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Zota IM, Ghiciuc CM, Cojocaru DC, Dima-Cozma CL, Leon MM, Gavril RS, Roca M, Costache AD, Maștaleru A, Anghel L, Stătescu C, Sascău RA, Mitu F. Changes in Arterial Stiffness in Response to Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7602. [PMID: 38137671 PMCID: PMC10743779 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12247602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial stiffness naturally increases with age and is a known predictor of cardiovascular morbimortality. Blood flow restriction (BFR) training involves decreasing muscle blood flow by applying a strap or a pneumatic cuff during exercise. BFR induces muscle hypertrophy even at low intensities, making it an appealing option for older, untrained individuals. However, BFR use in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities is limited by the increased pressor and chronotropic response observed in hypertensive elderly patients. Furthermore, the impact of BFR on vascular function remains unclear. We conducted a comprehensive literature review according to PRISMA guidelines, summarizing available data on the acute and long-term consequences of BFR training on vascular function. Although evidence is still scarce, it seems that BFR has a mild or neutral long-term impact on arterial stiffness. However, current research shows that BFR can cause an abrupt, albeit transient, increase in PWV and central blood pressure. BFR and, preferably, lower-body BFR, should be prescribed with caution in older populations, especially in hypertensive patients who have an exacerbated muscle metaboreflex pressor response. Longer follow-up studies are required to assess the chronic effect of BFR training on arterial stiffness, especially in elderly patients who are usually unable to tolerate high-intensity resistance exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Mădălina Zota
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iași, Romania; (I.M.Z.); (C.L.D.-C.); (M.M.L.); (R.S.G.); (M.R.); (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (R.A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc
- Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algeziology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iași, Romania
| | - Doina Clementina Cojocaru
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iași, Romania; (I.M.Z.); (C.L.D.-C.); (M.M.L.); (R.S.G.); (M.R.); (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (R.A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Corina Lucia Dima-Cozma
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iași, Romania; (I.M.Z.); (C.L.D.-C.); (M.M.L.); (R.S.G.); (M.R.); (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (R.A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Maria Magdalena Leon
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iași, Romania; (I.M.Z.); (C.L.D.-C.); (M.M.L.); (R.S.G.); (M.R.); (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (R.A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Radu Sebastian Gavril
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iași, Romania; (I.M.Z.); (C.L.D.-C.); (M.M.L.); (R.S.G.); (M.R.); (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (R.A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Mihai Roca
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iași, Romania; (I.M.Z.); (C.L.D.-C.); (M.M.L.); (R.S.G.); (M.R.); (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (R.A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Alexandru Dan Costache
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iași, Romania; (I.M.Z.); (C.L.D.-C.); (M.M.L.); (R.S.G.); (M.R.); (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (R.A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Alexandra Maștaleru
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iași, Romania; (I.M.Z.); (C.L.D.-C.); (M.M.L.); (R.S.G.); (M.R.); (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (R.A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Larisa Anghel
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iași, Romania; (I.M.Z.); (C.L.D.-C.); (M.M.L.); (R.S.G.); (M.R.); (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (R.A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Cristian Stătescu
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iași, Romania; (I.M.Z.); (C.L.D.-C.); (M.M.L.); (R.S.G.); (M.R.); (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (R.A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Radu Andy Sascău
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iași, Romania; (I.M.Z.); (C.L.D.-C.); (M.M.L.); (R.S.G.); (M.R.); (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (R.A.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Florin Mitu
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iași, Romania; (I.M.Z.); (C.L.D.-C.); (M.M.L.); (R.S.G.); (M.R.); (A.D.C.); (A.M.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (R.A.S.); (F.M.)
