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Reisqs JB, Qu YS, Boutjdir M. Ion channel trafficking implications in heart failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1351496. [PMID: 38420267 PMCID: PMC10899472 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1351496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is recognized as an epidemic in the contemporary world, impacting around 1%-2% of the adult population and affecting around 6 million Americans. HF remains a major cause of mortality, morbidity, and poor quality of life. Several therapies are used to treat HF and improve the survival of patients; however, despite these substantial improvements in treating HF, the incidence of HF is increasing rapidly, posing a significant burden to human health. The total cost of care for HF is USD 69.8 billion in 2023, warranting a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in HF. Among the most serious manifestations associated with HF is arrhythmia due to the electrophysiological changes within the cardiomyocyte. Among these electrophysiological changes, disruptions in sodium and potassium currents' function and trafficking, as well as calcium handling, all of which impact arrhythmia in HF. The mechanisms responsible for the trafficking, anchoring, organization, and recycling of ion channels at the plasma membrane seem to be significant contributors to ion channels dysfunction in HF. Variants, microtubule alterations, or disturbances of anchoring proteins lead to ion channel trafficking defects and the alteration of the cardiomyocyte's electrophysiology. Understanding the mechanisms of ion channels trafficking could provide new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of HF. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in ion channel trafficking in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Reisqs
- Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yongxia Sarah Qu
- Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Cardiology, New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mohamed Boutjdir
- Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Cell Biology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Wauchop M, Rafatian N, Zhao Y, Chen W, Gagliardi M, Massé S, Cox BJ, Lai P, Liang T, Landau S, Protze S, Gao XD, Wang EY, Tung KC, Laksman Z, Lu RXZ, Keller G, Nanthakumar K, Radisic M, Backx PH. Maturation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes in a heart-on-a-chip device enables modeling of dilated cardiomyopathy caused by R222Q-SCN5A mutation. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122255. [PMID: 37651922 PMCID: PMC10942743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
To better understand sodium channel (SCN5A)-related cardiomyopathies, we generated ventricular cardiomyocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells obtained from a dilated cardiomyopathy patient harbouring the R222Q mutation, which is only expressed in adult SCN5A isoforms. Because the adult SCN5A isoform was poorly expressed, without functional differences between R222Q and control in both embryoid bodies and cell sheet preparations (cultured for 29-35 days), we created heart-on-a-chip biowires which promote myocardial maturation. Indeed, biowires expressed primarily adult SCN5A with R222Q preparations displaying (arrhythmogenic) short action potentials, altered Na+ channel biophysical properties and lower contractility compared to corrected controls. Comprehensive RNA sequencing revealed differential gene regulation between R222Q and control biowires in cellular pathways related to sarcoplasmic reticulum and dystroglycan complex as well as biological processes related to calcium ion regulation and action potential. Additionally, R222Q biowires had marked reductions in actin expression accompanied by profound sarcoplasmic disarray, without differences in cell composition (fibroblast, endothelial cells, and cardiomyocytes) compared to corrected biowires. In conclusion, we demonstrate that in addition to altering cardiac electrophysiology and Na+ current, the R222Q mutation also causes profound sarcomere disruptions and mechanical destabilization. Possible mechanisms for these observations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Wauchop
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Naimeh Rafatian
- Division of Cardiology and Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Wenliang Chen
- Division of Cardiology and Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Mark Gagliardi
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Stéphane Massé
- Division of Cardiology and Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada; The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Brian J Cox
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Patrick Lai
- Division of Cardiology and Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada; The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Timothy Liang
- Division of Cardiology and Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada; The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Shira Landau
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Stephanie Protze
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xiao Dong Gao
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Erika Yan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Kelvin Chan Tung
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Zachary Laksman
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6E 1M7, Canada
| | - Rick Xing Ze Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Gordon Keller
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kumaraswamy Nanthakumar
- Division of Cardiology and Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada; The Hull Family Cardiac Fibrillation Management Laboratory, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Milica Radisic
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3E5.
| | - Peter H Backx
- Division of Cardiology and Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada; Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.
