1
|
Chen Y, Liang Q, Wei L, Zhou X. Alfalfa Mosaic Virus and White Clover Mosaic Virus Combined Infection Leads to Chloroplast Destruction and Alterations in Photosynthetic Characteristics of Nicotiana benthamiana. Viruses 2024; 16:1255. [PMID: 39205229 PMCID: PMC11359596 DOI: 10.3390/v16081255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) is one of the most widely distributed viruses; it often exhibits combined infection with white clover mosaic virus (WCMV). Even so, little is known about the effects of co-infection with AMV and WCMV on plants. To determine whether there is a synergistic effect of AMV and WCMV co-infection, virus co-infection was studied by electron microscopy, the double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) of AMV and WCMV co-infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Meanwhile, measurements were carried out on the photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The results showed that the most severe disease development was induced by AMV and WCMV co-infection, and the disease grade was scale 7. N. benthamiana leaves induced mottled yellow-green alternating patterns, leaf wrinkling, and chlorosis, and chloroplasts were observed to be on the verge of disintegration. The relative accumulation of AMV CP and WCMV CP was significantly increased by 15.44-fold and 10.04-fold upon co-infection compared to that with AMV and WCMV single infection at 21 dpi. In addition, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, the net photosynthetic rate, the water use efficiency, the apparent electron transport rate, the PSII maximum photochemical efficiency, the actual photochemical quantum yield, and photochemical quenching were significantly reduced in leaves co-infected with AMV and WCMV compared to AMV- or WCMV-infected leaves and CK. On the contrary, the carotenoid content, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, minimal fluorescence value, and non-photochemical quenching were significantly increased. These findings suggest that there was a synergistic effect between AMV and WCMV, and AMV and WCMV co-infection severely impacted the normal function of photosynthesis in N. benthamiana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiaolan Liang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adhikari B, Gayral M, Herath V, Bedsole CO, Kumar S, Ball H, Atallah O, Shaw B, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM, Verchot J. bZIP60 and Bax inhibitor 1 contribute IRE1-dependent and independent roles to potexvirus infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1172-1189. [PMID: 38853429 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
IRE1, BI-1, and bZIP60 monitor compatible plant-potexvirus interactions though recognition of the viral TGB3 protein. This study was undertaken to elucidate the roles of three IRE1 isoforms, the bZIP60U and bZIP60S, and BI-1 roles in genetic reprogramming of cells during potexvirus infection. Experiments were performed using Arabidopsis thaliana knockout lines and Plantago asiatica mosaic virus infectious clone tagged with the green fluorescent protein gene (PlAMV-GFP). There were more PlAMV-GFP infection foci in ire1a/b, ire1c, bzip60, and bi-1 knockout than wild-type (WT) plants. Cell-to-cell movement and systemic RNA levels were greater bzip60 and bi-1 than in WT plants. Overall, these data indicate an increased susceptibility to virus infection. Transgenic overexpression of AtIRE1b or StbZIP60 in ire1a/b or bzip60 mutant background reduced virus infection foci, while StbZIP60 expression influences virus movement. Transgenic overexpression of StbZIP60 also confers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress resistance following tunicamycin treatment. We also show bZIP60U and TGB3 interact at the ER. This is the first demonstration of a potato bZIP transcription factor complementing genetic defects in Arabidopsis. Evidence indicates that the three IRE1 isoforms regulate the initial stages of virus replication and gene expression, while bZIP60 and BI-1 contribute separately to virus cell-to-cell and systemic movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binita Adhikari
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 496 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Mathieu Gayral
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 496 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, 26, bd Docteur Petitjean-BP 87999, Dijon, Cedex, 21079, France
| | - Venura Herath
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 496 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Caleb Oliver Bedsole
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 496 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India
| | - Haden Ball
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 496 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Osama Atallah
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 496 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Brian Shaw
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 496 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | | | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 496 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang T, Zhou T. Unraveling the Mechanisms of Virus-Induced Symptom Development in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2830. [PMID: 37570983 PMCID: PMC10421249 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, induce significant changes in the cellular physiology of host cells to facilitate their multiplication. These alterations often lead to the development of symptoms that interfere with normal growth and development, causing USD 60 billion worth of losses per year, worldwide, in both agricultural and horticultural crops. However, existing literature often lacks a clear and concise presentation of the key information regarding the mechanisms underlying plant virus-induced symptoms. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive review to highlight the crucial interactions between plant viruses and host factors, discussing key genes that increase viral virulence and their roles in influencing cellular processes such as dysfunction of chloroplast proteins, hormone manipulation, reactive oxidative species accumulation, and cell cycle control, which are critical for symptom development. Moreover, we explore the alterations in host metabolism and gene expression that are associated with virus-induced symptoms. In addition, the influence of environmental factors on virus-induced symptom development is discussed. By integrating these various aspects, this review provides valuable insights into the complex mechanisms underlying virus-induced symptoms in plants, and emphasizes the urgency of addressing viral diseases to ensure sustainable agriculture and food production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang L, Zhang W, Shen W, Li M, Fu Y, Li Z, Li J, Liu H, Su X, Zhang B, Zhao J. Integrated transcriptome and microRNA sequencing analyses reveal gene responses in poplar leaves infected by the novel pathogen bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1163232. [PMID: 37396641 PMCID: PMC10308444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1163232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a novel poplar mosaic disease caused by bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) was investigated in Populus alba var. pyramidalis in China. Symptom characteristics, physiological performance of the host, histopathology, genome sequences and vectors, and gene regulation at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels were analyzed and RT-qPCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR) validation of expression was performed in our experiments. In this work, the mechanisms by which the BCMV pathogen impacts physiological performance and the molecular mechanisms of the poplar response to viral infection were reported. The results showed that BCMV infection decreased the chlorophyll content, inhibited the net photosynthesis rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs), and significantly changed chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in diseased leaves. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of the majority of DEGs (differentially expressed genes) involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was promoted, but the expression of all or almost all DEGs associated with photosynthesis-antenna proteins and the photosynthesis pathway was inhibited in poplar leaves, suggesting that BCMV infection increased the accumulation of flavonoids but decreased photosynthesis in hosts. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) illustrated that viral infection promoted the expression of genes involved in the defense response or plant-pathogen interaction. MicroRNA-seq analysis illustrated that 10 miRNA families were upregulated while 6 families were downregulated in diseased poplar leaves; moreover, miR156, the largest family with the most miRNA members and target genes, was only differentially upregulated in long-period disease (LD) poplar leaves. Integrated transcriptome and miRNA-seq analyses revealed 29 and 145 candidate miRNA-target gene pairs; however, only 17 and 76 pairs, accounting for 2.2% and 3.2% of all DEGs, were authentically negatively regulated in short-period disease (SD) and LD leaves, respectively. Interestingly, 4 miR156/SPL (squamosa promoter-binding-like protein) miRNA-target gene pairs were identified in LD leaves: the miR156 molecules were upregulated, but SPL genes were downregulated. In conclusion, BCMV infection significantly changed transcriptional and posttranscriptional gene expression in poplar leaves, inhibited photosynthesis, increased the accumulation of flavonoids, induced systematic mosaic symptoms, and decreased physiological performance in diseased poplar leaves. This study elucidated the fine-tuned regulation of poplar gene expression by BCMV; moreover, the results also suggested that miR156/SPL modules played important roles in the virus response and development of viral systematic symptoms in plant virus disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Weixi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Wanna Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Huixiang Liu
