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Xue M, Sofer L, Simon V, Arvy N, Diop M, Lion R, Beucher G, Bordat A, Tilsner J, Gallois J, German‐Retana S. AtHVA22a, a plant-specific homologue of Reep/DP1/Yop1 family proteins is involved in turnip mosaic virus propagation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13466. [PMID: 38767756 PMCID: PMC11104427 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The movement of potyviruses, the largest genus of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses responsible for serious diseases in crops, is very complex. As potyviruses developed strategies to hijack the host secretory pathway and plasmodesmata (PD) for their transport, the goal of this study was to identify membrane and/or PD-proteins that interact with the 6K2 protein, a potyviral protein involved in replication and cell-to-cell movement of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Using split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid assays, we screened an Arabidopsis cDNA library for interactors of TuMV6K2. We isolated AtHVA22a (Hordeum vulgare abscisic acid responsive gene 22), which belongs to a multigenic family of transmembrane proteins, homologous to Receptor expression-enhancing protein (Reep)/Deleted in polyposis (DP1)/Yop1 family proteins in animal and yeast. HVA22/DP1/Yop1 family genes are widely distributed in eukaryotes, but the role of HVA22 proteins in plants is still not well known, although proteomics analysis of PD fractions purified from Arabidopsis suspension cells showed that AtHVA22a is highly enriched in a PD proteome. We confirmed the interaction between TuMV6K2 and AtHVA22a in yeast, as well as in planta by using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and showed that TuMV6K2/AtHVA22a interaction occurs at the level of the viral replication compartment during TuMV infection. Finally, we showed that the propagation of TuMV is increased when AtHVA22a is overexpressed in planta but slowed down upon mutagenesis of AtHVA22a by CRISPR-Cas9. Altogether, our results indicate that AtHVA22a plays an agonistic effect on TuMV propagation and that the C-terminal tail of the protein is important in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuo Xue
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Luc Sofer
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Vincent Simon
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Nathalie Arvy
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Mamoudou Diop
- UR 1052, INRAe, GAFL Domaine St MauriceMontfavet CedexFrance
| | - Roxane Lion
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Guillaume Beucher
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Amandine Bordat
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
- Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | | | - Sylvie German‐Retana
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
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Blekemolen MC, Cao L, Tintor N, de Groot T, Papp D, Faulkner C, Takken FLW. The primary function of Six5 of Fusarium oxysporum is to facilitate Avr2 activity by together manipulating the size exclusion limit of plasmodesmata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:910594. [PMID: 35968143 PMCID: PMC9373983 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.910594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens produce effector proteins to manipulate their hosts. While most effectors act autonomously, some fungal effectors act in pairs and rely on each other for function. During the colonization of the plant vasculature, the root-infecting fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) produces 14 so-called Secreted in Xylem (SIX) effectors. Two of these effector genes, Avr2 (Six3) and Six5, form a gene pair on the pathogenicity chromosome of the tomato-infecting Fo strain. Avr2 has been shown to suppress plant defense responses and is required for full pathogenicity. Although Six5 and Avr2 together manipulate the size exclusion limit of plasmodesmata to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of Avr2, it is unclear whether Six5 has additional functions as well. To investigate the role of Six5, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing Six5. Notably, increased susceptibility during the early stages of infection was observed in these Six5 lines, but only to Fo strains expressing Avr2 and not to wild-type Arabidopsis-infecting Fo strains lacking this effector gene. Furthermore, neither PAMP-triggered defense responses, such as ROS accumulation and callose deposition upon treatment with Flg22, necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1-like protein (NLP), or chitosan, nor susceptibility to other plant pathogens, such as the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae or the fungus Verticilium dahlia, were affected by Six5 expression. Further investigation of the ability of the Avr2/Six5 effector pair to manipulate plasmodesmata (PD) revealed that it not only permits cell-to-cell movement of Avr2, but also facilitates the movement of two additional effectors, Six6 and Six8. Moreover, although Avr2/Six5 expands the size exclusion limit of plasmodesmata (i.e., gating) to permit the movement of a 2xFP fusion protein (53 kDa), a larger variant, 3xFP protein (80 kDa), did not move to the neighboring cells. The PD manipulation mechanism employed by Avr2/Six5 did not involve alteration of callose homeostasis in these structures. In conclusion, the primary function of Six5 appears to function together with Avr2 to increase the size exclusion limit of plasmodesmata by an unknown mechanism to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of Fo effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila C. Blekemolen
