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de Abreu RM, Cairo B, Porta A. On the significance of estimating cardiorespiratory coupling strength in sports medicine. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 2:1114733. [PMID: 36926078 PMCID: PMC10013023 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.1114733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The estimation of cardiorespiratory coupling (CRC) is attracting interest in sports physiology as an important tool to characterize cardiac neural regulation genuinely driven by respiration. When applied in sports medicine, cardiorespiratory coupling measurements can provide information on the effects of training, pre-competition stress, as well as cardiovascular adjustments during stressful stimuli. Furthermore, since the cardiorespiratory coupling is strongly affected by physical activity, the study of the cardiorespiratory coupling can guide the application of specific training methods to optimize the coupling between autonomic activity and heart with possible effects on performance. However, a consensus about the physiological mechanisms, as well as methodological gold standard methods to quantify the cardiorespiratory coupling, has not been reached yet, thus limiting its application in experimental settings. This review supports the relevance of assessing cardiorespiratory coupling in the sports medicine, examines the possible physiological mechanisms involved, and lists a series of methodological approaches. cardiorespiratory coupling strength seems to be increased in athletes when compared to sedentary subjects, in addition to being associated with positive physiological outcomes, such as a possible better interaction of neural subsystems to cope with stressful stimuli. Moreover, cardiorespiratory coupling seems to be influenced by specific training modalities, such as inspiratory muscle training. However, the impact of cardiorespiratory coupling on sports performance still needs to be better explored through ad hoc physical exercise tests and protocols. In addition, this review stresses that several bivariate and multivariate methods have been proposed to assess cardiorespiratory coupling, thus opening new possibilities in estimating cardiorespiratory interactions in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Martins de Abreu
- Department of Physiotherapy, LUNEX University, International University of Health, Exercise & Sports S.A., Differdange, Luxembourg
- LUNEX ASBL Luxembourg Health & Sport Sciences Research Institute, Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - Beatrice Cairo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Porta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
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Gąsior JS, Zamunér AR, Madeyska M, Tomik A, Niszczota C, Williams CA, Werner B. Heart Rate Variability in Individuals with Down Syndrome: A Scoping Review with Methodological Considerations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:941. [PMID: 36673696 PMCID: PMC9859252 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20020941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) present similar heart rate variability (HRV) parameters at rest but different responses to selected movement maneuvers in comparison to individuals without DS, which indicates reduced vagal regulation. The present study undertakes a scoping review of research on HRV in individuals with DS, with special attention paid to the compliance of the studies with standards and methodological paper guidelines for HRV assessment and interpretation. A review was performed using PubMed, Web of Science and CINAHL databases to search for English language publications from 1996 to 2020 with the MESH terms "heart rate variability" and "down syndrome", with the additional inclusion criteria of including only human participants and empirical investigations. From 74 studies, 15 were included in the review. None of the reviewed studies met the recommendations laid out by the standards and guidelines for providing the acquisition of RR intervals and necessary details on HRV analysis. Since authors publishing papers on this research topic do not adhere to the prescribed standards and guidelines when constructing the methodology, results of the research papers on the topic are not directly comparable. Authors need to design the study methodology more robustly by following the aforementioned standards, guidelines and recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub S. Gąsior
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Margaret Madeyska
- Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics Clinic, Jan Polikarp Brudziński Pediatric Hospital, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Tomik
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Niszczota
- Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics Clinic, Jan Polikarp Brudziński Pediatric Hospital, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Craig A. Williams
- Children’s Health & Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Bożena Werner
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
