae: Diptera), including destructive pest species, are strongly affected in their reproductive behaviors by semiochemicals. Notably, male lures have been developed for pest management e.g., aromatic compounds for the Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis and the melon fruit fly Zeugodacus cucurbitae; terpenic α-ionone analogs for the solanaceous fruit fly, B. latifrons. Other than those specific male attractants, 1-nonanol analogs have been noticed as major aliphatic components in the male rectal gland, which is considered as a secretory organ of male sex pheromones. Although multiple semiochemicals associated with the life cycle of Dacini fruit flies have been identified, their behavioral role(s) and chemosensory mechanisms by which the perception occurs have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we conducted RNA sequencing analysis of the chemosensory organs of B. latifrons and Z. cucurbitae to identify the genes coding for chemosensory receptors. Because the skeletons of male attractants are different among Dacini fruit fly species, we analyzed phylogenetic relationships of candidate olfactory receptors (ORs) among the three species. We found that the OR phylogeny reflects the taxonomic relationships of the three species. We further characterized functional properties of OR74a in the three Dacini species to the 1-nonanol analogs related to components in the rectal glands. The three OR74a homologs responded to 1-nonanol, but their sensitivities differed from each other. The OR74a homologs identified from B. dorsalis and Z. cucurbitae responded significantly to 6-oxo-1-nonanol, but not to 1,3-nonanediol and nonyl acetate, indicating similar binding properties of the homologous ORs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Ono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Hitomi Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Mitsuno
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Ozaki
- JT Biohistory Research Hall, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kanzaki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Ritsuo Nishida
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Chieng ACT, Hee AKW, Wee SL. Involvement of the Antennal and Maxillary Palp Structures in Detection and Response to Methyl Eugenol by Male Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:5142394. [PMID: 30351432 PMCID: PMC6197378 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Handel) is one of the most destructive pests of fruits. The discovery of methyl eugenol (ME) as a potent male attractant for this species has led to its successful use in area-wide fruit fly control programs such as male annihilation. While the antenna is recognized as primarily responsible for male flies' detection of attractants such as ME, little is known of the involvement of the maxillary palp. Using behavioral assays involving males with intact and ablated antennae and maxillary palp structures, we seek to ascertain the relative involvement of the maxillary palp in the ability of the male fly to detect ME. In cage bioassays (distance of ≤40 cm from the source), >97% of unmodified males will normally show a response to ME. Here, we showed that 17.6% of males with their antennae ablated were still attracted to ME versus 75.0% of males with their palps ablated. However, none of the antennae-ablated males were able to detect ME over a distance of >100 cm. Furthermore, wind tunnel bioassays showed that maxillary palp-ablated males took a significantly longer time compared to unablated males to successfully detect and eventually feed on ME. These results suggest that although the antennae are necessary for detection of ME over longer distances, at shorter distances, both antennae and maxillary palps are also involved in detecting ME. Hence, those palps may play a larger role than previously recognized in maneuvering males toward lure sources over shorter ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chui-Ting Chieng
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Alvin Kah-Wei Hee
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Suk-Ling Wee
- Centre of Insect Systematics, School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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