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Science (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lingxue Cao
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Science (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nico Tintor
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Science (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tamara de Groot
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Science (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diana Papp
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Science (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Isolation of Plasmodesmata Membranes for Lipidomic and Proteomic Analysis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2457:189-207. [PMID: 35349141 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are membranous intercellular nanochannels crossing the plant cell wall to connect adjacent cells in plants. Our understanding of PD function heavily relies on the identification of their molecular components, these being proteins or lipids. In that regard, proteomic and lipidomic analyses of purified PD represent a crucial strategy in the field. Here we describe a simple two-step purification procedure that allows isolation of pure PD-derived membranes from Arabidopsis suspension cells suitable for "omic" approaches. The first step of this procedure consists on isolating pure cell walls containing intact PD, followed by a second step which involves an enzymatic degradation of the wall matrix to release PD membranes. The PD-enriched fraction can then serve to identify the lipid and protein composition of PD using lipidomic and proteomic approaches, which we also describe in this method article.
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Abstract
In plants, plasmodesmata (PD) are plasmamembrane-lined pores that traverse the cell wall to establish cytoplasmic and endomembrane continuity between neighboring cells. As intercellular channels, PD play pivotal roles in plant growth and development, defense responses, and are also co-opted by viruses to spread cell-to-cell to establish systemic infection. Proteomic analyses of PD-enriched fractions may provide critical insights on plasmodesmal biology and PD-mediated virus-host interactions. However, it is difficult to isolate PD from plant tissues as they are firmly embedded in the cell wall. Here, we describe a protocol for the purification of PD from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves for proteomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong He
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A Bernards
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada.
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Godel-Jędrychowska K, Kulińska-Łukaszek K, Kurczyńska E. Similarities and Differences in the GFP Movement in the Zygotic and Somatic Embryos of Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:649806. [PMID: 34122474 PMCID: PMC8194063 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.649806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular signaling during embryo patterning is not well understood and the role of symplasmic communication has been poorly considered. The correlation between the symplasmic domains and the development of the embryo organs/tissues during zygotic embryogenesis has only been described for a few examples, including Arabidopsis. How this process occurs during the development of somatic embryos (SEs) is still unknown. The aim of these studies was to answer the question: do SEs have a restriction in symplasmic transport depending on the developmental stage that is similar to their zygotic counterparts? The studies included an analysis of the GFP distribution pattern as expressed under diverse promoters in zygotic embryos (ZEs) and SEs. The results of the GFP distribution in the ZEs and SEs showed that 1/the symplasmic domains between the embryo organs and tissues in the SEs was similar to those in the ZEs and 2/the restriction in symplasmic transport in the SEs was correlated with the developmental stage and was similar to the one in their zygotic counterparts, however, with the spatio-temporal differences and different PDs SEL value between these two types of embryos.
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Intercellular trafficking via plasmodesmata: molecular layers of complexity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:799-816. [PMID: 32920696 PMCID: PMC7897608 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are intercellular pores connecting together most plant cells. These structures consist of a central constricted form of the endoplasmic reticulum, encircled by some cytoplasmic space, in turn delimited by the plasma membrane, itself ultimately surrounded by the cell wall. The presence and structure of plasmodesmata create multiple routes for intercellular trafficking of a large spectrum of molecules (encompassing RNAs, proteins, hormones and metabolites) and also enable local signalling events. Movement across plasmodesmata is finely controlled in order to balance processes requiring communication with those necessitating symplastic isolation. Here, we describe the identities and roles of the molecular components (specific sets of lipids, proteins and wall polysaccharides) that shape and define plasmodesmata structural and functional domains. We highlight the extensive and dynamic interactions that exist between the plasma/endoplasmic reticulum membranes, cytoplasm and cell wall domains, binding them together to effectively define plasmodesmata shapes and purposes.
