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Liu C, Lin J, Yang H, Li N, Tang L, Neumann D, Ding X, Zhu L. NFAT5 Restricts Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Productive Infection in MDBK Cell Cultures. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0011723. [PMID: 37227295 PMCID: PMC10434061 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00117-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), an important bovine viral pathogen, causes severe disease in the upper respiratory tract and reproductive system. Tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP), also known as nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5), is a pleiotropic stress protein involved in a range of cellular processes. In this study, we showed that the knockdown of NFAT5 by siRNA increased BoHV-1 productive infection and overexpression of NFAT5 via plasmid transfection decreased virus production in bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. Virus productive infection at later stages significantly increased transcription of NFAT5 but not appreciably alter measurable NFAT5 protein levels. Virus infection relocalized NFAT5 protein and decreased the cytosol accumulation. Importantly, we found a subset of NFAT5 resides in mitochondria, and virus infection led to the depletion of mitochondrial NFAT5. In addition to full-length NFAT5, another two isoforms with distinct molecular weights were exclusively detected in the nucleus, where the accumulation was differentially affected following virus infection. In addition, virus infection differentially altered mRNA levels of PGK1, SMIT, and BGT-1, the canonical downstream targets regulated by NFAT5. Taken together, NFAT5 is a potential host factor that restricts BoHV-1 productive infection, and virus infection hijacks NFAT5 signaling transduction by relocalization of NFAT5 molecules in cytoplasm, nucleus, and mitochondria, as well as altered expression of its downstream targets. IMPORTANCE Accumulating studies have revealed that NFAT5 regulates disease development due to infection of numerous viruses, underlying the importance of the host factor in virus pathogenesis. Here, we report that NFAT5 has capacity to restrict BoHV-1 productive infection in vitro. And virus productive infection at later stages may alter NFAT5 signaling pathway as observed by relocalization of NFAT5 protein, reduced accumulation of NFAT5 in cytosol, and differential expression of NFAT5 downstream targets. Importantly, for the first time, we found that a subset of NFAT5 resides in mitochondria, implying that NFAT5 may regulate mitochondrial functions, which will extend our knowledge on NFAT5 biological activities. Moreover, we found two NFAT5 isoforms with distinct molecular weights were exclusively detected in the nucleus, where the accumulation was differentially affected following virus infection, representing a novel regulation mechanism on NFAT5 function in response to BoHV-1infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jiayu Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Hao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ningxi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Linke Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Donna Neumann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xiuyan Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Liqian Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Biomechanical stretch-induced CLOCK upregulation in venous smooth muscle cells promotes phenotypic and functional transformation. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 146:107097. [PMID: 35963524 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.107097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A chronic change in hemodynamic forces might activate the pathophysiological process of maladaptive venous remodeling. Biomechanical stretching stimulates venous smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the media, and biomechanical loads exceeding physiological levels affect the intrinsic circadian rhythm and cellular phenotype. This study aimed to investigate the changes in the expression patterns of circadian clock genes under biomechanical stretching and their role in the regulation of the SMC phenotype. METHODS Circadian genes were detected in venous specimens and venous SMCs from patients with varicose veins (VVs) and patients with autologous vein grafts (normal veins). Molecular mechanism studies of SMC phenotypic switching under biomechanical stretching were performed in human umbilical venous SMCs (HUVSMCs). RESULTS CLOCK upregulation was observed in VVs. The circadian rhythm was disrupted in venous SMCs derived from VVs. In addition, CLOCK expression and cell proliferation and migration were increased in HUVSMCs exposed to biomechanical stretch. CLOCK overexpression activated NF-κB signaling and phenotypic transformation in HUVSMCs, whereas CLOCK depletion had inhibitory effects on these pathways. Further experiments revealed that the CLOCK protein regulates phenotypic and functional transformation via the RHOA/ROCK1 pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that CLOCK is a crucial regulator of the SMC phenotype under mechanical stretch. The CLOCK/RHOA/ROCK1 pathway is important in phenotypic adaptation, and targeting RHOA/ROCK1 could potentially reverse stretch-induced phenotypic switching.