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Nagano A, Muto M, Shida J, Kazama I. Amitriptyline intoxication in bullfrogs causes widening of QRS complexes in electrocardiogram. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:175-179. [PMID: 36596558 PMCID: PMC10017290 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amitriptyline intoxication is caused by its suicidal or accidental overdose. In the present study, by intravenously injecting 1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg amitriptyline into bullfrogs, we actually revealed that amitriptyline causes the widening of QRS complexes in electrocardiogram (ECG). In simultaneous recordings of the cardiac action potential, amitriptyline decreased the slope of phase 0 in the action potential, indicating the inhibition of the inward sodium currents during this phase. The following treatment with sodium bicarbonate quickly restored the widened QRS complexes in the ECG, demonstrating the counteraction with the sodium channel blockade caused by amitriptyline. The dual recordings of ECG waveforms and the action potential in cardiomyocytes enabled us to demonstrate the mechanisms of characteristic ECG abnormalities caused by amitriptyline intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amu Nagano
- School of Nursing, Miyagi University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mizuki Muto
- School of Nursing, Miyagi University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Junko Shida
- Department of Life Sciences, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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Ikeuchi Y, Ochi H, Motoda C, Tokuyama T, Okubo Y, Okamura S, Miyauchi S, Miyamoto S, Uotani Y, Onohara Y, Nakashima M, Akiyama R, Tahara H, Chayama K, Kihara Y, Nakano Y. Plasma MicroRNAs as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers in patients with Brugada syndrome. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261390. [PMID: 35617207 PMCID: PMC9135283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brugada syndrome (BrS) can be diagnosed by a type 1 BrS tracing in a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). However, there are daily variations in the ECGs of BrS patients, which presents a challenge when diagnosing BrS. Although many susceptibility genes have been identified, the SCN5A gene is reportedly the main causative gene of BrS. However, most patients do not have an evidence of genetic predisposition to develop BrS. In addition, the diagnosis and risk stratification for ventricular fibrillation (VF) in patients with BrS presents some problems. Meanwhile, circulating micro RNAs (miRNAs) have drawn increased attention as potential biomarkers of various diseases. We hypothesize that circulating miRNAs may be potential diagnostic biomarkers for BrS. METHODS We enrolled 70 Japanese BrS patients and 34 controls for the screening cohort. A total of 2,555 miRNA sequences were detected using the 3D-Gene miRNAs labeling kit and 3D-Gene Human miRNAs Oligo Chip. We compared the expression of the miRNAs between the BrS patients and the controls. We validated whether the miRNA were significantly up- or downregulated in the screening cohort using RT-PCR. We also enrolled 72 Japanese BrS patients and 56 controls to replicate these miRNAs. RESULTS Eight miRNAs (hsa-miR-223-3p, hsa-miR-22-3p, hsa-miR-221-3p, hsa-miR-4485-5p, hsa-miR-550a-5p, hsa-miR-423-3p, hsa-miR-23a-3p, and hsa-miR-30d-5p) were downregulated, and one miRNA (hsa-miR-873-3p) was upregulated by more than 3-fold in BrS patients. The multivariate logistic regression analysis determined that hsa-miR-423-3p, hsa-miR-223-3p, and hsa-miR-23a-3p were independently associated with BrS (P < 0.0001). The AUC based on cross validation was 0.871 with a sensitivity and specificity of 83.5% and 81.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The plasma miRNAs are potential noninvasive biomarkers of BrS, and the constructed logistic model was useful for discriminating BrS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ikeuchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ochi
- Department of Health Management, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chikaaki Motoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takehito Tokuyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yousaku Okubo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sho Okamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Miyauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shogo Miyamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukimi Uotani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Onohara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mika Nakashima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Rie Akiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tahara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuki Kihara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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Attard A, Stanniland C, Attard S, Iles A, Rajappan K. Brugada syndrome: should we be screening patients before prescribing psychotropic medication? Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2022; 12:20451253211067017. [PMID: 35111298 PMCID: PMC8801628 DOI: 10.1177/20451253211067017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) presents with a characteristic electrocardiogram (ECG) and is associated with sudden cardiac death. Until now, prolongation of QTc interval and its association with Torsade de Pointe and possible fatal arrhythmia have been the focus of routine baseline ECGs before prescribing psychotropic medication. A semi-systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed. The terms 'Brugada', 'Brugada Syndrome' AND 'psychotropic' 'antipsychotic' 'antidepressant' 'mood stabilisers' 'clozapine' 'Tricyclic Antidepressants' 'Lithium' were searched. From a search that delivered over 200 articles, 82 articles were included. Those that included details around causative medication, doses of medication and where clear timeline on drug cause were included. Where clarification was needed, the manufacturer of the medication was contacted directly. Psychotropic medication can be associated with BrS, Brugada phenocopy or unmasking of BrS, in overdose or in normal doses. Our results include a table summarising a number of psychotropic overdoses that led to BrS unmasking. Routine screening for BrS in patients before prescribing psychotropic medication is a natural extension of the baseline ECG currently routinely done to rule out QTc prolongation. Psychiatrists need to invest in ensuring better skills in interpreting ECGs and work closer with cardiologists in interpreting ECGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizah Attard