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Pankratenko AV, Atabekova AK, Morozov SY, Solovyev AG. Membrane Contacts in Plasmodesmata: Structural Components and Their Functions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:531-544. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920050028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Grison MS, Kirk P, Brault ML, Wu XN, Schulze WX, Benitez-Alfonso Y, Immel F, Bayer EM. Plasma Membrane-Associated Receptor-like Kinases Relocalize to Plasmodesmata in Response to Osmotic Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:142-160. [PMID: 31300470 PMCID: PMC6716232 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata act as key elements in intercellular communication, coordinating processes related to plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses. While many of the developmental, biotic, and abiotic signals are primarily perceived at the plasma membrane (PM) by receptor proteins, plasmodesmata also cluster receptor-like activities; whether these two pathways interact is currently unknown. Here, we show that specific PM-located Leu-rich-repeat receptor-like-kinases, Qiān Shŏu kinase (QSK1) and inflorescence meristem kinase2, which under optimal growth conditions are absent from plasmodesmata, rapidly relocate and cluster to the pores in response to osmotic stress. This process is remarkably fast, is not a general feature of PM-associated proteins, and is independent of sterol and sphingolipid membrane composition. Focusing on QSK1, previously reported to be involved in stress responses, we show that relocalization in response to mannitol depends on QSK1 phosphorylation. Loss-of-function mutation in QSK1 results in delayed lateral root (LR) development, and the mutant is affected in the root response to mannitol stress. Callose-mediated plasmodesmata regulation is known to regulate LR development. We found that callose levels are reduced in the qsk1 mutant background with a root phenotype resembling ectopic expression of PdBG1, an enzyme that degrades callose at the pores. Both the LR and callose phenotypes can be complemented by expression of wild-type and phosphomimic QSK1 variants, but not by phosphodead QSK1 mutant, which fails to relocalize at plasmodesmata. Together, the data indicate that reorganization of receptor-like-kinases to plasmodesmata is important for the regulation of callose and LR development as part of the plant response to osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali S Grison
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Philip Kirk
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Marie L Brault
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Xu Na Wu
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Françoise Immel
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
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Jimenez-Jimenez S, Santana O, Lara-Rojas F, Arthikala MK, Armada E, Hashimoto K, Kuchitsu K, Salgado S, Aguirre J, Quinto C, Cárdenas L. Differential tetraspanin genes expression and subcellular localization during mutualistic interactions in Phaseolus vulgaris. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219765. [PMID: 31437164 PMCID: PMC6705802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia association with plants are two of the most successful plant-microbe associations that allow the assimilation of P and N by plants, respectively. These mutualistic interactions require a molecular dialogue, i.e., legume roots exude flavonoids or strigolactones which induce the Nod factors or Myc factors synthesis and secretion from the rhizobia or fungi, respectively. These Nod or Myc factors trigger several responses in the plant root, including calcium oscillations, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, superoxide and H2O2 have emerged as key components that regulate the transitions from proliferation to differentiation in the plant meristems. Similar to the root meristem, the nodule meristem accumulates superoxide and H2O2. Tetraspanins are transmembrane proteins that organize into tetraspanin web regions, where they recruit specific proteins into platforms required for signal transduction, membrane fusion, cell trafficking and ROS generation. Plant tetraspanins are scaffolding proteins associated with root radial patterning, biotic and abiotic stress responses, cell fate determination, and hormonal regulation and recently have been reported as a specific marker of exosomes in animal and plant cells and key players at the site of plant fungal infection. In this study, we conducted transcriptional profiling of the tetraspanin family in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Negro Jamapa) to determine the specific expression patterns and subcellular localization of tetraspanins during nodulation or under mycorrhizal association. Our results demonstrate that the tetraspanins are transcriptionally modulated during the mycorrhizal association, but are also expressed in the infection thread and nodule meristem development. Subcellular localization indicates that tetraspanins have a key role in vesicular trafficking, cell division, and root hair polar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Jimenez-Jimenez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Olivia Santana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Fernando Lara-Rojas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Elisabeth Armada
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sandra Salgado
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- * E-mail:
