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Kerkis I, da Silva ÁP, Araldi RP. The impact of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and mesenchymal stem cell-derived IL-6 on neurological conditions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1400533. [PMID: 39015561 PMCID: PMC11249726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1400533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a versatile cytokine crucial for immune response modulation, inflammation regulation, and various physiological processes in the body. Its wide-ranging functions underscore its importance in maintaining health. Dysregulated IL-6 is closely associated with many diseases, making it a key research and therapeutic target. Elevated IL-6 levels in the central nervous system worsen neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases by activating microglia and astrocytes and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic molecules. Moreover, dysregulated IL-6 weakens the blood-brain barrier, exacerbating neuroinflammation and neuronal damage by allowing peripheral immune cells and inflammatory mediators to enter the brain. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show promise in modulating neuroinflammation by regulating IL-6 levels. They effectively suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, while promoting anti-inflammatory factors. This therapeutic approach highlights the importance of targeting IL-6 and other inflammatory mediators to alleviate neuroinflammation and its adverse effects on neurological disorders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of IL-6's involvement in neurological disorders, examining endogenous IL-6 and IL-6 derived from MSCs. We explore IL-6's mechanisms affecting neuronal function, survival, and immune modulation in the central nervous system. Additionally, we discuss the potential of MSC-derived IL-6 in neuroregeneration and neuroprotection. By elucidating IL-6's interplay with neurological pathologies, this review offers insights into novel therapeutic strategies targeting IL-6 signaling pathways for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kerkis
- Genetics Laboratory, Center of Development and Innovation, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Prieto da Silva
- Genetics Laboratory, Center of Development and Innovation, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- BioDecision Analytics Ltda., São Paulo, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program in Structural and Functional Biology, Paulista School of Medicine Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Di Ludovico A, La Bella S, Ciarelli F, Chiarelli F, Breda L, Mohn A. Skeletal muscle as a pro- and anti-inflammatory tissue: insights from children to adults and ultrasound findings. J Ultrasound 2024:10.1007/s40477-024-00917-5. [PMID: 38907089 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-024-00917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Previously regarded as a movement and posture control agent, the skeletal muscle is now recognized as an endocrine organ that may affect systemic inflammation and metabolic health. The discovery of myokines such as IL-6, released from skeletal muscle in response to physical exercise, is now one of the most recent insights. Myokines are the mediators of the balance between the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. This underscores the muscle function as a determinant of good health and prevention of diseases. Advances in ultrasound technology improved evaluation of muscle thickness, composition, and determining fat distribution. Combining imaging with molecular biology, researchers discovered the complicated interplay between muscle function, cytokine production and general health effects.The production of myokines with exercise showcasing the adaptability of muscles to high-stress conditions and contributing to metabolism and inflammation regulation. These findings have significant implications in order to provide improvement in metabolic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luciana Breda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Angelika Mohn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Herrera-Martínez AD, Navas Romo A, León-Idougourram S, Muñoz-Jiménez C, Rodríguez-Alonso R, Manzano García G, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Casado-Diaz A, Gálvez-Moreno MÁ, Molina Puertas MJ, Jurado Roger A. Systemic Inflammation in Oncologic Patients Undergoing Systemic Treatment and Receiving Whey Protein-Based Nutritional Support. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5821. [PMID: 38892006 PMCID: PMC11171732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence about the role of inflammation in sarcopenia and tumor progression; thus, its modulation would represent a valuable strategy for improving clinical outcomes in patients with cancer. Several studies have reported that whey protein has significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics in humans. We aimed to evaluate the effects of whey protein-based oral nutritional support on circulating cytokines in patients with solid tumors undergoing systemic treatment. Forty-six patients with solid tumors of different origin and undergoing systemic treatment were evaluated. Nutritional support with two daily whey protein-based oral supplements was administered. Circulating levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MCP-1 and IP-10 were determined. Nutritional evaluation included anthropometric, instrumental and biochemical parameters. Over 63% of the evaluated patients underwent surgery, 56.5% required chemotherapy and almost 50% received combined treatment. Patients with resected primary tumor presented with lower baseline IL-6 (p < 0.05) and IP-10 (p < 0.001); after three months of nutritional support, they presented with lower IL-8 (p < 0.05) and tended to present lower IL-6 and IP-10 (p = 0.053 and 0.067, respectively). Significant positive correlations between circulating cytokines, C-reactive protein and ferritin were observed; similarly, negative correlations with anthropometric and biochemical nutritional parameters were noticed (p < 0.05). We did not observe significant changes in circulating cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MCP-1 and IP-10) in patients with cancer undergoing systemic treatment after three months of nutritional support with whey protein-based oral supplements. According to a univariate analysis in our cohort, circulating IL-8 was associated with mortality in these patients, additionally, MCP-1 and IP-10 tended to correlate; but an age- and sex-adjusted multivariate analysis revealed that only baseline MCP-1 was significantly associated with mortality (OR 1.03 (95% CI: 1.00-1.05)). In conclusion, surgery of the primary solid tumor and combination treatment allow significant reduction in circulating cytokine levels, which remained stable while patients received nutritional support with whey protein-based oral supplements over three months. The role of MCP-1 as an independent factor for mortality in these patients should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura D. Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain (S.L.-I.); (C.M.-J.); (M.C.-C.); (M.J.M.P.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Navas Romo
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain (S.L.-I.); (C.M.-J.); (M.C.-C.); (M.J.M.P.)