- Shandong Research Center for Forestry Harmful Biological Control Engineering and Technology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xiaohua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Bingyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bwalya J, Kim KH. The Crucial Role of Chloroplast-Related Proteins in Viral Genome Replication and Host Defense against Positive-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Viruses. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 39:28-38. [PMID: 36760047 PMCID: PMC9929168 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.10.2022.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are responsible for worldwide production losses of numerous economically important crops. The most common plant RNA viruses are positivesense single-stranded RNA viruses [(+)ss RNA viruses]. These viruses have small genomes that encode a limited number of proteins. The viruses depend on their host's machinery for the replication of their RNA genome, assembly, movement, and attraction to the vectors for dispersal. Recently researchers have reported that chloroplast proteins are crucial for replicating (+)ss plant RNA viruses. Some chloroplast proteins, including translation initiation factor [eIF(iso)4E] and 75 DEAD-box RNA helicase RH8, help viruses fulfill their infection cycle in plants. In contrast, other chloroplast proteins such as PAP2.1, PSaC, and ATPsyn-α play active roles in plant defense against viruses. This is also consistent with the idea that reactive oxygen species, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid are produced in chloroplast. However, knowledge of molecular mechanisms and functions underlying these chloroplast host factors during the virus infection is still scarce and remains largely unknown. Our review briefly summarizes the latest knowledge regarding the possible role of chloroplast in plant virus replication, emphasizing chloroplast-related proteins. We have highlighted current advances regarding chloroplast-related proteins' role in replicating plant (+)ss RNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Bwalya
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
- Research of Institute Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen I, Chen X, Chiu G, Huang Y, Hsu Y, Tsai C. The function of chloroplast ferredoxin-NADP + oxidoreductase positively regulates the accumulation of bamboo mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:503-515. [PMID: 34918877 PMCID: PMC8916203 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A gene down-regulated in Nicotiana benthamiana after bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) infection had high identity to the nuclear-encoded chloroplast ferredoxin NADP+ oxidoreductase gene (NbFNR). NbFNR is a flavoenzyme involved in the photosynthesis electron transport chain, catalysing the conversion of NADP+ into NADPH. To investigate whether NbFNR is involved in BaMV infection, we used virus-induced gene silencing to reduce the expression of NbFNR in leaves and protoplasts. After BaMV inoculation, the accumulation of BaMV coat protein and RNA was significantly reduced. The transient expression of NbFNR fused with orange fluorescent protein (OFP) localized in the chloroplasts and elevated the level of BaMV coat protein. These results suggest that NbFNR could play a positive role in regulating BaMV accumulation. Expressing a mutant that failed to translocate to the chloroplast did not assist in BaMV accumulation. Another mutant with a catalytic site mutation could support BaMV accumulation to some extent, but accumulation was significantly lower than that of the wild type. In an in vitro replication assay, the replicase complex with FNR inhibitor, heparin, the RdRp activity was reduced. Furthermore, BaMV replicase was revealed to interact with NbFNR in yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Overall, these results suggest that NbFNR localized in the chloroplast with functional activity could efficiently assist BaMV accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I‐Hsuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Xiang‐Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Guan‐Zhi Chiu
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Ying‐Ping Huang
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Yau‐Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Advaced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Ching‐Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Advaced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Short 5' Untranslated Region Enables Optimal Translation of Plant Virus Tricistronic RNA via Leaky Scanning. J Virol 2022; 96:e0214421. [PMID: 35262378 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02144-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the general model of translation in eukaryotic cells, a number of studies suggested that many mRNAs encode multiple proteins. Leaky scanning, which supplies ribosomes to downstream open reading frames (ORFs) by readthrough of upstream ORFs, has great potential to translate polycistronic mRNAs. However, the mRNA elements controlling leaky scanning and their biological relevance have rarely been elucidated, with exceptions such as the Kozak sequence. Here, we have analyzed the strategy of a plant RNA virus to translate three movement proteins from a single RNA molecule through leaky scanning. The in planta and in vitro results indicate thatthe significantly shorter 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the most upstream ORF promotes leaky scanning, potentially fine-tuning the translation efficiency of the three proteins in a single RNA molecule to optimize viral propagation. Our results suggest that the remarkably short length of the leader sequence, like the Kozak sequence, is a translational regulatory element with a biologically important role, as previous studies have shown biochemically. IMPORTANCE Potexvirus, a group of plant viruses, infect a variety of crops, including cultivated crops. It has been thought that the three transition proteins that are essential for the cell-to-cell transfer of potexviruses are translated from two subgenomic RNAs, sgRNA1 and sgRNA2. However, sgRNA2 has not been clearly detected. In this study, we have shown that sgRNA1, but not sgRNA2, is the major translation template for the three movement proteins. In addition, we determined the transcription start site of sgRNA1 in flexiviruses and found that the efficiency of leaky scanning caused by the short 5' UTR of sgRNA1, a widely conserved feature, regulates the translation of the three movement proteins. When we tested the infection of viruses with mutations introduced into the length of the 5' UTR, we found that the movement efficiency of the virus was affected. Our results provide important additional information on the protein translation strategy of flexiviruses, including Potexvirus, and provide a basis for research on their control as well as the need to reevaluate the short 5' UTR as a translational regulatory element with an important role in vivo.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rodríguez-Verástegui LL, Ramírez-Zavaleta CY, Capilla-Hernández MF, Gregorio-Jorge J. Viruses Infecting Trees and Herbs That Produce Edible Fleshy Fruits with a Prominent Value in the Global Market: An Evolutionary Perspective. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:203. [PMID: 35050091 PMCID: PMC8778216 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Trees and herbs that produce fruits represent the most valuable agricultural food commodities in the world. However, the yield of these crops is not fully achieved due to biotic factors such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Viruses are capable of causing alterations in plant growth and development, thereby impacting the yield of their hosts significantly. In this work, we first compiled the world's most comprehensive list of known edible fruits that fits our definition. Then, plant viruses infecting those trees and herbs that produce fruits with commercial importance in the global market were identified. The identified plant viruses belong to 30 families, most of them containing single-stranded RNA genomes. Importantly, we show the overall picture of the host range for some virus families following an evolutionary approach. Further, the current knowledge about plant-virus interactions, focusing on the main disorders they cause, as well as yield losses, is summarized. Additionally, since accurate diagnosis methods are of pivotal importance for viral diseases control, the current and emerging technologies for the detection of these plant pathogens are described. Finally, the most promising strategies employed to control viral diseases in the field are presented, focusing on solutions that are long-lasting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Candy Yuriria Ramírez-Zavaleta
- Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, San Pedro Xalcaltzinco 90180, Mexico; (C.Y.R.-Z.); (M.F.C.-H.)