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Petit JD, Immel F, Lins L, Bayer EM. Lipids or Proteins: Who Is Leading the Dance at Membrane Contact Sites? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:198. [PMID: 30846999 PMCID: PMC6393330 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mode of action of membrane contact sites (MCSs) across eukaryotic organisms at the near-atomic level to infer function at the cellular and tissue levels is a challenge scientists are currently facing. These peculiar systems dedicated to inter-organellar communication are perfect examples of cellular processes where the interplay between lipids and proteins is critical. In this mini review, we underline the link between membrane lipid environment, the recruitment of proteins at specialized membrane domains and the function of MCSs. More precisely, we want to give insights on the crucial role of lipids in defining the specificity of plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-plasma membrane (PM) MCSs and we further propose approaches to study them at multiple scales. Our goal is not so much to go into detailed description of MCSs, as there are numerous focused reviews on the subject, but rather try to pinpoint the critical elements defining those structures and give an original point of view by considering the subject from a near-atomic angle with a focus on lipids. We review current knowledge as to how lipids can define MCS territories, play a role in the recruitment and function of the MCS-associated proteins and in turn, how the lipid environment can be modified by proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules D. Petit
- UMR5200 CNRS, Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, TERRA Research Centre, GX ABT, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Françoise Immel
- UMR5200 CNRS, Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Laurence Lins
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, TERRA Research Centre, GX ABT, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle M. Bayer
- UMR5200 CNRS, Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Park SH, Li F, Renaud J, Shen W, Li Y, Guo L, Cui H, Sumarah M, Wang A. NbEXPA1, an α-expansin, is plasmodesmata-specific and a novel host factor for potyviral infection. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:846-861. [PMID: 28941316 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD), unique to the plant kingdom, are structurally complex microchannels that cross the cell wall to establish symplastic communication between neighbouring cells. Viral intercellular movement occurs through PD. To better understand the involvement of PD in viral infection, we conducted a quantitative proteomic study on the PD-enriched fraction from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves in response to infection by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). We report the identification of a total of 1070 PD protein candidates, of which 100 (≥2-fold increase) and 48 (≥2-fold reduction) are significantly differentially accumulated in the PD-enriched fraction, when compared with protein levels in the corresponding healthy control. Among the differentially accumulated PD protein candidates, we show that an α-expansin designated NbEXPA1, a cell wall loosening protein, is PD-specific. TuMV infection downregulates NbEXPA1 mRNA expression and protein accumulation. We further demonstrate that NbEXPA1 is recruited to the viral replication complex via the interaction with NIb, the only RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of TuMV. Silencing of NbEXPA1 inhibits plant growth and TuMV infection, whereas overexpression of NbEXPA1 promotes viral replication and intercellular movement. These data suggest that NbEXPA1 is a host factor for potyviral infection. This study not only generates a PD-proteome dataset that is useful in future studies to expound PD biology and PD-mediated virus-host interactions but also characterizes NbEXPA1 as the first PD-specific cell wall loosening protein and its essential role in potyviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Park
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Fangfang Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Justin Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Wentao Shen
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lihua Guo
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongguang Cui
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Mark Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
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Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are plasma membrane lined pores that cross the plant cell wall and connect adjacent cells. Plasmodesmata are composed of elements of the endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, cytosol, and cell wall and thus, as multicomposite structures that are embedded in the cell wall, they are notoriously difficult to isolate from whole plant tissue. However, understanding PD structure, function, and regulation necessitates identification of their molecular components and therefore proteomic and lipidomic analyses of PD fractions are an essential strategy for plasmodesmal biology. Here we outline a simple two-step purification procedure that allows isolation of PD-derived membranes from Arabidopsis suspension cells. The method involves isolation of purified cell wall fragments containing intact PD which is followed by enzymatic degradation of the cell wall to release the PD. This membrane-rich fraction can be subjected to protein and lipid extraction for molecular characterization of PD components. The first step of this procedure involves the isolation of cell wall fragments containing intact PD, free from contamination from other cellular compartments. Purified PD membranes are then released from the cell wall matrix by enzymatic degradation. Isolated PD membranes provide a suitable starting material for the analysis of PD-associated proteins and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuelle M F Bayer