- Clinical Immunology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Soraya León-Idougourram
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain (S.L.-I.); (C.M.-J.); (M.C.-C.); (M.J.M.P.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Concepción Muñoz-Jiménez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain (S.L.-I.); (C.M.-J.); (M.C.-C.); (M.J.M.P.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rosa Rodríguez-Alonso
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain (S.L.-I.); (C.M.-J.); (M.C.-C.); (M.J.M.P.)
- Medical Oncology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gregorio Manzano García
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain (S.L.-I.); (C.M.-J.); (M.C.-C.); (M.J.M.P.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marta Camacho-Cardenosa
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain (S.L.-I.); (C.M.-J.); (M.C.-C.); (M.J.M.P.)
| | - Antonio Casado-Diaz
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain (S.L.-I.); (C.M.-J.); (M.C.-C.); (M.J.M.P.)
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08003 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain (S.L.-I.); (C.M.-J.); (M.C.-C.); (M.J.M.P.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María José Molina Puertas
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain (S.L.-I.); (C.M.-J.); (M.C.-C.); (M.J.M.P.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aurora Jurado Roger
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain (S.L.-I.); (C.M.-J.); (M.C.-C.); (M.J.M.P.)
- Clinical Immunology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Stella R, Bonadio RS, Cagnin S, Andreotti R, Massimino ML, Bertoli A, Peggion C. Secreted Metabolome of ALS-Related hSOD1(G93A) Primary Cultures of Myocytes and Implications for Myogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:2751. [PMID: 38067180 PMCID: PMC10706027 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron (MN) disease associated with progressive muscle atrophy, paralysis, and eventually death. Growing evidence demonstrates that the pathological process leading to ALS is the result of multiple altered mechanisms occurring not only in MNs but also in other cell types inside and outside the central nervous system. In this context, the involvement of skeletal muscle has been the subject of a few studies on patients and ALS animal models. In this work, by using primary myocytes derived from the ALS transgenic hSOD1(G93A) mouse model, we observed that the myogenic capability of such cells was defective compared to cells derived from control mice expressing the nonpathogenic hSOD1(WT) isoform. The correct in vitro myogenesis of hSOD1(G93A) primary skeletal muscle cells was rescued by the addition of a conditioned medium from healthy hSOD1(WT) myocytes, suggesting the existence of an in trans activity of secreted factors. To define a dataset of molecules participating in such safeguard action, we conducted comparative metabolomic profiling of a culture medium collected from hSOD1(G93A) and hSOD1(WT) primary myocytes and report here an altered secretion of amino acids and lipid-based signaling molecules. These findings support the urgency of better understanding the role of the skeletal muscle secretome in the regulation of the myogenic program and mechanisms of ALS pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Stella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Cagnin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy (S.C.)
- CIR-Myo Myology Center, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Andreotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy (A.B.)
| | - Maria Lina Massimino
- Neuroscience Institute, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Bertoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy (A.B.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Caterina Peggion
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy (S.C.)
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