| | - María Fernanda Capilla-Hernández
- Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, San Pedro Xalcaltzinco 90180, Mexico; (C.Y.R.-Z.); (M.F.C.-H.)
| | - Josefat Gregorio-Jorge
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Ciudad de Mexico 03940, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Z, Li C, Fu S, Liu Y, Xu Y, Wu J, Wang Y, Zhou X. NSvc4 Encoded by Rice Stripe Virus Targets Host Chloroplasts to Suppress Chloroplast-Mediated Defense. Viruses 2021; 14:36. [PMID: 35062239 PMCID: PMC8778898 DOI: 10.3390/v14010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous research found that NSvc4, the movement protein of rice stripe virus (RSV), could localize to the actin filaments, endoplasmic reticulum, plasmodesmata, and chloroplast, but the roles of NSvc4 played in the chloroplast were opaque. Here, we confirm the accumulation of NSvc4 in the chloroplasts and the N-terminal 1-73 amino acids of NSvc4 are sufficient to localize to chloroplasts. We provide evidence to show that chloroplast-localized NSvc4 can impair the chloroplast-mediated immunity. Expressing NSvc4 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves results in the decreased expression of defense-related genes NbPR1, NbPR2, and NbWRKY12 and the inhibition of chloroplast-derived ROS production. In addition, generation of an infectious clone of potato virus X (PVX) carrying NSvc4 facilitates PVX infection in N. benthamiana plants. Moreover, we identify two chloroplast-related host factors, named NbGAPDH-A and NbPsbQ1, both of which can interact with NSvc4. Knockdown of NbGAPDH-A or NbPsbQ1 can both promote RSV infection. Our results decipher a detailed function of NSvc4 in the chloroplast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongdi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Chenyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Shuai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.L.); (C.L.); (S.F.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Akbar S, Yao W, Yu K, Qin L, Ruan M, Powell CA, Chen B, Zhang M. Photosynthetic characterization and expression profiles of sugarcane infected by Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 150:279-294. [PMID: 31900791 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), belonging to genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae, is a severe pathogen of several agricultural important crops, mainly sugarcane. Due to complex nature of sugarcane, the effect of SCMV pathogenicity on sugarcane photosynthetic systems remains to be explored. In this study, we investigated the alterations occurring in the photosynthetic system in the sugarcane genotypes at the cytopathological, physiological and biological, transcriptome and proteome level. We generated the transcriptome assembly of two genotypes (susceptible Badila and resistant B-48) using Saccharum spontaneum L. as a reference genome. RNA-sequencing data revealed the significant upregulation of NAD(P)H, RubisCO, oxygen-evolving complex, chlorophyll a and b binding protein, Psb protein family, PSI reaction center subunit II, and IVgenes in B-48, as compared to its counterparts. Upregulated genes in B-48 are associated with various processes such as stability and assembly of photosystem, protection against photoinhibition and antiviral defense. The expression pattern of differentially abundant genes were further verified at the proteomics level. Overall, differentially expressed genes/proteins (DEGs/DEPs) showed the consistency of expression at both transcriptome and proteome level in B-48 genotype. Comprehensively, these data supported the efficiency of B-48 genotype under virus infection conditions and provided a better understanding of the expression pattern of photosynthesis-related genes in sugarcane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Akbar
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Kai Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Lifang Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Miaohong Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | | | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Muqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
- IRREC-IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang S, Li QP, Wang J, Yan Y, Zhang GL, Yan Y, Zhang H, Wu J, Chen F, Wang X, Kang Z, Dubcovsky J, Gou JY. YR36/WKS1-Mediated Phosphorylation of PsbO, an Extrinsic Member of Photosystem II, Inhibits Photosynthesis and Confers Stripe Rust Resistance in Wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1639-1650. [PMID: 31622682 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wheat stripe rust, due to infection by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a devastating disease that causes significant global grain yield losses. Yr36, which encodes Wheat Kinase START1 (WKS1), is an effective high-temperature adult-plant resistance gene and confers resistance to a broad spectrum of Pst races. We previously showed that WKS1 phosphorylates the thylakoid ascorbate peroxidase protein and reduces its ability to detoxify peroxides, which may contribute to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). WKS1-mediated Pst resistance is accompanied by leaf chlorosis in Pst-infected regions, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that WKS1 interacts with and phosphorylates PsbO, an extrinsic member of photosystem II (PSII), to reduce photosynthesis, regulate leaf chlorosis, and confer Pst resistance. A point mutation in PsbO-A1 or reduction in its transcript levels by RNA interference resulted in chlorosis and reduced Pst sporulation. Biochemical analyses revealed that WKS1 phosphorylates PsbO at two conserved amino acids involved in physical interactions with PSII and reduces the binding affinity of PsbO with PSII. Presumably, phosphorylated PsbO proteins dissociate from the PSII complex and then undergo rapid degradation by cysteine and aspartic proteases. Taken together, these results demonstrate that perturbations of wheat PsbO by point mutation or phosphorylation by WKS1 reduce the rate of photosynthesis and delay the growth of Pst pathogen before the induction of ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiu-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Agronomy College/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Guo-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Huifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jiajie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Agronomy College/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jorge Dubcovsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Jin-Ying Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang YP, Huang YW, Hsiao YJ, Li SC, Hsu YH, Tsai CH. Autophagy is involved in assisting the replication of Bamboo mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4657-4670. [PMID: 31552430 PMCID: PMC6760330 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a critical role in plants under biotic stress, including the response to pathogen infection. We investigated whether autophagy-related genes (ATGs) are involved in infection with Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. Initially, we observed that BaMV infection in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves upregulated the expression of ATGs but did not trigger cell death. The induction of ATGs, which possibly triggers autophagy, increased rather than diminished BaMV accumulation in the leaves, as revealed by gene knockdown and transient expression experiments. Furthermore, the inhibitor 3-methyladenine blocked autophagosome formation and the autophagy inducer rapamycin, which negatively and positively affected BaMV accumulation, respectively. Pull-down experiments with an antibody against orange fluorescent protein (OFP)-NbATG8f, an autophagosome marker protein, showed that both plus- and minus-sense BaMV RNAs could associate with NbATG8f. Confocal microscopy revealed that ATG8f-enriched vesicles possibly derived from chloroplasts contained both the BaMV viral RNA and its replicase. Thus, BaMV infection may induce the expression of ATGs possibly via autophagy to selectively engulf a portion of viral RNA-containing chloroplast. Virus-induced vesicles enriched with ATG8f could provide an alternative site for viral RNA replication or a shelter from the host silencing mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ping Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Jen Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Cen Li