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, CNRS-UMR 5200, Université Bordeaux, Segalen Bâtiment A3, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux CS 20032, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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Grison MS, Brocard L, Fouillen L, Nicolas W, Wewer V, Dörmann P, Nacir H, Benitez-Alfonso Y, Claverol S, Germain V, Boutté Y, Mongrand S, Bayer EM. Specific membrane lipid composition is important for plasmodesmata function in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1228-50. [PMID: 25818623 PMCID: PMC4558693 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.135731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are nano-sized membrane-lined channels controlling intercellular communication in plants. Although progress has been made in identifying PD proteins, the role played by major membrane constituents, such as the lipids, in defining specialized membrane domains in PD remains unknown. Through a rigorous isolation of "native" PD membrane fractions and comparative mass spectrometry-based analysis, we demonstrate that lipids are laterally segregated along the plasma membrane (PM) at the PD cell-to-cell junction in Arabidopsis thaliana. Remarkably, our results show that PD membranes display enrichment in sterols and sphingolipids with very long chain saturated fatty acids when compared with the bulk of the PM. Intriguingly, this lipid profile is reminiscent of detergent-insoluble membrane microdomains, although our approach is valuably detergent-free. Modulation of the overall sterol composition of young dividing cells reversibly impaired the PD localization of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins Plasmodesmata Callose Binding 1 and the β-1,3-glucanase PdBG2 and altered callose-mediated PD permeability. Altogether, this study not only provides a comprehensive analysis of the lipid constituents of PD but also identifies a role for sterols in modulating cell-to-cell connectivity, possibly by establishing and maintaining the positional specificity of callose-modifying glycosylphosphatidylinositol proteins at PD. Our work emphasizes the importance of lipids in defining PD membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali S Grison
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Plant Imaging Platform, Bordeaux Imaging Centre, INRA, 33883 Villenave-d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux/CNRS/UMS3420 and University of Bordeaux/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/US004, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France Functional Genomic Centre, Métabolome/Lipidome Platform, INRA-CNRS-University of Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave-d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - William Nicolas
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Vera Wewer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Houda Nacir
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Functional Genomic Centre, Métabolome/Lipidome Platform, INRA-CNRS-University of Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave-d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Germain
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Yohann Boutté
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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14
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Grison MS, Fernandez-Calvino L, Mongrand S, Bayer EMF. Isolation of plasmodesmata from Arabidopsis suspension culture cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1217:83-93. [PMID: 25287197 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1523-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to their position firmly anchored within the plant cell wall, plasmodesmata (PD) are notoriously difficult to isolate from plant tissue. Yet, getting access to isolated PD represents the most straightforward strategy for the identification of their molecular components. Proteomic and lipidomic analyses of such PD fractions have provided and will continue to provide critical information on the functional and structural elements that define these membranous nano-pores. Here, we describe a two-step simple purification procedure that allows isolation of pure PD-derived membranes from Arabidopsis suspension cells. The first step of this procedure consists in isolating cell wall fragments containing intact PD while free of contamination from other cellular compartments. The second step relies on an enzymatic degradation of the wall matrix and the subsequent release of "free" PD. Isolated PD membranes provide a suitable starting material for the analysis of PD-associated proteins and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali S Grison
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, CNRS UMR5200, University of Bordeaux, Campus INRA de Bordeaux, 71 avenue E. Bourlaux, 33883, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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15