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Romania, Ion C. Brătianu Boulevard No 1, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
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Wizenberg AM, Gonzalez-Rojas D, Rivera PM, Proppe CE, Laurel KP, Stout JR, Fukuda DH, Billaut F, Keller JL, Hill EC. Acute Effects of Continuous and Intermittent Blood Flow Restriction on Sprint Interval Performance and Muscle Oxygen Responses. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e546-e554. [PMID: 37639655 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wizenberg, AM, Gonzalez-Rojas, D, Rivera, PM, Proppe, CE, Laurel, KP, Stout, JR, Fukuda, DH, Billaut, F, Keller, JL, and Hill, EC. Acute effects of continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction on sprint interval performance and muscle oxygen responses. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): e546-e554, 2023-This investigation aimed to examine the acute effects of continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction (CBFR and IBFR, respectively) during sprint interval training (SIT) on muscle oxygenation, sprint performance, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Fifteen men (22.6 ± 2.4 years; 176 ± 6.3 cm; 80.0 ± 12.6 kg) completed in random order a SIT session with CBFR, IBFR (applied during rest), and no blood flow restriction (NoBFR). Each SIT session consisted of two 30-second all-out sprint tests separated by 2 minutes. Peak power (PP), total work (TW), sprint decrement score (S dec ), RPE, and muscle oxygenation were measured during each sprint. A p value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. PP decreased to a greater extent from sprint 1 to sprint 2 during CBFR (25.5 ± 11.9%) and IBFR (23.4 ± 9.3%) compared with NoBFR (13.4 ± 8.6%). TW was reduced similarly (17,835.6 ± 966.2 to 12,687.2 ± 675.2 J) from sprint 1 to sprint 2 for all 3 conditions, but TW was lower (collapsed across time) for CBFR (14,320.7 ± 769.1 J) than IBFR (15,548.0 ± 840.5 J) and NoBFR (15,915.4 ± 771.5 J). There were no differences in S dec (84.3 ± 1.7%, 86.1 ± 1.5%, and 87.2 ± 1.1% for CBFR, IBFR, and NoBFR, respectively) or RPE, which increased from sprint 1 (8.5 ± 0.3) to sprint 2 (9.7 ± 0.1). Collective muscle oxygenation responses increased across time and were similar among conditions, whereas increases in deoxy[heme] and total[heme] were greatest for CBFR. Applying BFR during SIT induced greater decrements in PP, and CBFR resulted in greater decrements in work across repeated sprints. The larger increases in deoxy[heme] and total[heme] for CBFR suggested it may induce greater metabolite accumulation than IBFR and NoBFR when combined with SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Wizenberg
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David Gonzalez-Rojas
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Paola M Rivera
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Christopher E Proppe
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Kaliegh P Laurel
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jeffery R Stout
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David H Fukuda
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | | | - Joshua L Keller
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology, Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; and
| | - Ethan C Hill
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
- Florida Space Institute, Partnership I, Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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Biral TM, de Souza Cavina AP, Junior EP, Filho CATT, Vanderlei FM. Effects of remote ischemic conditioning on conditioned pain modulation and cardiac autonomic modulation in women with knee osteoarthritis: placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial protocol. Trials 2023; 24:502. [PMID: 37550703 PMCID: PMC10405415 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is estimated that over 240 million people worldwide have osteoarthritis, which is a major contributor to chronic pain and central changes in pain processing, including endogenous pain modulation. The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in the pain regulatory process. One of the main mechanisms of remote ischemic conditioning is neuronal signaling from the preconditioned extremity to the heart. This study aims to analyze the acute effect of remote ischemic conditioning on local pain, conditioned pain modulation, and cardiac autonomic control in women with knee osteoarthritis and to see if there is a correlation between them. METHODS Women more than 50 years with knee osteoarthritis diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria in the postmenopausal period will be considered eligible. The study will have blind randomization, be placebo-controlled, and be balanced in a 1:1 ratio. The total of 44 participants will be divided into two groups (22 participants per group): (i) remote ischemic conditioning and (ii) placebo remote ischemic conditioning. Protocol consisting of four cycles of total ischemia, followed immediately by four cycles of 5 min of vascular reperfusion, totaling 40 min. The primary outcomes in the protocol are conditioned pain modulation, which has the pressure pain threshold (kgf/cm2) as its primary outcome measure, and cardiac autonomic modulation, which has the indices found in heart rate variability as its primary outcome measure. Comparisons will be performed using generalized linear mixed