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Huei Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gnanasekaran P, Ponnusamy K, Chakraborty S. A geminivirus betasatellite encoded βC1 protein interacts with PsbP and subverts PsbP-mediated antiviral defence in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:943-960. [PMID: 30985068 PMCID: PMC6589724 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Geminivirus disease complexes potentially interfere with plants physiology and cause disastrous effects on a wide range of economically important crops throughout the world. Diverse geminivirus betasatellite associations exacerbate the epidemic threat for global food security. Our previous study showed that βC1, the pathogenicity determinant of geminivirus betasatellites induce symptom development by disrupting the ultrastructure and function of chloroplasts. Here we explored the betasatellite-virus-chloroplast interaction in the scope of viral pathogenesis as well as plant defence responses, using Nicotiana benthamiana-Radish leaf curl betasatellite (RaLCB) as the model system. We have shown an interaction between RaLCB-encoded βC1 and one of the extrinsic subunit proteins of oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II both in vitro and in vivo. Further, we demonstrate a novel function of the Nicotiana benthamiana oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 2 (PsbP), in that it binds DNA, including geminivirus DNA. Transient silencing of PsbP in N. benthamiana plants enhances pathogenicity and viral DNA accumulation. Overexpression of PsbP impedes disease development during the early phase of infection, suggesting that PsbP is involved in generation of defence response during geminivirus infection. In addition, βC1-PsbP interaction hampers non-specific binding of PsbP to the geminivirus DNA. Our findings suggest that betasatellite-encoded βC1 protein accomplishes counter-defence by physical interaction with PsbP reducing the ability of PsbP to bind geminivirus DNA to establish infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabu Gnanasekaran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Kalaiarasan Ponnusamy
- Synthetic Biology Laboratory, School of BiotechnologyJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
DeBlasio SL, Rebelo AR, Parks K, Gray SM, Heck MC. Disruption of Chloroplast Function Through Downregulation of Phytoene Desaturase Enhances the Systemic Accumulation of an Aphid-Borne, Phloem-Restricted Virus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:1095-1110. [PMID: 29767548 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-18-0057-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts play a central role in pathogen defense in plants. However, most studies explaining the relationship between pathogens and chloroplasts have focused on pathogens that infect mesophyll cells. In contrast, the family Luteoviridae includes RNA viruses that replicate and traffic exclusively in the phloem. Recently, our lab has shown that Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), the type species in the genus Polerovirus, forms an extensive interaction network with chloroplast-localized proteins that is partially dependent on the PLRV capsid readthrough domain (RTD). In this study, we used virus-induced gene silencing to disrupt chloroplast function and assess the effects on PLRV accumulation in two host species. Silencing of phytoene desaturase (PDS), a key enzyme in carotenoid, chlorophyll, and gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis, resulted in a substantial increase in the systemic accumulation of PLRV. This increased accumulation was attenuated when plants were infected with a viral mutant that does not express the RTD. Application of GA partially suppressed the increase in virus accumulation in PDS-silenced plants, suggesting that GA signaling also plays a role in limiting PLRV infection. In addition, the fecundity of the aphid vector of PLRV was increased when fed on PDS-silenced plants relative to PLRV-infected plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L DeBlasio
- 1 USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- 2 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
| | - Ana Rita Rebelo
- 2 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
| | - Katherine Parks
- 2 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
| | - Stewart M Gray
- 1 USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Michelle C Heck
- 1 USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- 2 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Donchenko E, Trifonova E, Nikitin N, Atabekov J, Karpova O. Alternanthera mosaic potexvirus: Several Features, Properties, and Application. Adv Virol 2018; 2018:1973705. [PMID: 30018641 PMCID: PMC6029478 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1973705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) is a typical member of the Potexvirus genus in its morphology and genome structure; still it exhibits a number of unique features. They allow this virus to be considered a promising object for biotechnology. Virions and virus-like particles (VLPs) of AltMV are stable in a wide range of conditions, including sera of laboratory animals. AltMV VLPs can assemble at various pH and ionic strengths. Furthermore, AltMV virions and VLPs demonstrate high immunogenicity, enhancing the immune response to the target antigen thus offering the possibility of being used as potential adjuvants. Recently, for the first time for plant viruses, we showed the structural difference between morphologically similar viral and virus-like particles on AltMV virions and VLPs. In this review, we discuss the features of AltMV virions, AltMV VLP assembly, and their structure and properties, as well as the characteristics of AltMV isolates, host plants, infection symptoms, AltMV isolation and purification, genome structure, viral proteins, and AltMV-based vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Donchenko
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Trifonova
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Nikolai Nikitin
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Joseph Atabekov
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Olga Karpova
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vaira AM, Lim HS, Bauchan G, Gulbronson CJ, Miozzi L, Vinals N, Natilla A, Hammond J. The interaction of Lolium latent virus major coat protein with ankyrin repeat protein NbANKr redirects it to chloroplasts and modulates virus infection. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:730-742. [PMID: 29557771 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lolium latent virus (LoLV) major coat protein sequence contains a typical chloroplast transit peptide (cTP) domain. In infected Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue, LoLV coat proteins can be detected at the chloroplast. In transient expression, several N-terminal deletions of the CP sequence, increasing in length, result in disruption of the domain functionality, markedly affecting intracellular localization. A yeast two-hybrid-based study using LoLV CP as bait identified several potentially interacting Arabidopsis host proteins, most of them with chloroplast-linked pathways. One of them, an ankyrin repeat protein, was studied in detail. The N. benthamiana homologue (NbANKr) targets chloroplasts, is able to co-localize with LoLV CP at chloroplast membranes in transient expression and shows a robust interaction with LoLV CP in vivo by BiFC, which has been confirmed by yeast two-hybrid data. Silencing NbANKr genes in N. benthamiana plants, prior to challenging with LoLV by mechanical inoculation, affects LoLV infection, significantly reducing the level of viral RNA in young leaves, compared to levels in control plants, and suggesting an inhibition of virus movement. Silencing of NbANKr has no obvious effect on plant phenotype, but is able to interfere with LoLV infection, opening the way for a new strategy for virus infection control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Vaira