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Rosoł M, Młyńczak M, Cybulski G. Granger causality test with nonlinear neural-network-based methods: Python package and simulation study. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 216:106669. [PMID: 35151111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Causality defined by Granger in 1969 is a widely used concept, particularly in neuroscience and economics. As there is an increasing interest in nonlinear causality research, a Python package with a neural-network-based causality analysis approach was created. It allows performing causality tests using neural networks based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), or Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). The aim of this paper is to present the nonlinear method for causality analysis and the created Python package. METHODS The created functions with the autoregressive (AR) and Generalized Radial Basis Functions (GRBF) neural network models were tested on simulated signals in two cases: with nonlinear dependency and with absence of causality from Y to X signal. The train-test split (70/30) was used. Errors obtained on the test set were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to determine the presence of the causality. For the chosen model, the proposed method of study the change of causality over time was presented. RESULTS In the case when X was a polynomial of Y, nonlinear methods were able to detect the causality, while the AR model did not manage to indicate it. The best results (in terms of the prediction accuracy) were obtained for the MLP for the lag of 150 (MSE equal to 0.011, compared to 0.041 and 0.036 for AR and GRBF, respectively). When there was no causality between the signals, none of the proposed and AR models did indicate false causality, while it was detected by GRBF models in one case. Only the proposed models gave the expected results in each of the tested scenarios. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method appeared to be superior to the compared methods. They were able to detect non-linear causality, make accurate forecasting and not indicate false causality. The created package enables easy usage of neural networks to study the causal relationship between signals. The neural-networks-based approach is a suitable method that allows the detection of a nonlinear causal relationship, which cannot be detected by the classical Granger method. Unlike other similar tools, the package allows for the study of changes in causality over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Rosoł
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcel Młyńczak
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gerard Cybulski
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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Gąsior JS, Rosoł M, Młyńczak M, Flatt AA, Hoffmann B, Baranowski R, Werner B. Reliability of Symbolic Analysis of Heart Rate Variability and Its Changes During Sympathetic Stimulation in Elite Modern Pentathlon Athletes: A Pilot Study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:829887. [PMID: 35295583 PMCID: PMC8918944 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.829887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Most studies on heart rate variability (HRV) in professional athletes concerned linear, time-, and frequency-domain indices, and there is lack of studies on non-linear parameters in this group. The study aimed to determine the inter-day reliability, and group-related and individual changes of short-term symbolic dynamics (SymDyn) measures during sympathetic nervous system activity (SNSa) stimulation among elite modern pentathletes. Methods Short-term electrocardiographic recordings were performed in stable measurement conditions with a 7-day interval between tests. SNSa stimulation via isometric handgrip strength test was conducted on the second day of study. The occurrence rate of patterns without variations (0V), with one variation (1V), two like (2LV), and two unlike variations (2UV) obtained using three approaches (the Max–min, the σ, and the Equal-probability methods) were analyzed. Relative and absolute reliability were evaluated. Results All SymDyn indices obtained using the Max–min method, 0V, and 2UV obtained using the σ method, 2UV obtained using the Equal-probability method presented acceptable inter-day reliability (the intraclass correlation coefficient between .91 and .99, Cohen’s d between −.08 and .10, the within-subject coefficient of variation between 4% and 22%). 2LV, 2UV, and 0V obtained using the Max–min and σ methods significantly decreased and increased, respectively, during SNSa stimulation—such changes were noted for all athletes. There was no significant association between differences in SymDyn parameters and respiratory rate in stable conditions and while comparing stable conditions and SNSa stimulation. Conclusion SymDyn indices may be used as reliable non-respiratory-associated parameters in laboratory settings to detect autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity modulations in elite endurance athletes. These findings provide a potential solution for addressing the confounding influence of respiration frequency on HRV-derived inferences of cardiac autonomic function. For this reason, SymDyn may prove to be preferable for field-based monitoring where measurements are unsupervised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub S. Gąsior
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Jakub S. Gąsior,
| | - Maciej Rosoł
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcel Młyńczak
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrew A. Flatt