models fitted to the data. For correlation, the Pearson or Spearman test will be used depending on the normality of the data. All analyses will assume a significance level of p < 0.05. DISCUSSION It is believed that the results of this study will present a new perspective on the interaction between the pain processing system and the cardiovascular system; they will provide the professional and the patient with a greater guarantee of cardiovascular safety in the use of the intervention; it will provide knowledge about acute responses and this will allow future chronic intervention strategies that aim to be used in the clinical environment, inserted in the multimodal approach, for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05059652. Registered on 30 August 2021. Last update on 28 March 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taíse Mendes Biral
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
| | - Allysiê Priscilla de Souza Cavina
- Postgraduate Program in Physiotherapy, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pizzo Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Toledo Teixeira Filho
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Franciele Marques Vanderlei
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
- Department of Physiotherapy, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
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Watson R, Sullivan B, Stone A, Jacobs C, Malone T, Heebner N, Noehren B. Blood Flow Restriction Therapy: An Evidence-Based Approach to Postoperative Rehabilitation. JBJS Rev 2022; 10:01874474-202210000-00001. [PMID: 36191086 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.22.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
➢ Blood flow restriction therapy (BFRT) involves the application of a pneumatic tourniquet cuff to the proximal portion of the arm or leg. This restricts arterial blood flow while occluding venous return, which creates a hypoxic environment that induces many physiologic adaptations. ➢ BFRT is especially useful in postoperative rehabilitation because it produces muscular hypertrophy and strength gains without the need for heavy-load exercises that are contraindicated after surgery. ➢ Low-load resistance training with BFRT may be preferable to low-load or high-load training alone because it leads to comparable increases in strength and hypertrophy, without inducing muscular edema or increasing pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Watson
- University of Kentucky, Department of Physical Therapy, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Breanna Sullivan
- University of Kentucky, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Austin Stone
- University of Kentucky, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Cale Jacobs
- University of Kentucky, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Terry Malone
- University of Kentucky, Department of Physical Therapy, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Nicholas Heebner
- University of Kentucky, Sports Medicine Research Institute, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Brian Noehren
- University of Kentucky, Department of Physical Therapy, Lexington, Kentucky
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Krzysztofik M, Zygadło D, Trybek P, Jarosz J, Zając A, Rolnick N, Wilk M. Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction and Ocular Health: A Brief Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164881. [PMID: 36013119 PMCID: PMC9410392 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the many health benefits of resistance training, it has been suggested that high-intensity resistance exercise is associated with acute increases in intraocular pressure which is a significant risk factor for the development of glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Therefore, resistance training using a variety of forms (e.g., resistance bands, free weights, weight machines, and bodyweight) may be harmful to patients with or at risk of glaucoma. An appropriate solution for such people may involve the combination of resistance training and blood flow restriction (BFR). During the last decade, the BFR (a.k.a. occlusion or KAATSU training) method has drawn great interest among health and sports professionals because of the possibility for individuals to improve various areas of fitness and performance at lower exercise intensities. In comparison to studies evaluating the efficiency of BFR in terms of physical performance and body composition changes, there is still a paucity of empirical studies concerning safety, especially regarding ocular health. Although the use of BFR during resistance training seems feasible for glaucoma patients or those at risk of glaucoma, some issues must be investigated and resolved. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the available scientific data describing the influence of resistance training combined with BFR on ocular physiology and points to further directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Dorota Zygadło
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Paulina Trybek
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Jakub Jarosz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Michał Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