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
- USDA-ARS, USNA, Floral and Nursery Plant Research Unit, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - H S Lim
- USDA-ARS, USNA, Floral and Nursery Plant Research Unit, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, USA
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - G Bauchan
- USDA-ARS, BARC, Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - C J Gulbronson
- USDA-ARS, USNA, Floral and Nursery Plant Research Unit, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Postdoctoral Fellow, USA
| | - L Miozzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - N Vinals
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - A Natilla
- USDA-ARS, BARC, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, USA
- Present address: Arc Horizon, LLC, Innovation Park, 1736 West Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - J Hammond
- USDA-ARS, USNA, Floral and Nursery Plant Research Unit, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bhattacharyya D, Chakraborty S. Chloroplast: the Trojan horse in plant-virus interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:504-518. [PMID: 28056496 PMCID: PMC6638057 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is one of the most dynamic organelles of a plant cell. It carries out photosynthesis, synthesizes major phytohormones, plays an active part in the defence response and is crucial for interorganelle signalling. Viruses, on the other hand, are extremely strategic in manipulating the internal environment of the host cell. The chloroplast, a prime target for viruses, undergoes enormous structural and functional damage during viral infection. Indeed, large proportions of affected gene products in a virus-infected plant are closely associated with the chloroplast and the process of photosynthesis. Although the chloroplast is deficient in gene silencing machinery, it elicits the effector-triggered immune response against viral pathogens. Virus infection induces the organelle to produce an extensive network of stromules which are involved in both viral propagation and antiviral defence. From studies over the last few decades, the involvement of the chloroplast in the regulation of plant-virus interaction has become increasingly evident. This review presents an exhaustive account of these facts, with their implications for pathogenicity. We have attempted to highlight the intricacies of chloroplast-virus interactions and to explain the existing gaps in our current knowledge, which will enable virologists to utilize chloroplast genome-based antiviral resistance in economically important crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhriti Bhattacharyya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Solovyev AG, Morozov SY. Non-replicative Integral Membrane Proteins Encoded by Plant Alpha-Like Viruses: Emergence of Diverse Orphan ORFs and Movement Protein Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1820. [PMID: 29163564 PMCID: PMC5663686 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fast accumulation of sequencing data on plant virus genomes and plant transcriptomes demands periodic re-evaluation of current views on the genome evolution of viruses. Here, we substantiate and further detail our previously mostly speculative model on the origin and evolution of triple gene block (TGB) encoding plant virus movement proteins TGB1, TGB2, and TGB3. Recent experimental data on functional competence of transport gene modules consisting of two proteins related to TGB1 and TGB2, as well as sequence analysis data on similarity of TGB2 and TGB3 encoded by a viral genome and virus-like RNAs identified in a plant transcriptomes, suggest that TGB evolution involved events of gene duplication and gene transfer between viruses. In addition, our analysis identified that plant RNA-seq data assembled into RNA virus-like contigs encode a significant variety of hydrophobic proteins. Functions of these orphan proteins are still obscure; however, some of them are obviously related to hydrophobic virion proteins of recently sequenced invertebrate (mostly insect) viruses, therefore supporting the current view on a common origin for many groups of plant and insect RNA-containing viruses. Moreover, these findings may suggest that the function of at least some orphan hydrophobic proteins is to provide plant viruses with the ability to infect insect hosts. In general, our observations emphasize that comparison of RNA virus sequences in a large variety of land plants and algae isolated geographically and ecologically may lead to experimental confirmation of previously purely speculative schemes of evolution of single genes, gene modules, and whole genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G. Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Y. Morozov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Meng M, Lee CC. Function and Structural Organization of the Replication Protein of Bamboo mosaic virus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:522. [PMID: 28400766 PMCID: PMC5368238 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Potexvirus is one of the eight genera belonging to the family Alphaflexiviridae according to the Virus Taxonomy 2015 released by International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (www.ictvonline.org/index.asp). Currently, the genus contains 35 known species including many agricultural important viruses, e.g., Potato virus X (PVX). Members of this genus are characterized by flexuous, filamentous virions of 13 nm in diameter and 470-580 nm in length. A potexvirus has a monopartite positive-strand RNA genome, encoding five open-reading frames (ORFs), with a cap structure at the 5' end and a poly(A) tail at the 3' end. Besides PVX, Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) is another potexvirus that has received intensive attention due to the wealth of knowledge on the molecular biology of the virus. In this review, we discuss the enzymatic activities associated with each of the functional domains of the BaMV replication protein, a 155-kDa polypeptide encoded by ORF1. The unique cap formation mechanism, which may be conserved across the alphavirus superfamily, is particularly addressed. The recently identified interactions between the replication protein and the plant host factors are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menghsiao Meng