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Laban H, Siegmund S, Zappe M, Trogisch FA, Heineke J, Torre CDL, Fisslthaler B, Arnold C, Lauryn J, Büttner M, Mogler C, Kato K, Adams RH, Kuk H, Fischer A, Hecker M, Kuebler WM, Korff T. NFAT5/TonEBP Limits Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in the Hypoxic Lung by Controlling Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123293. [PMID: 34943801 PMCID: PMC8699676 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia increases the resistance of pulmonary arteries by stimulating their contraction and augmenting their coverage by smooth muscle cells (SMCs). While these responses require adjustment of the vascular SMC transcriptome, regulatory elements are not well defined in this context. Here, we explored the functional role of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5/TonEBP) in the hypoxic lung. Regulatory functions of NFAT5 were investigated in cultured artery SMCs and lungs from control (Nfat5fl/fl) and SMC-specific Nfat5-deficient (Nfat5(SMC)−/−) mice. Exposure to hypoxia promoted the expression of genes associated with metabolism and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in Nfat5(SMC)−/− versus Nfat5fl/fl lungs. In vitro, hypoxia-exposed Nfat5-deficient pulmonary artery SMCs elevated the level of OXPHOS-related transcripts, mitochondrial respiration, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Right ventricular functions were impaired while pulmonary right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was amplified in hypoxia-exposed Nfat5(SMC)−/− versus Nfat5fl/fl mice. Scavenging of mitochondrial ROS normalized the raise in RVSP. Our findings suggest a critical role for NFAT5 as a suppressor of OXPHOS-associated gene expression, mitochondrial respiration, and ROS production in pulmonary artery SMCs that is vital to limit ROS-dependent arterial resistance in a hypoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebatullah Laban
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.Z.); (C.A.); (M.H.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung e.V. (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sophia Siegmund
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.Z.); (C.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Maren Zappe
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.Z.); (C.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Felix A. Trogisch
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (F.A.T.); (J.H.)
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Jörg Heineke
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (F.A.T.); (J.H.)
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Carolina De La Torre
- NGS Core Facility, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Beate Fisslthaler
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany;
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Caroline Arnold
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.Z.); (C.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Jonathan Lauryn
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany; (J.L.); (W.M.K.)
| | - Michael Büttner
- Metabolomics Core Technology Platform, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Carolin Mogler
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany;
| | - Katsuhiro Kato
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.K.); (R.H.A.)
| | - Ralf H. Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.K.); (R.H.A.)
| | - Hanna Kuk
- The Ottawa Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - Andreas Fischer
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.Z.); (C.A.); (M.H.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung e.V. (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M. Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany; (J.L.); (W.M.K.)
| | - Thomas Korff
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.Z.); (C.A.); (M.H.)
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-544131; Fax: +49-6221-544038
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Kappert L, Ruzicka P, Kutikhin A, De La Torre C, Fischer A, Hecker M, Arnold C, Korff T. Loss of Nfat5 promotes lipid accumulation in vascular smooth muscle cells. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21831. [PMID: 34383982 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100682r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5) is a transcriptional regulator of macrophage activation and T-cell development, which controls stabilizing responses of cells to hypertonic and biomechanical stress. In this study, we detected NFAT5 in the media layer of arteries adjacent to human arteriosclerotic plaques and analyzed its role in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) known to contribute to arteriosclerosis through the uptake of lipids and transformation into foam cells. Exposure of both human and mouse VSMCs to cholesterol stimulated the nuclear translocation of NFAT5 and increased the expression of the ATP-binding cassette transporter Abca1, required to regulate cholesterol efflux from cells. Loss of Nfat5 promoted cholesterol accumulation in these cells and inhibited the expression of genes involved in the management of oxidative stress or lipid handling, such as Sod1, Plin2, Fabp3, and Ppard. The functional relevance of these observations was subsequently investigated in mice fed a high-fat diet upon induction of a smooth muscle cell-specific genetic ablation of Nfat5 (Nfat5(SMC)-/- ). Under these conditions, Nfat5(SMC)-/- but not Nfat5fl/fl mice developed small, focal lipid-rich lesions in the aorta after 14 and 25 weeks, which were formed by intracellular lipid droplets deposited in the sub-intimal VSMCs layer. While known for being activated by external stimuli, NFAT5 was found to mediate the expression of VSMC genes associated with the handling of lipids in response to a cholesterol-rich environment. Failure of this protective function may promote the formation of lipid-laden arterial VSMCs and pro-atherogenic vascular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kappert