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Kitagawa M, Fujita T. A model system for analyzing intercellular communication through plasmodesmata using moss protonemata and leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:63-72. [PMID: 25516502 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth, development, and environmental responses require the proper regulation of intercellular movement of signals and nutrients. For this, plants have specialized cytoplasmic channels, the plasmodesmata (PD), which allow the symplasmic movement of micro- and macromolecules between neighboring cells. Internal and external signals spatio-temporally regulate the movement of molecules through the PD to control plant development and environmental responses. Although some aspects of targeted movement of molecules have been revealed, the mechanisms of non-targeted, diffusible flow of molecules through PD, and its regulation and function, remain poorly understood, particularly at the cellular level. Previously, we developed a system to quantitatively analyze non-targeted movement of a photoconvertible fluorescent protein, Dendra2, at the single-cell level in the filamentous protonemata tissue of the moss Physcomitrella patens. In protonemata, one-dimensional intercellular communication can be easily observed and quantitatively analyzed at the cellular level. In this review, we describe how protonemata and leaves of P. patens can be used to study symplasmic movement through PD, and discuss how this system can help improve our understanding of PD regulation and function in development and environmental responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Kitagawa
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan,
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Sevilem I, Yadav SR, Helariutta Y. Plasmodesmata: channels for intercellular signaling during plant growth and development. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1217:3-24. [PMID: 25287193 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1523-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved strategies for short- and long-distance communication to coordinate plant development and to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Plasmodesmata (PD) are intercellular nanochannels that provide an effective pathway for both selective and nonselective movement of various molecules that function in diverse biological processes. Numerous non-cell-autonomous proteins (NCAP) and small RNAs have been identified that have crucial roles in cell fate determination and organ patterning during development. Both the density and aperture size of PD are developmentally regulated, allowing formation of spatial symplastic domains for establishment of tissue-specific developmental programs. The PD size exclusion limit (SEL) is controlled by reversible deposition of callose, as well as by some PD-associated proteins. Although a large number of PD-associated proteins have been identified, many of their functions remain unknown. Despite the fact that PD are primarily membranous structures, surprisingly very little is known about their lipid composition. Thus, future studies in PD biology will provide deeper insights into the high-resolution structure and tightly regulated functions of PD and the evolution of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Sevilem
- Department of Bio and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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Fujita T. Plasmodesmata: function and diversity in plant intercellular communication. Preface. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:3-5. [PMID: 25566753 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomichi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan,
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Terauchi M, Nagasato C, Motomura T. Plasmodesmata of brown algae. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:7-15. [PMID: 25516500 PMCID: PMC4375301 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are intercellular connections in plants which play roles in various developmental processes. They are also found in brown algae, a group of eukaryotes possessing complex multicellularity, as well as green plants. Recently, we conducted an ultrastructural study of PD in several species of brown algae. PD in brown algae are commonly straight plasma membrane-lined channels with a diameter of 10-20 nm and they lack desmotubule in contrast to green plants. Moreover, branched PD could not be observed in brown algae. In the brown alga, Dictyota dichotoma, PD are produced during cytokinesis through the formation of their precursor structures (pre-plasmodesmata, PPD). Clustering of PD in a structure termed "pit field" was recognized in several species having a complex multicellular thallus structure but not in those having uniseriate filamentous or multiseriate one. The pit fields might control cell-to-cell communication and contribute to the establishment of the complex multicellular thallus. In this review, we discuss fundamental morphological aspects of brown algal PD and present questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Terauchi
- />Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
- />Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Chikako Nagasato
- />Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0003 Japan
| | - Taizo Motomura
- />Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0003 Japan