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Cheng Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Geng C, Yan ZY, Cheng DJ, Liu J, Tian YP, Zhu CX, Wang HY, Li XD. Tobacco vein banding mosaic virus 6K2 Protein Hijacks NbPsbO1 for Virus Replication. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43455. [PMID: 28230184 PMCID: PMC5322494 DOI: 10.1038/srep43455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast-bound vesicles are key components in viral replication complexes (VRCs) of potyviruses. The potyviral VRCs are induced by the second 6 kDa protein (6K2) and contain at least viral RNA and nuclear inclusion protein b. To date, no chloroplast protein has been identified to interact with 6K2 and involve in potyvirus replication. In this paper, we showed that the Photosystem II oxygen evolution complex protein of Nicotiana benthamiana (NbPsbO1) was a chloroplast protein interacting with 6K2 of Tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV; genus Potyvirus) and present in the VRCs. The first 6 kDa protein (6K1) was recruited to VRCs by 6K2 but had no interaction with NbPSbO1. Knockdown of NbPsbO1 gene expression in N. benthamiana plants through virus-induced gene silencing significantly decreased the accumulation levels of TVBMV and another potyvirus Potato virus Y, but not Potato virus X of genus Potexvirus. Amino acid substitutions in 6K2 that disrupted its interaction with NbPsbO1 also affected the replication of TVBMV. NbPsbP1 and NbPsbQ1, two other components of the Photosystem II oxygen evolution complex had no interaction with 6K2 and no effect on TVBMV replication. To conclude, 6K2 recruits 6K1 to VRCs and hijacks chloroplast protein NbPsbO1 to regulate potyvirus replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Geng
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Yan
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - De-Jie Cheng
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yan-Ping Tian
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chang-Xiang Zhu
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key laboratory for Agricultural Microbiology, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Hong-Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key laboratory for Agricultural Microbiology, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao J, Zhang X, Hong Y, Liu Y. Chloroplast in Plant-Virus Interaction. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1565. [PMID: 27757106 PMCID: PMC5047884 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the chloroplast is the organelle that conducts photosynthesis. It has been known that chloroplast is involved in virus infection of plants for approximate 70 years. Recently, the subject of chloroplast-virus interplay is getting more and more attention. In this article we discuss the different aspects of chloroplast-virus interaction into three sections: the effect of virus infection on the structure and function of chloroplast, the role of chloroplast in virus infection cycle, and the function of chloroplast in host defense against viruses. In particular, we focus on the characterization of chloroplast protein-viral protein interactions that underlie the interplay between chloroplast and virus. It can be summarized that chloroplast is a common target of plant viruses for viral pathogenesis or propagation; and conversely, chloroplast and its components also can play active roles in plant defense against viruses. Chloroplast photosynthesis-related genes/proteins (CPRGs/CPRPs) are suggested to play a central role during the complex chloroplast-virus interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kumari R, Kumar S, Singh L, Hallan V. Movement Protein of Cucumber Mosaic Virus Associates with Apoplastic Ascorbate Oxidase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163320. [PMID: 27668429 PMCID: PMC5036820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viral movement proteins facilitate virion movement mainly through interaction with a number of factors from the host. We report the association of a cell wall localized ascorbate oxidase (CsAO4) from Cucumis sativus with the movement protein (MP) of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). This was identified first in a yeast two-hybrid screen and validated by in vivo pull down and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays. The BiFC assay showed localization of the bimolecular complexes of these proteins around the cell wall periphery as punctate spots. The expression of CsAO4 was induced during the initial infection period (up to 72 h) in CMV infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants. To functionally validate its role in viral spread, we analyzed the virus accumulation in CsAO4 overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana and transiently silenced N. benthamiana plants (through a Tobacco rattle virus vector). Overexpression had no evident effect on virus accumulation in upper non-inoculated leaves of transgenic lines in comparison to WT plants at 7 days post inoculation (dpi). However, knockdown resulted in reduced CMV accumulation in systemic (non-inoculated) leaves of NbΔAO-pTRV2 silenced plants as compared to TRV inoculated control plants at 5 dpi (up to 1.3 fold difference). In addition, functional validation supported the importance of AO in plant development. These findings suggest that AO and viral MP interaction helps in early viral movement; however, it had no major effect on viral accumulation after 7 dpi. This study suggests that initial induction of expression of AO on virus infection and its association with viral MP helps both towards targeting of the MP to the apoplast and disrupting formation of functional AO dimers for spread of virus to nearby cells, reducing the redox defense of the plant during initial stages of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reenu Kumari
- Plant Virology lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Surender Kumar
- Plant Virology lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT) Campus, Palampur, India
| | - Lakhmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, DAV University, Sarmastpur, Jalandhar, 144012, Punjab, India
| | - Vipin Hallan
- Plant Virology lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT) Campus, Palampur, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of pre-flowering PMeV-infected Carica papaya L. J Proteomics 2016; 151:275-283. [PMID: 27343761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Papaya meleira virus (PMeV) infects papaya (Carica papaya L.) and leads to Papaya Sticky Disease (PSD) or "Meleira", characterized by a spontaneous exudation of latex from fruits and leaves only in the post-flowering developmental stage. The latex oxidizes in contact with air and accumulates as a sticky substance on the plant organs, impairing papaya fruit's marketing and exportation. To understand pre-flowering C. papaya resistance to PMeV, an LC-MS/MS-based label-free proteomics approach was used to assess the differential proteome of PMeV-infected pre-flowering C. papaya vs. uninfected (control) plants. In this study, 1333 proteins were identified, of which 111 proteins showed a significant abundance change (57 increased and 54 decreased) and supports the hypothesis of increased photosynthesis and reduction of 26S-proteassoma activity and cell-wall remodeling. All of these results suggest that increased photosynthetic activity has a positive effect on the induction of plant immunity, whereas the reduction of caspase-like activity and the observed changes in the cell-wall associated proteins impairs the full activation of defense response based on hypersensitive response and viral movement obstruction in pre-flowering C. papaya plants. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit's production is severely limited by the occurrence of Papaya meleira virus (PMeV) infection, which causes Papaya Sticky Disease (PSD). Despite the efforts to understand key features involved with the plant×virus interaction, PSD management is still largely based on the observation of the first disease symptoms in the field, followed by the elimination of the diseased plants. However, C. papaya develops PSD only after flowering, i.e. about six-months after planting, and the virus inoculum sources are kept in field. The development of PMeV resistant genotypes is impaired by the limited knowledge about C. papaya resistance against viruses. The occurrence of a resistance/tolerance mechanism to PSD symptoms development prior to C. papaya flowering is considered in this study. Thus, field-grown and PMeV-infected C. papaya leaf samples were analyzed using proteomics, which revealed the modulation of photosynthesis-, 26S proteasome- and cell-wall remodeling-associated proteins. The data implicate a role for those systems in C. papaya resistance to viruses and support the idea of a partial resistance induction in the plants at pre-flowering stage. The specific proteins presented in the manuscript represent a starting point to the selection of key genes to be used in C. papaya improvement to PMeV infection resistance. The presented data also contribute to the understanding of virus-induced disease symptoms development in plants, of interest to the plant-virus interaction field.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