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Ruzicka
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anton Kutikhin
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Carolina De La Torre
- Center of Medical Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fischer
- Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Arnold
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Korff
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Arnold C, Feldner A, Zappe M, Komljenovic D, De La Torre C, Ruzicka P, Hecker M, Neuhofer W, Korff T. Genetic ablation of NFAT5/TonEBP in smooth muscle cells impairs flow- and pressure-induced arterial remodeling in mice. FASEB J 2018; 33:3364-3377. [PMID: 30383452 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801594r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The arterial wall adapts to alterations in blood flow and pressure by remodeling the cellular and extracellular architecture. Biomechanical stress of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the media is thought to precede this process and promote their activation and subsequent proliferation. However, molecular determinants orchestrating the transcriptional phenotype under these conditions have been insufficiently studied. We identified the transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5; or tonicity enhancer-binding protein) as a crucial regulatory element of mechanical stress responses of VSMCs. Here, the relevance of NFAT5 for arterial growth and thickening is investigated in mice upon inducible smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific genetic ablation of Nfat5. In cultured mouse VSMCs, loss of Nfat5 inhibits the expression of gene sets involved in the control of the cell cycle and the interaction with the extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal dynamics. In vivo, SMC-specific knockout of Nfat5 did not affect the general vascular architecture and blood pressure levels under baseline conditions. However, proliferation of VSMCs and the thickening of the arterial wall were inhibited during both flow-induced collateral remodeling and hypertension-mediated arterial hypertrophy. Whereas originally described as a hypertonicity-responsive transcription factor, these findings identify NFAT5 as a novel molecular determinant of biomechanically induced phenotype changes of VSMCs and wall stress-induced arterial remodeling processes.-Arnold, C., Feldner, A., Zappe, M., Komljenovic, D., De La Torre, C., Ruzicka, P., Hecker, M., Neuhofer, W., Korff, T. Genetic ablation of NFAT5/TonEBP in smooth muscle cells impairs flow- and pressure-induced arterial remodeling in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Arnold
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Feldner
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maren Zappe
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorde Komljenovic
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolina De La Torre
- Center of Medical Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Ruzicka
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Neuhofer
- Medical Clinic V, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Korff
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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He C, Shi W, Li R, Zhang L. [NFAT2 mediates high glucose-induced apoptosis in glomerular podocytes in vitro]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:1270-1276. [PMID: 30377135 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.10.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether hyperglycemia activates NFAT2 in cultured podocytes to cause podocyte apoptosis and explore the role of NFAT2 in high glucose-induced podocyte apoptosis. METHODS Immortalized mouse podocytes were cultured in the presence of normal (5.3 mmol/L) or high glucose (10, 20, 30, and 40 mmol/L) or pretreated with 11R-vivit (100 nmol/L) or cyclosporine A (500 nmol/L) before exposure to 20 mmol/L glucose for different durations (0.5-48 h). The activation of NFAT2 in the podocytes was detected using Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. The role of NFAT2 in hyperglycemia-induced podocyte apoptosis was explored by observing the inhibition of NFAT2 activation by 11R-vivit using flow cytometry. Intracellular Ca2+ was monitored in high glucose-treated podocytes using Fluo-3/AM. The mRNA and protein expressions of the apoptosis gene Bax were detected using real time-qPCR and Western blotting. RESULTS Exposure to high glucose in the medium time- and dose-dependently activated NFAT2 in cultured podocytes. Pretreatment with cyclosporine A or 11R- VIVIT completely blocked nuclear accumulation of NFAT2. Treatment with 11R- vivit also inhibited high glucoseinduced apoptosis in cultured podocytes. Exposure to high glucose obviously increased [Ca2 +]I in the podocytes to cause activation of calcineurin and the subsequent increment of nuclear accumulation of NFAT2 and Bax expression. CONCLUSIONS High glucose-induced apoptosis in podocytes is mediated by calcineurin/NFAT2/Bax signaling pathway, which may serve as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaosheng He
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital//Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital//Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ruizhao Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital//Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital//Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
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