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, GA, United States
| | - Bartosz Hoffmann
- Physiotherapy Division, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Baranowski
- Department of Heart Rhythm Disorders, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Werner
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Młyńczak M, Krysztofiak H. Respiratory Activity during Exercise: A Feasibility Study on Transition Point Estimation Using Impedance Pneumography. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21186233. [PMID: 34577438 PMCID: PMC8473346 DOI: 10.3390/s21186233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The current diagnostic procedures for assessing physiological response to exercise comprise blood lactates measurements, ergospirometry, and electrocardiography. The first is not continuous, the second requires specialized equipment distorting natural breathing, and the last is indirect. Therefore, we decided to perform the feasibility study with impedance pneumography as an alternative technique. We attempted to determine points in respiratory-related signals, acquired during stress test conditions, that suggest a transition similar to the gas exchange threshold. In addition, we analyzed whether or not respiratory activity reaches steady states during graded exercise. Forty-four students (35 females), practicing sports on different levels, performed a graded exercise test until exhaustion on cycloergometer. Eventually, the results from 34 of them were used. The data were acquired with Pneumonitor 2. The signals demonstrated that the steady state phenomenon is not as evident as for heart rate. The results indicated respiratory rate approaches show the transition point at the earliest (more than 6 min before the end of the exercise test on average), and the tidal volume ones at the latest (less than 5 min). A combination gave intermediate findings. The results showed the impedance pneumography appears reasonable for the transition point estimation, but this should be further studied with the reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Młyńczak
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Hubert Krysztofiak
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
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Hoffmann B, Flatt AA, Silva LEV, Młyńczak M, Baranowski R, Dziedzic E, Werner B, Gąsior JS. A Pilot Study of the Reliability and Agreement of Heart Rate, Respiratory Rate and Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Elite Modern Pentathlon Athletes. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E833. [PMID: 33081149 PMCID: PMC7602793 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on reliability of heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in athletes has received increasing attention. The aims of this study were to examine the inter-day reliability of short-term (5 min) and ultra-short-term (1 min) heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RespRate) and HRV parameters, agreement between short-term and ultra-short-term parameters, and association between differences in HR, RespRate and HRV parameters in elite modern pentathletes. Electrocardiographic recordings were performed in stable measurement conditions with a week interval between tests. Relative reliability was evaluated by intra-class correlation coefficients, absolute reliability was evaluated by within-subject coefficient of variation, and agreement was evaluated using Bland-Altman (BA) plot with limits of agreement and defined a priori maximum acceptable difference. Short-term HR, RespRate, log transformed (ln) root mean square of successive normal-to-normal interval differences (lnRMSSD), ln high frequency (lnHF) and SD2/SD1 HRV indices and ultra-short-term HR, RespRate and lnRMSSD presented acceptable, satisfactory inter-day reliability. Although there were no significant differences between short-term and ultra-short-term HR, RespRate and lnRMSSD, no parameter showed acceptable differences with BA plots. Differences in time-domain and non-linear HRV parameters were more correlated with differences in HR than with differences in RespRate. Inverse results were observed for frequency-domain parameters. Short-term HR, RespRate, lnRMSSD, lnHF, and SD2/SD1 and ultra-short-term HR, RespRate and lnRMSSD could be used as reliable parameters in endurance athletes. However, practitioners should interpret changes in HRV parameters with regard to concomitant differences in HR and RespRate and caution should be taken before considering 5 min and 1 min parameters as interchangeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Hoffmann
- Physiotherapy Division, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Andrew A. Flatt
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, GA 31419, USA;
| | - Luiz Eduardo Virgilio Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine of Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Marcel Młyńczak
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Rafał Baranowski
- Department of Heart Rhythm Disorders, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Dziedzic
- Medical Faculty, Lazarski University in Warsaw, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Bożena Werner
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jakub S. Gąsior