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Das A, Paton B. Is There a Minimum Effective Dose for Vascular Occlusion During Blood Flow Restriction Training? Front Physiol 2022; 13:838115. [PMID: 35464074 PMCID: PMC9024204 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.838115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood flow restriction (BFR) training at lower exercise intensities has a range of applications, allowing subjects to achieve strength and hypertrophy gains matching those training at high intensity. However, there is no clear consensus on the percentage of limb occlusion pressure [%LOP, expressed as a % of the pressure required to occlude systolic blood pressure (SBP)] and percentage of one repetition max weight (%1RM) required to achieve these results. This review aims to explore what the optimal and minimal combination of LOP and 1RM is for significant results using BFR. Method A literature search using PubMed, Scopus, Wiley Online, Springer Link, and relevant citations from review papers was performed, and articles assessed for suitability. Original studies using BFR with a resistance training exercise intervention, who chose a set %LOP and %1RM and compared to a non-BFR control were included in this review. Result Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. %LOP ranged from 40 to 150%. %1RM used ranged from 15 to 80%. Training at 1RM ≤20%, or ≥ 80% did not produce significant strength results compared to controls. Applying %LOP of ≤50% and ≥ 80% did not produce significant strength improvement compared to controls. This may be due to a mechanism mediated by lactate accumulation, which is facilitated by increased training volume and a moderate exercise intensity. Conclusion Training at a minimum of 30 %1RM with BFR is required for strength gains matching non-BFR high intensity training. Moderate intensity training (40-60%1RM) with BFR may produce results exceeding non-BFR high intensity however the literature is sparse. A %LOP of 50-80% is optimal for BFR training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Das
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Health, Department of Medical Sciences, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Paton
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Health, Department of Medical Sciences, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
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Freitas EDS, Karabulut M, Bemben MG. The Evolution of Blood Flow Restricted Exercise. Front Physiol 2021; 12:747759. [PMID: 34925056 PMCID: PMC8674694 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.747759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of blood flow restricted (BFR) exercise has become an accepted alternative approach to improve skeletal muscle mass and function and improve cardiovascular function in individuals that are not able to or do not wish to use traditional exercise protocols that rely on heavy loads and high training volumes. BFR exercise involves the reduction of blood flow to working skeletal muscle by applying a flexible cuff to the most proximal portions of a person’s arms or legs that results in decreased arterial flow to the exercising muscle and occluded venous return back to the central circulation. Safety concerns, especially related to the cardiovascular system, have not been consistently reported with a few exceptions; however, most researchers agree that BFR exercise can be a relatively safe technique for most people that are free from serious cardiovascular disease, as well as those with coronary artery disease, and also for people suffering from chronic conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s, and osteoarthritis. Potential mechanisms to explain the benefits of BFR exercise are still mostly speculative and may require more invasive studies or the use of animal models to fully explore mechanisms of adaptation. The setting of absolute resistive pressures has evolved, from being based on an individual’s systolic blood pressure to a relative measure that is based on various percentages of the pressures needed to totally occlude blood flow in the exercising limb. However, since several other issues remain unresolved, such as the actual external loads used in combination with BFR, the type of cuff used to induce the blood flow restriction, and whether the restriction is continuous or intermittent, this paper will attempt to address these additional concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D S Freitas
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Murat Karabulut
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Michael G Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
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Gapper KS, Stevens S, Antoni R, Hunt J, Allison SJ. Acute Response of Sclerostin to Whole-body Vibration with Blood Flow Restriction. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:1174-1181. [PMID: 33975366 PMCID: PMC8635793 DOI: 10.1055/a-1422-3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow restriction may augment the skeletal response to whole-body vibration. This study used a randomised, crossover design to investigate the acute response of serum sclerostin and bone turnover biomarkers to whole-body vibration with blood flow restriction. Ten healthy males (mean±standard deviation; age: 27±8 years) completed two experimental conditions separated by 7 days: (i) whole-body vibration (10 1-minute bouts of whole-body vibration with 30 s recovery) or (ii) whole-body vibration with lower-body blood flow restriction (10 cycles of 110 mmHg inflation with 30 s deflation during recovery). Fasting blood samples were obtained immediately before and immediately after exercise, then 1 hour, and 24 hours after exercise. Serum samples were analysed for sclerostin, cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase. There was a significant time × condition interaction for bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (p=0.003); bone-specific alkaline phosphatase values at 24 hours post-exercise were significantly higher following whole-body vibration compared to combined whole-body vibration and blood flow restriction (p=0.028). No significant time × condition interaction occurred for any other outcome measure (p>0.05). These findings suggest that a single session of whole-body vibration combined with blood flow restriction does not significantly affect serum sclerostin or bone turnover biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Gapper
- Department of Bioscience & Medicine, University of Surrey,
Guildford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sally Stevens
- Department of Bioscience & Medicine, University of Surrey,
Guildford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Rona Antoni
- Department of Bioscience & Medicine, University of Surrey,
Guildford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Julie Hunt
- Department of Bioscience & Medicine, University of Surrey,
Guildford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sarah J Allison
- Department of Bioscience & Medicine, University of Surrey,
Guildford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Jarosz J, Trybulski R, Krzysztofik M, Tsoukos A, Filip-Stachnik A, Zajac A, Bogdanis GC, Wilk M. The Effects of Ischemia During Rest Intervals on Bar Velocity in the Bench Press Exercise With Different External Loads. Front Physiol 2021; 12:715096. [PMID: 34447318 PMCID: PMC8383203 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.715096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute effects of ischemia used during rest periods on bar velocity changes during the bench press exercise at progressive loads, from 20 to 90% of 1RM. Ten healthy resistance trained men volunteered for the study (age = 26.3 ± 4.7 years; body mass = 89.8 ± 6.3 kg; bench press 1RM = 142.5 ± 16.9 kg; training experience = 7.8 ± 2.7 years). During the experimental sessions the subjects performed the bench press exercise under two different conditions, in a randomized and counterbalanced order: (a) ischemia condition, with ischemia applied before the first set and during every rest periods between sets, and (b) control condition where no ischemia was applied. During each experimental session eight sets of the bench press exercise were performed, against loads starting from 20 to 90% 1RM, increased progressively by 10% in each subsequent set. A 3-min rest interval between sets was used. For ischemia condition the cuffs was applied 3 min before the first set and during every rest period between sets. Ischemia was released during exercise. The cuff pressure was set to ∼80% of full arterial occlusion pressure. The two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant interaction effect for peak bar velocity (p = 0.04) and for mean bar velocity (p = 0.01). There was also a statistically significant main effect of condition for peak bar velocity (p < 0.01) but not for mean bar velocity (p = 0.25). The post hoc analysis for interaction showed significantly higher peak bar velocity for the ischemia condition compared to control at a load of 20% 1RM (p = 0.007) and at a load of 50% 1RM (p = 0.006). The results of the present study indicate that ischemia used before each set even for a brief duration of <3 min, has positive effects on peak bar velocity at light loads, but it is insufficient to induce such effect on higher loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jarosz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Trybulski
- Department of Medical Sciences, The Wojciech Korfanty School of Economics, Katowice, Poland.,Provita Zory Medical Center, Zory, Poland
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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10
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Escalante G, Stevenson SW, Barakat C, Aragon AA, Schoenfeld BJ. Peak week recommendations for bodybuilders: an evidence based approach. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:68. [PMID: 34120635 PMCID: PMC8201693 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bodybuilding is a competitive endeavor where a combination of muscle size, symmetry, "conditioning" (low body fat levels), and stage presentation are judged. Success in bodybuilding requires that competitors achieve their peak physique during the day of competition. To this end, competitors have been reported to employ various peaking interventions during the final days leading to competition. Commonly reported peaking strategies include altering exercise and nutritional regimens, including manipulation of macronutrient, water, and electrolyte intake, as well as consumption of various dietary supplements. The primary goals for these interventions are to maximize muscle glycogen content, minimize subcutaneous water, and reduce the risk abdominal bloating to bring about a more aesthetically pleasing physique. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of evidence to support the commonly reported practices employed by bodybuilders during peak week. Hence, the purpose of this article is to critically review the current literature as to the scientific support for pre-contest peaking protocols most commonly employed by bodybuilders and provide evidence-based recommendations as safe and effective strategies on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Escalante