In plants, the chloroplast is the organelle that conducts photosynthesis. It has been known that chloroplast is involved in virus infection of plants for approximate 70 years. Recently, the subject of chloroplast-virus interplay is getting more and more attention. In this article we discuss the different aspects of chloroplast-virus interaction into three sections: the effect of virus infection on the structure and function of chloroplast, the role of chloroplast in virus infection cycle, and the function of chloroplast in host defense against viruses. In particular, we focus on the characterization of chloroplast protein-viral protein interactions that underlie the interplay between chloroplast and virus. It can be summarized that chloroplast is a common target of plant viruses for viral pathogenesis or propagation; and conversely, chloroplast and its components also can play active roles in plant defense against viruses. Chloroplast photosynthesis-related genes/proteins (CPRGs/CPRPs) are suggested to play a central role during the complex chloroplast-virus interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Plant virus replication and movement. Virology 2015; 479-480:657-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
26
|
Bobik K, Burch-Smith TM. Chloroplast signaling within, between and beyond cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:781. [PMID: 26500659 PMCID: PMC4593955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The most conspicuous function of plastids is the oxygenic photosynthesis of chloroplasts, yet plastids are super-factories that produce a plethora of compounds that are indispensable for proper plant physiology and development. Given their origins as free-living prokaryotes, it is not surprising that plastids possess their own genomes whose expression is essential to plastid function. This semi-autonomous character of plastids requires the existence of sophisticated regulatory mechanisms that provide reliable communication between them and other cellular compartments. Such intracellular signaling is necessary for coordinating whole-cell responses to constantly varying environmental cues and cellular metabolic needs. This is achieved by plastids acting as receivers and transmitters of specific signals that coordinate expression of the nuclear and plastid genomes according to particular needs. In this review we will consider the so-called retrograde signaling occurring between plastids and nuclei, and between plastids and other organelles. Another important role of the plastid we will discuss is the involvement of plastid signaling in biotic and abiotic stress that, in addition to influencing retrograde signaling, has direct effects on several cellular compartments including the cell wall. We will also review recent evidence pointing to an intriguing function of chloroplasts in regulating intercellular symplasmic transport. Finally, we consider an intriguing yet less widely known aspect of plant biology, chloroplast signaling from the perspective of the entire plant. Thus, accumulating evidence highlights that chloroplasts, with their complex signaling pathways, provide a mechanism for exquisite regulation of plant development, metabolism and responses to the environment. As chloroplast processes are targeted for engineering for improved productivity the effect of such modifications on chloroplast signaling will have to be carefully considered in order to avoid unintended consequences on plant growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tessa M. Burch-Smith
- *Correspondence: Tessa M. Burch-Smith, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, M407 Walters Life Science, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang S, Blumwald E. Stress-induced chloroplast degradation in Arabidopsis is regulated via a process independent of autophagy and senescence-associated vacuoles. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:4875-88. [PMID: 25538186 PMCID: PMC4311210 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.133116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two well-known pathways for the degradation of chloroplast proteins are via autophagy and senescence-associated vacuoles. Here, we describe a third pathway that was activated by senescence- and abiotic stress-induced expression of Arabidopsis thaliana CV (for chloroplast vesiculation). After targeting to the chloroplast, CV destabilized the chloroplast, inducing the formation of vesicles. CV-containing vesicles carrying stromal proteins, envelope membrane proteins, and thylakoid membrane proteins were released from the chloroplasts and mobilized to the vacuole for proteolysis. Overexpression of CV caused chloroplast degradation and premature leaf senescence, whereas silencing CV delayed chloroplast turnover and senescence induced by abiotic stress. Transgenic CV-silenced plants displayed enhanced tolerance to drought, salinity, and oxidative stress. Immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays demonstrated that CV interacted with photosystem II subunit PsbO1 in vivo through a C-terminal domain that is highly conserved in the plant kingdom. Collectively, our work indicated that CV plays a crucial role in stress-induced chloroplast disruption and mediates a third pathway for chloroplast degradation. From a biotechnological perspective, silencing of CV offers a suitable strategy for the generation of transgenic crops with increased tolerance to abiotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songhu Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Laliberté
- INRS–Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada;
| | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Balasubramaniam M, Kim BS, Hutchens-Williams HM, Loesch-Fries LS. The photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex protein PsbP interacts with the coat protein of Alfalfa mosaic virus and inhibits virus replication. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:1107-18. [PMID: 24940990 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-14-0035-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) coat protein (CP) is essential for many steps in virus replication from early infection to encapsidation. However, the identity and functional relevance of cellular factors that interact with CP remain unknown. In an unbiased yeast two-hybrid screen for CP-interacting Arabidopsis proteins, we identified several novel protein interactions that could potentially modulate AMV replication. In this report, we focus on one of the novel CP-binding partners, the Arabidopsis PsbP protein, which is a nuclear-encoded component of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II. We validated the protein interaction in vitro with pull-down assays, in planta with bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, and during virus infection by co-immunoprecipitations. CP interacted with the chloroplast-targeted PsbP in the cytosol and mutations that prevented the dimerization of CP abolished this interaction. Importantly, PsbP overexpression markedly reduced virus accumulation in infected leaves. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that AMV CP dimers interact with the chloroplast protein PsbP, suggesting a potential sequestration strategy that may preempt the generation of any PsbP-mediated antiviral state.