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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Uryumtsev DY, Gultyaeva VV, Zinchenko MI, Baranov VI, Melnikov VN, Balioz NV, Krivoschekov SG. Effect of Acute Hypoxia on Cardiorespiratory Coherence in Male Runners. Front Physiol 2020; 11:630. [PMID: 32714198 PMCID: PMC7340006 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of oxygen supply regulation, which involves the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, during human adaptation to intense physical activity, accompanied by hypoxemia, is important for the management of a training process. The objectives of this study were to investigate the cardiorespiratory coherence (CRC) changes in the low-frequency band in response to hypoxic exposure and to verify a dependence of these changes upon sports qualification level in athletes. Twenty male runners aged 17-25 years were exposed to acute normobaric hypoxia (10% O2) for 10 min. Respiration, gas exchange, and heart rate were measured at baseline, during hypoxia, and after the exposure. To evaluate cardiorespiratory coupling, squared coherence was calculated based on 5-s averaged time series of heart and respiratory rhythms. Based on sports qualification level achieved over 4 years after the experimental testing, athletes were retrospectively divided into two groups, one high level (HLG, n = 10) and the other middle level (MLG, n = 10). No differences in anthropometric traits were observed between the groups. In the pooled group, acute hypoxia significantly increased CRC at frequencies 0.030-0.045 Hz and 0.075 Hz. In response to hypoxia, oxygen consumption decreased in HLG, and carbon dioxide production and ventilation increased in MLG. At 0.070-0.080 Hz frequencies in hypoxia, the CRC in HLG was higher than in MLG. Thus, highly qualified athletes enhance intersystem integration in response to hypoxia. This finding can be a physiological sign for the prognosis of qualification level in runners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina V. Gultyaeva
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Laborde S, Lentes T, Hosang TJ, Borges U, Mosley E, Dosseville F. Influence of Slow-Paced Breathing on Inhibition After Physical Exertion. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1923. [PMID: 31507488 PMCID: PMC6715106 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aims to investigate whether slow-paced breathing (SPB) improves adaptation to psychological stress, and specifically inhibition, when it is performed before or after physical exertion (PE). According to the resonance model, SPB is expected to increase cardiac vagal activity (CVA). Further, according to the neurovisceral integration model, CVA is positively linked to executive cognitive performance, and would thus play a role in the adaptation to psychological stress. We hypothesized that SPB, in comparison to a control condition, will induce a better adaptation to psychological stress, measured via better inhibitory performance. Two within-subject experiments were conducted with athletes: in the first experiment (N = 60) SPB (or control – neutral TV documentary) was realized before PE (“relax before PE”), and in the second experiment (N = 60) SPB (or the watching TV control) was realized after PE (“relax after PE”). PE consisted of 5 min Burpees, a physical exercise involving the whole body. In both experiments the adaptation to psychological stress was investigated with a Stroop task, a measure of inhibition, which followed PE. Perceived stress increased during PE (partial η2 = 0.63) and during the Stroop task (partial η2 = 0.08), and decreased during relaxation (partial η2 = 0.15), however, no effect of condition was found. At the physiological level PE significantly increased HR, RF, and decreased CVA [operationalized in this research via the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD)] in both experiments. Further, the number of errors in the incongruent category (Stroop interference accuracy) was found to be lower in the SPB condition in comparison to the control condition, however, these results were not mediated by RMSSD. Additionally, the Stroop interference [reaction times (RTs)] was found to be lower overall in “relax before PE,” however, no effect was found regarding SPB and Stroop interference (RTs). Overall, our results suggest that SPB realized before or after PE has a positive effect regarding adaptation to psychological stress and specifically inhibition, however, the underlying mechanisms require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Laborde
- Department of Performance Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Normandie Université, UFR STAPS, EA 4260, Cesams, Caen, France
| | - Theresa Lentes
- Department of Performance Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas J Hosang
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Helmut Schmidt University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uirassu Borges
- Department of Performance Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Emma Mosley
- Southampton Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrice Dosseville
- Normandie Université, UMR-S 1075 COMETE, Caen, France.,INSERM, UMR-S 1075 COMETE, Caen, France
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Młyńczak M, Kołodziejczyk A, Krysztofiak H, Ambroszkiewicz G, Żyliński M, Cybulski G. Cardiorespiratory profiling during simulated lunar mission using impedance pneumography. Biomed Signal Process Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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