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Guillier C, Cacas JL, Recorbet G, Deprêtre N, Mounier A, Mongrand S, Simon-Plas F, Wipf D, Dumas-Gaudot E. Direct purification of detergent-insoluble membranes from Medicago truncatula root microsomes: comparison between floatation and sedimentation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:255. [PMID: 25267185 PMCID: PMC4193990 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membrane microdomains are defined as highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains that resist to solubilization by non-ionic detergents. In plants, these so-called Detergent Insoluble Membrane (DIM) fractions have been isolated from plasma membrane by using conventional ultracentrifugation on density gradient (G). In animals, a rapid (R) protocol, based on sedimentation at low speed, which avoids the time-consuming sucrose gradient, has also been developed to recover DIMs from microsomes as starting material. In the current study, we sought to compare the ability of the Rapid protocol versus the Gradient one for isolating DIMs directly from microsomes of M. truncatula roots. For that purpose, Triton X-100 detergent-insoluble fractions recovered with the two methods were analyzed and compared for their sterol/sphingolipid content and proteome profiles. RESULTS Inferred from sterol enrichment, presence of typical sphingolipid long-chain bases from plants and canonical DIM protein markers, the possibility to prepare DIMs from M. truncatula root microsomes was confirmed both for the Rapid and Gradient protocols. Contrary to sphingolipids, the sterol and protein profiles of DIMs were found to depend on the method used. Namely, DIM fractions were differentially enriched in spinasterol and only shared 39% of common proteins as assessed by GeLC-MS/MS profiling. Quantitative analysis of protein indicated that each purification procedure generated a specific subset of DIM-enriched proteins from Medicago root microsomes. Remarkably, these two proteomes were found to display specific cellular localizations and biological functions. In silico analysis of membrane-associative features within R- and G-enriched proteins, relative to microsomes, showed that the most noticeable difference between the two proteomes corresponded to an increase in the proportion of predicted signal peptide-containing proteins after sedimentation (R) compared to its decrease after floatation (G), suggesting that secreted proteins likely contribute to the specificity of the R-DIM proteome. CONCLUSIONS Even though microsomes were used as initial material, we showed that the protein composition of the G-DIM fraction still mostly mirrored that of plasmalemma-originating DIMs conventionally retrieved by floatation. In parallel, the possibility to isolate by low speed sedimentation DIM fractions that seem to target the late secretory pathway supports the existence of plant microdomains in other organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Guillier
- />UMR1347 INRA/Agrosup/Université de Bourgogne Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL 6300 CNRS, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Luc Cacas
- />UMR1347 INRA/Agrosup/Université de Bourgogne Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL 6300 CNRS, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
- />CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), Université Bordeaux UMR 5200, F-33000 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Ghislaine Recorbet
- />UMR1347 INRA/Agrosup/Université de Bourgogne Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL 6300 CNRS, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Deprêtre
- />UMR CSGA: Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS, 1324 INRA-uB, Dijon, France
| | - Arnaud Mounier
- />UMR1347 INRA/Agrosup/Université de Bourgogne Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL 6300 CNRS, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- />CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), Université Bordeaux UMR 5200, F-33000 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Françoise Simon-Plas
- />UMR1347 INRA/Agrosup/Université de Bourgogne Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL 6300 CNRS, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- />UMR1347 INRA/Agrosup/Université de Bourgogne Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL 6300 CNRS, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Eliane Dumas-Gaudot
- />UMR1347 INRA/Agrosup/Université de Bourgogne Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes - ERL 6300 CNRS, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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Yadav SR, Yan D, Sevilem I, Helariutta Y. Plasmodesmata-mediated intercellular signaling during plant growth and development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:44. [PMID: 24596574 PMCID: PMC3925825 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are cytoplasmic channels that connect neighboring cells for cell-to-cell communication. PD structure and function vary temporally and spatially to allow formation of symplastic domains during different stages of plant development. Reversible deposition of callose at PD plays an important role in controlling molecular trafficking through PD by regulating their size exclusion limit. Previously, we reported several semi-dominant mutants for CALLOSE SYNTHASE 3 (CALS3) gene, which overproduce callose at PD in Arabidopsis. By combining two of these mutations in a LexA-VP16-ER (XVE)-based estradiol inducible vector system, a tool known as the "icals3m system" was developed to temporally obstruct the symplastic connections in a specified spatial domain. The system has been successfully tested and used, in combination with other methods, to investigate the route for mobile signals such as the SHR protein, microRNA165/6, and cytokinins in Arabidopsis roots, and also to understand the role of symplastic domain formation during lateral root development. We envision that this tool may also be useful for identifying tissue-specific symplastic regulatory networks and to analyze symplastic movement of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ykä Helariutta
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
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21