Collapse
|
30
|
Horstman A, Tonaco IAN, Boutilier K, Immink RGH. A cautionary note on the use of split-YFP/BiFC in plant protein-protein interaction studies. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9628-43. [PMID: 24886811 PMCID: PMC4100113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction in plants 10 years ago, the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) method, or split-YFP (yellow fluorescent protein), has gained popularity within the plant biology field as a method to study protein-protein interactions. BiFC is based on the restoration of fluorescence after the two non-fluorescent halves of a fluorescent protein are brought together by a protein-protein interaction event. The major drawback of BiFC is that the fluorescent protein halves are prone to self-assembly independent of a protein-protein interaction event. To circumvent this problem, several modifications of the technique have been suggested, but these modifications have not lead to improvements in plant BiFC protocols. Therefore, it remains crucial to include appropriate internal controls. Our literature survey of recent BiFC studies in plants shows that most studies use inappropriate controls, and a qualitative rather than quantitative read-out of fluorescence. Therefore, we provide a cautionary note and beginner’s guideline for the setup of BiFC experiments, discussing each step of the protocol, including vector choice, plant expression systems, negative controls, and signal detection. In addition, we present our experience with BiFC with respect to self-assembly, peptide linkers, and incubation temperature. With this note, we aim to provide a guideline that will improve the quality of plant BiFC experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Horstman
- Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Kim Boutilier
- Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard G H Immink
- Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Seo EY, Nam J, Kim HS, Park YH, Hong SM, Lakshman D, Bae H, Hammond J, Lim HS. Selective Interaction Between Chloroplast β-ATPase and TGB1L88 Retards Severe Symptoms Caused by Alternanthera mosaic virus Infection. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 30:58-67. [PMID: 25288986 PMCID: PMC4174830 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.09.2013.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The multifunctional triple gene block protein 1 (TGB1) of the Potexvirus Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) has been reported to have silencing suppressor, cell-to-cell movement, and helicase functions. Yeast two hybrid screening using an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library with TGB1 as bait, and co-purification with TGB1 inclusion bodies identified several host proteins which interact with AltMV TGB1. Host protein interactions with TGB1 were confirmed by biomolecular fluorescence complementation, which showed positive TGB1 interaction with mitochondrial ATP synthase delta' chain subunit (ATP synthase delta'), light harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex I subunit A4 (LHCA4), chlorophyll a/b binding protein 1 (LHB1B2), chloroplast-localized IscA-like protein (ATCPISCA), and chloroplast β-ATPase. However, chloroplast β-ATPase interacts only with TGB1L88, and not with weak silencing suppressor TGB1P88. This selective interaction indicates that chloroplast β-ATPase is not required for AltMV movement and replication; however, TRV silencing of chloroplast β-ATPase in Nicotiana benthamiana induced severe tissue necrosis when plants were infected by AltMV TGB1L88 but not AltMV TGB1P88, suggesting that β-ATPase selectively responded to TGB1L88 to induce defense responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Seo
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Jiryun Nam
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
- Department of Bioscience II, Bio-Medical Science, Daejeon 305-301, Korea
| | - Hyun-Seung Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Young-Hwan Park
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
| | - Seok Myeong Hong
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Dilip Lakshman
- USDA-ARS, US National Arboretum, Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hanhong Bae
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
- Hanhong Bae, Phone) +82-51-455-5495, FAX) +82-51-455-5494, E-mail)
| | - John Hammond
- USDA-ARS, US National Arboretum, Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- John Hammond, Phone) +1-301-504-5313, FAX) +301-504-5096, E-mail)
| | - Hyoun-Sub Lim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
- Co-corresponding authors. Hyoun-Sub Lim, Phone) +82-42-821-5766, FAX) +82-42-823-8679, E-mail)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Park MR, Jeong RD, Kim KH. Understanding the intracellular trafficking and intercellular transport of potexviruses in their host plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:60. [PMID: 24672528 PMCID: PMC3957223 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The movement of potexviruses through the cytoplasm to plasmodesmata (PD) and through PD to adjacent cells depends on the viral and host cellular proteins. Potexviruses encode three movement proteins [referred to as the triple gene block (TGB1-3)]. TGB1 protein moves cell-to-cell through PD and requires TGB2 and TGB3, which are endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-located proteins. TGB3 protein directs the movement of the ER-derived vesicles induced by TGB2 protein from the perinuclear ER to the cortical ER. TGB2 protein physically interacts with TGB3 protein in a membrane-associated form and also interacts with either coat protein (CP) or TGB1 protein at the ER network. Recent studies indicate that potexvirus movement involves the interaction between TGB proteins and CP with host proteins including membrane rafts. A group of host cellular membrane raft proteins, remorins, can serve as a counteracting membrane platform for viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) docking and can thereby inhibit viral movement. The CP, which is a component of the RNP movement complex, is also critical for viral cell-to-cell movement through the PD. Interactions between TGB1 protein and/or the CP subunit with the 5'-terminus of genomic RNA [viral RNA (vRNA)] form RNP movement complexes and direct the movement of vRNAs through the PD. Recent studies show that tobacco proteins such as NbMPB2C or NbDnaJ-like proteins interact with the stem-loop 1 RNA located at the 5'-terminus of Potato virus X vRNA and regulate intracellular as well as intercellular movement. Although several host proteins that interact with vRNAs or viral proteins and that are crucial for vRNA transport have been screened and characterized, additional host proteins and details of viral movement remain to be characterized. In this review, we describe recent progress in understanding potexvirus movement within and between cells and how such movement is affected by interactions between vRNA/proteins and host proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ri Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Rae-Dong Jeong
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research InstituteJeongeup, South Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kook-Hyung Kim, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, South Korea e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Laliberté JF, Moffett P, Sanfaçon H, Wang A, Nelson RS, Schoelz JE. e-Book on plant virus infection-a cell biology perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:203. [PMID: 23785382 PMCID: PMC3683628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Laliberté
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLaval, QC, Canada
| | - Peter Moffett
- Département de biologie, Université de SherbrookeSherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Sanfaçon
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaSummerland, BC, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaSummerland, BC, Canada
| | | | - James E. Schoelz
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|