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University- San Bernardino, CA San Bernardino, USA
| | | | - Christopher Barakat
- Competitive Breed LLC, FL Tampa, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, The University of Tampa, FL Tampa, USA
| | - Alan A. Aragon
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University- Northridge, Los Angeles, CA USA
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11
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Cerqueira MS, Maciel DG, Barboza JAM, Centner C, Lira M, Pereira R, De Brito Vieira WH. Effects of low-load blood flow restriction exercise to failure and non-failure on myoelectric activity: a meta-analysis. J Athl Train 2021; 57:402-417. [PMID: 34038945 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0603.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the short- and long-term effects of low load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) versus low- (LL-RT) or high-load (HL-RT) resistance training with free blood flow on myoelectric activity, and investigate the differences between failure and non-failure protocols. DATA SOURCE We identified sources by searching the MEDLINE/PUBMED, CINAHL, WEB OF SCIENCE, CENTRAL, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus, and PEDro electronic databases. STUDY SELECTION We screened titles and abstracts of 1048 articles using our inclusion criteria. A total of 39 articles were selected for further analysis. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of each study and extracted data from studies. A meta-analytic approach was used to compute standardized mean differences (SMD ± 95% confidence intervals (CI)). Subgroup analyses were conducted for both failure or non-failure protocols. DATA SYNTHESIS The search identified n = 39 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Regarding the short-term effects, LL-BFR increased muscle excitability compared with LL-RT during non-failure exercises (SMD 0.61, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.88), whereas HL-RT increased muscle excitability compared with LL-BFR regardless of voluntary failure (SMD -0.61, 95% CI -1.01 to 0.21) or not (SMD -1.13, CI -1.94 to -0.33). Concerning the long-term effects, LL-BFR increased muscle excitability compared with LL-RT during exercises performed to failure (SMD 1.09, CI 0.39 to 1.79). CONCLUSIONS Greater short-term muscle excitability levels are observed in LL-BFR than LL-RT during non-failure protocols. Conversely, greater muscle excitability is present during HL-RT compared with LL-BFR, regardless of volitional failure. Furthermore, LL-BFR performed to failure increases muscle excitability in the long-term compared with LL-RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Santos Cerqueira
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
| | - Daniel Germano Maciel
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
| | - Jean Artur Mendonça Barboza
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
| | - Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Praxisklinik Rennbahn, Muttenz, Switzerland,
| | - Maria Lira
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
| | - Rafael Pereira
- Integrative Physiology Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié, Bahia, Brazil,
| | - Wouber Hérickson De Brito Vieira
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
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12
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Schwiete C, Franz A, Roth C, Behringer M. Effects of Resting vs. Continuous Blood-Flow Restriction-Training on Strength, Fatigue Resistance, Muscle Thickness, and Perceived Discomfort. Front Physiol 2021; 12:663665. [PMID: 33859576 PMCID: PMC8042206 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.663665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to clarify whether blood-flow restriction during resting intervals [resting blood-flow restriction (rBFR)] is comparable to a continuous BFR (cBFR) training regarding its effects on maximum strength, hypertrophy, fatigue resistance, and perceived discomfort. Materials and Methods: Nineteen recreationally trained participants performed four sets (30-15-15-15 repetitions) with 20% 1RM on a 45° leg press twice a week for 6 weeks (cBFR, n = 10; rBFR, n = 9). Maximum strength, fatigue resistance, muscle thickness, and girth were assessed at three timepoints (pre, mid, and post). Subjective pain and perceived exertion were determined immediately after training at two timepoints (mid and post). Results: Maximum strength (p < 0.001), fatigue resistance (p < 0.001), muscle thickness (p < 0.001), and girth (p = 0.008) increased in both groups over time with no differences between groups (p > 0.05). During the intervention, the rBFR group exposed significantly lower perceived pain and exertion values compared to cBFR (p < 0.05). Discussion: Resting blood-flow restriction training led to similar gains in strength, fatigue resistance, and muscle hypertrophy as cBFR training while provoking less discomfort and perceived exertion in participants. In summary, rBFR training could provide a meaningful alternative to cBFR as this study showed similar functional and structural changes as well as less discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schwiete