- Department of Pharmacy, West London NHS Trust, Southall UB1 3EUN2 PCN, Virtually Healthcare, London
| | | | - Stephen Attard
- Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew Iles
- Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Leatherhead, UK
| | - Kim Rajappan
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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Chen Y, Huang Y, Bai J, Liu C, Ma S, Li J, Lu X, Fu Z, Fang L, Li Y, Zhang J. Effects of Allicin on Late Sodium Current Caused by ΔKPQ-SCN5A Mutation in HEK293 Cells. Front Physiol 2021; 12:636485. [PMID: 33854440 PMCID: PMC8039306 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.636485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim was to study the effect of Allitridum (Allicin) on the heterologous expression of the late sodium current on the ΔKPQ-SCN5A mutations in HEK293 cells, with a view to screening new drugs for the treatment of long QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3). Methods and Results The ΔKPQ-SCN5A plasmid was transiently transferred into HEK293 cells by liposome technology and administered by extracellular perfusion, and the sodium current was recorded by whole-cell patch-clamp technology. Application of Allicin 30 μM reduced the late sodium current (INa,L) of the Nav1.5 channel current encoded by ΔKPQ-SCN5A from 1.92 ± 0.12 to 0.65 ± 0.03 pA/pF (P < 0.01, n = 15), which resulted in the decrease of INa,L/INa,P (from 0.94% ± 0.04% to 0.32% ± 0.02%). Furthermore, treatment with Allicin could move the steady-state inactivation of the channel to a more negative direction, resulting in an increase in channel inactivation at the same voltage, which reduced the increase in the window current and further increased the inactivation of the channel intermediate state. However, it had no effect on channel steady-state activation (SSA), inactivation mechanics, and recovery dynamics after inactivation. What’s more, the Nav1.5 channel protein levels of membrane in the ΔKPQ-SCN5A mutation were enhanced from 0.49% ± 0.04% to 0.76% ± 0.02% with the effect of 30 mM Allicin, close to 0.89% ± 0.02% of the WT. Conclusion Allicin reduced the late sodium current of ΔKPQ-SCN5A, whose mechanism may be related to the increase of channel steady-state inactivation (SSI) and intermediate-state inactivation (ISI) by the drug, thus reducing the window current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medicine College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Gerontology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbin Liu
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Zihao Fu
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medicine College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiancheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medicine College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Zheng Y, Wan X, Yang D, Ramirez-Navarro A, Liu H, Fu JD, Deschênes I. A Heart Failure-Associated SCN5A Splice Variant Leads to a Reduction in Sodium Current Through Coupled-Gating With the Wild-Type Channel. Front Physiol 2021; 12:661429. [PMID: 33828490 PMCID: PMC8019726 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.661429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nav1.5, encoded by the gene SCN5A, is the predominant voltage-gated sodium channel expressed in the heart. It initiates the cardiac action potential and thus is crucial for normal heart rhythm and function. Dysfunctions in Nav1.5 have been involved in multiple congenital or acquired cardiac pathological conditions such as Brugada syndrome (BrS), Long QT Syndrome Type 3, and heart failure (HF), all of which can lead to sudden cardiac death (SCD) - one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Our lab has previously reported that Nav1.5 forms dimer channels with coupled gating. We also found that Nav1.5 BrS mutants can exert a dominant-negative (DN) effect and impair the function of wildtype (WT) channels through coupled-gating with the WT. It was previously reported that reduction in cardiac sodium currents (INa), observed in HF, could be due to the increased expression of an SCN5A splice variant - E28D, which results in a truncated sodium channel (Nav1.5-G1642X). In this study, we hypothesized that this SCN5A splice variant leads to INa reduction in HF through biophysical coupling with the WT. We showed that Nav1.5-G1642X is a non-functional channel but can interact with the WT, resulting in a DN effect on the WT channel. We found that both WT and the truncated channel Nav1.5-G1642X traffic at the cell surface, suggesting biophysical coupling. Indeed, we found that the DN effect can be abolished by difopein, an inhibitor of the biophysical coupling. Interestingly, the sodium channel polymorphism H558R, which has beneficial effect in HF patients, could also block the DN effect. In summary, the HF-associated splice variant Nav1.5-G1642X suppresses sodium currents in heart failure patients through a mechanism involving coupled-gating with the wildtype sodium channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Xiaoping Wan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Dandan Yang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Angelina Ramirez-Navarro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ji-Dong Fu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Isabelle Deschênes
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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