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González-Solís A, Cano-Ramírez DL, Morales-Cedillo F, Tapia de Aquino C, Gavilanes-Ruiz M. Arabidopsis mutants in sphingolipid synthesis as tools to understand the structure and function of membrane microdomains in plasmodesmata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:3. [PMID: 24478783 PMCID: PMC3900917 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata-intercellular channels that communicate adjacent cells-possess complex membranous structures. Recent evidences indicate that plasmodesmata contain membrane microdomains. In order to understand how these submembrane regions collaborate to plasmodesmata function, it is necessary to characterize their size, composition and dynamics. An approach that can shed light on these microdomain features is based on the use of Arabidopsis mutants in sphingolipid synthesis. Sphingolipids are canonical components of microdomains together with sterols and some glycerolipids. Moreover, sphingolipids are transducers in pathways that display programmed cell death as a defense mechanism against pathogens. The study of Arabidopsis mutants would allow determining which structural features of the sphingolipids are important for the formation and stability of microdomains, and if defense signaling networks using sphingoid bases as second messengers are associated to plasmodesmata operation. Such studies need to be complemented by analysis of the ultrastructure and the use of protein probes for plasmodesmata microdomains and may constitute a very valuable source of information to analyze these membrane structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marina Gavilanes-Ruiz
- *Correspondence: Marina Gavilanes-Ruiz, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Conj. E., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, UNAM. Cd. Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico e-mail:
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Naulin PA, Alveal NA, Barrera NP. Toward atomic force microscopy and mass spectrometry to visualize and identify lipid rafts in plasmodesmata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:234. [PMID: 24910637 PMCID: PMC4038920 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell-to-cell communication is mediated by nanopores called plasmodesmata (PDs) which are complex structures comprising plasma membrane (PM), highly packed endoplasmic reticulum and numerous membrane proteins. Although recent advances on proteomics have led to insights into mechanisms of transport, there is still an inadequate characterization of the lipidic composition of the PM where membrane proteins are inserted. It has been postulated that PDs could be formed by lipid rafts, however no structural evidence has shown to visualize and analyse their lipid components. In this perspective article, we discuss proposed experiments to characterize lipid rafts and proteins in the PDs. By using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and mass spectrometry (MS) of purified PD vesicles it is possible to determine the presence of lipid rafts, specific bound proteins and the lipidomic profile of the PD under physiological conditions and after changing transport permeability. In addition, MS can determine the stoichiometry of intact membrane proteins inserted in lipid rafts. This will give novel insights into the role of membrane proteins and lipid rafts on the PD structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nelson P. Barrera
- *Correspondence: Nelson P. Barrera, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8331150, Chile e-mail:
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De Storme N, Geelen D. Callose homeostasis at plasmodesmata: molecular regulators and developmental relevance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:138. [PMID: 24795733 PMCID: PMC4001042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are membrane-lined channels that are located in the plant cell wall and that physically interconnect the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of adjacent cells. Operating as controllable gates, plasmodesmata regulate the symplastic trafficking of micro- and macromolecules, such as endogenous proteins [transcription factors (TFs)] and RNA-based signals (mRNA, siRNA, etc.), hence mediating direct cell-to-cell communication and long distance signaling. Besides this physiological role, plasmodesmata also form gateways through which viral genomes can pass, largely facilitating the pernicious spread of viral infections. Plasmodesmatal trafficking is either passive (e.g., diffusion) or active and responses both to developmental and environmental stimuli. In general, plasmodesmatal conductivity is regulated by the controlled build-up of callose at the plasmodesmatal neck, largely mediated by the antagonistic action of callose synthases (CalSs) and β-1,3-glucanases. Here, in this theory and hypothesis paper, we outline the importance of callose metabolism in PD SEL control, and highlight the main molecular factors involved. In addition, we also review other proteins that regulate symplastic PD transport, both in a developmental and stress-responsive framework, and discuss on their putative role in the modulation of PD callose turn-over. Finally, we hypothesize on the role of structural sterols in the regulation of (PD) callose deposition and outline putative mechanisms by which this regulation may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danny Geelen
- *Correspondence: Danny Geelen, Laboratory for In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium e-mail:
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Millar AH, Taylor NL. Subcellular proteomics-where cell biology meets protein chemistry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:55. [PMID: 24616726 PMCID: PMC3935256 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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