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Franz
- Department of Adult Reconstruction, ATOS Orthoparc Clinic Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Roth
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Behringer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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13
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Amorim S, Rolnick N, Schoenfeld BJ, Aagaard P. Low-intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction and arterial stiffness in humans: A systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:498-509. [PMID: 33283322 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Low-intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction exercise is an emerging type of exercise recognition worldwide. This systematic review evaluated the effects of low-intensity resistance exercise performed with concurrent blood flow restriction (LIRE-BFR) on acute and chronic measures of arterial stiffness in humans. A systematic search in six healthcare science databases and reference lists was conducted. Data selected for primary analysis consisted of post-intervention changes in arterial stiffness markers. This systematic review included randomized and non-randomized controlled trials of LIRE-BFR in humans. 156 articles were initially identified, 15 of which met inclusion criteria. Ten studies were excluded because they did not match predefined arterial stiffness markers. Thus, five articles were included in this review: two acute studies (N = 39 individuals, age = 20-30 years old, 30.8% women and 69.2% men) and three longitudinal studies (N = 51 individuals, age = 24-86-years old, 41.2% women and 58.8% men). Acute LIRE-BFR demonstrated both positive and negative effects on arterial stiffness in healthy young people. In contrast, longitudinal studies reported neutral effects in healthy young and older people. In conclusion, LIRE-BFR applied to the upper and lower limbs may acutely induce increases in central blood pressure and pulse wave velocity in healthy young people, whereas LIRE-BFR for the lower limbs may elicit positive effects related to indirect markers of arterial stiffness. Moreover, longitudinal LIRE-BFR studies showed no changes in arterial stiffness in young and older people. Hence, LIRE-BFR should be prescribed with a degree of caution to avoid non-intended responses in arterial stiffness markers in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Amorim
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Rolnick
- Department of Health Sciences, Lehman College, CUNY, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Per Aagaard
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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14
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Freitas EDS, Galletti BRA, Koziol KJ, Miller RM, Heishman AD, Black CD, Bemben D, Bemben MG. The Acute Physiological Responses to Traditional vs. Practical Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise in Untrained Men and Women. Front Physiol 2020; 11:577224. [PMID: 33117195 PMCID: PMC7552431 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.577224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the acute physiological responses of traditional and practical blood flow restriction resistance exercise (tBFR and pBFR, respectively) and high- and low-load resistance exercise without BFR (HL and LL, respectively), as well as the potential sex differences within the aforementioned exercise methods. Fourteen men and fifteen women randomly completed the following experimental conditions: (1) tBFR, consisting of four sets of 30-15-15-15 repetitions of the bilateral horizontal leg press and knee extension exercises, at 30% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM), with a 13.5 cm wide pneumatic cuff placed at the most proximal portion of each thigh and inflated to a pressure equivalent to 50% of the participant’s total occlusion pressure; (2) pBFR, which was the same as the tBFR condition, except that an elastic band wrapped around the proximal portion of each thigh at a tightness of 7 on a 0 to 10 perceived pressure scale was used to reduce blood flow; (3) LL, same as the tBFR and pBFR protocols, except that no BFR was applied; and (4) HL, consisting of 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 80% of 1-RM, with the same 1-min rest interval between sets and a 3-min rest period between exercises. At baseline, immediately post-, 5 min post-, and 15 min post-exercise, whole-blood lactate (WBL), indices of muscle swelling (muscle thickness and thigh circumference), hematocrit and plasma volume changes, were measured as well as superficial electromyography (sEMG) amplitude during exercise. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences between the tBFR and pBFR exercise protocols for any of the physiological parameters assessed. However, significantly greater (p < 0.05) WBL and sEMG values were observed for HL compared to the remaining exercise conditions. Finally, males displayed greater WBL levels than females at 15 min post-exercise. Interestingly, males also displayed significantly (p < 0.05) greater sEMG amplitude than females within the low-load trials during leg press, but no significant (p < 0.05) sex differences were observed during knee extension. In conclusion, tBFR and pBFR seemed to be capable of inducing the same acute physiological responses. Furthermore, males displayed greater responses than females for some of the physiological parameters measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D S Freitas
- Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Bianca R A Galletti
- Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Karolina J Koziol
- Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Ryan M Miller
- Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Aaron D Heishman
- Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Christopher D Black
- Sensory and Muscle Function Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Debra Bemben
- Bone Density Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Michael G Bemben
- Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
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15
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Lee S, Zhou J, Liu T, Letsas KP, Hothi SS, Vassiliou VS, Li G, Baranchuk A, Sy RW, Chang D, Zhang Q, Tse G. Temporal Variability in Electrocardiographic Indices in Subjects With Brugada Patterns. Front Physiol 2020; 11:953. [PMID: 33013434 PMCID: PMC7494959 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with Brugada electrocardiographic (ECG) patterns have differing levels of arrhythmic risk. We hypothesized that temporal variations in certain ECG markers may provide additional value for risk stratification. The present study evaluated the relationship between temporal variability of ECG markers and arrhythmic outcomes in patients with a Brugada pattern ECG. Comparisons were made between low-risk asymptomatic subjects versus high-risk symptomatic patients with a history of syncope, ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). Methods A total of 81 patients presenting with Brugada patterns were recruited. Serial ECGs and electronic health records from January 2004 to April 2019 were analyzed. Temporal variability of QRS interval, J point-Tpeak interval (JTp), Tpeak-Tend interval (Tp-e), and ST elevation (STe) in precordial leads V1-3, in addition to RR-interval from lead II, was assessed using standard deviation and difference between maximum and minimum values over the serial ECGs. Results Patients presenting with type 1 Brugada ECG pattern initially had significantly higher variability in JTp from lead V2 (SD: 33.5 ± 13.8 vs. 25.2 ± 11.5 ms, P = 0.009; max-min: 98.6 ± 46.2 vs. 78.3 ± 47.6 ms, P = 0.047) and ST elevation in lead V1 (0.117 ± 0.122 vs. 0.053 ± 0.030 mV; P = 0.004). Significantly higher variability in Tp-e interval measured from lead V3 was observed in the VT/VF group compared to the syncope and asymptomatic groups (SD: 20.5 ± 8.5 vs. 16.6 ± 7.3 and 14.7 ± 9.8 ms; P = 0.044; max-min: 70.2 ± 28.9 vs. 56.3 ± 29.0 and 43.5 ± 28.5 ms; P = 0.011). Conclusion Temporal variability in ECG indices may provide additional value for risk stratification in patients with Brugada pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharen Lee
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiandong Zhou
- School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Konstantinos P Letsas
- Second Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sandeep S Hothi
- Heart and Lung Centre, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilios S Vassiliou
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guoliang Li
- Arrhythmia Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Adrian Baranchuk
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond W Sy
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dong Chang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingpeng Zhang
- School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary Tse
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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16
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Ferreira-Júnior JB, Freitas EDS, Chaves SFN. Exercise: A Protective Measure or an "Open Window" for COVID-19? A Mini Review. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:61. [PMID: 33345052 PMCID: PMC7739719 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread to at least 115 countries and caused an alarming number of deaths. The current outbreak has lead authorities from many countries to adopt several protective measures, including lockdown and social distancing. Although being a reasonable measure to counteract the COVID-19 contamination, the restrictive measures have limited individual's ability to perform exercise outdoors or in gyms and similar facilities, thus raising the risks for chronic health conditions related to a sedentary lifestyle. The recent exercise recommendations to counteract the potential deleterious effects of COVID-19-related lockdown have not fully addressed resistance exercise interventions as potential home-based exercise strategies. Additionally, the following questions have been constantly raised: (1) Is training status capable of protecting an individual from COVID-19 infection?; and (2) Can a single endurance or resistance exercise session acutely increase the risks for COVID-19 infection? Therefore, the current mini review aimed to focus on these two concerns, as well as to discuss the potential use of practical blood flow restriction and no load resistance training as possible resistance exercise strategies that could be performed during the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo D. S. Freitas
- Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Suene F. N. Chaves
- Department of Sports, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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