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Bhattacharyya S, Giridhar M, Meier B, Peiter E, Vothknecht UC, Chigri F. Global transcriptome profiling reveals root- and leaf-specific responses of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) to H 2O 2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1223778. [PMID: 37771486 PMCID: PMC10523330 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1223778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
In cereal crops, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), the ability to appropriately respond to environmental cues is an important factor for yield stability and thus for agricultural production. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are key components of signal transduction cascades involved in plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions. H2O2-mediated stress responses include the modulation of expression of stress-responsive genes required to cope with different abiotic and biotic stresses. Despite its importance, knowledge of the effects of H2O2 on the barley transcriptome is still scarce. In this study, we identified global transcriptomic changes induced after application of 10 mM H2O2 to five-day-old barley plants. In total, 1883 and 1001 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in roots and leaves, respectively. Most of these DEGs were organ-specific, with only 209 DEGs commonly regulated and 37 counter-regulated between both plant parts. A GO term analysis further confirmed that different processes were affected in roots and leaves. It revealed that DEGs in leaves mostly comprised genes associated with hormone signaling, response to H2O2 and abiotic stresses. This includes many transcriptions factors and small heat shock proteins. DEGs in roots mostly comprised genes linked to crucial aspects of H2O2 catabolism and oxidant detoxification, glutathione metabolism, as well as cell wall modulation. These categories include many peroxidases and glutathione transferases. As with leaves, the H2O2 response category in roots contains small heat shock proteins, however, mostly different members of this family were affected and they were all regulated in the opposite direction in the two plant parts. Validation of the expression of the selected commonly regulated DEGs by qRT-PCR was consistent with the RNA-seq data. The data obtained in this study provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress responses in barley, which might also play a role upon other stresses that induce oxidative bursts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya Giridhar
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Bastian Meier
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Edgar Peiter
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ute C. Vothknecht
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fatima Chigri
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Pseudophosphorylation of Arabidopsis jasmonate biosynthesis enzyme lipoxygenase 2 via mutation of Ser 600 inhibits enzyme activity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102898. [PMID: 36639029 PMCID: PMC9947334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Jasmonates are oxylipin phytohormones critical for plant resistance against necrotrophic pathogens and chewing herbivores. An early step in their biosynthesis is catalyzed by non-heme iron lipoxygenases (LOX; EC 1.13.11.12). In Arabidopsis thaliana, phosphorylation of Ser600 of AtLOX2 was previously reported, but whether phosphorylation regulates AtLOX2 activity is unclear. Here, we characterize the kinetic properties of recombinant WT AtLOX2 (AtLOX2WT). AtLOX2WT displays positive cooperativity with α-linolenic acid (α-LeA, jasmonate precursor), linoleic acid (LA), and arachidonic acid (AA) as substrates. Enzyme velocity with endogenous substrates α-LeA and LA increased with pH. For α-LeA, this increase was accompanied by a decrease in substrate affinity at alkaline pH; thus, the catalytic efficiency for α-LeA was not affected over the pH range tested. Analysis of Ser600 phosphovariants demonstrated that pseudophosphorylation inhibits enzyme activity. AtLOX2 activity was not detected in phosphomimics Atlox2S600D and Atlox2S600M when α-LeA or AA were used as substrates. In contrast, phosphonull mutant Atlox2S600A exhibited strong activity with all three substrates, α-LeA, LA, and AA. Structural comparison between the AtLOX2 AlphaFold model and a complex between 8R-LOX and a 20C polyunsaturated fatty acid suggests a close proximity between AtLOX2 Ser600 and the carboxylic acid head group of the polyunsaturated fatty acid. This analysis indicates that Ser600 is located at a critical position within the AtLOX2 structure and highlights how Ser600 phosphorylation could affect AtLOX2 catalytic activity. Overall, we propose that AtLOX2 Ser600 phosphorylation represents a key mechanism for the regulation of AtLOX2 activity and, thus, the jasmonate biosynthesis pathway and plant resistance.
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Karapetyan S, Dong X. Redox and the circadian clock in plant immunity: A balancing act. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 119:56-61. [PMID: 29274381 PMCID: PMC5986284 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants' reliance on sunlight for energy makes their light-driven circadian clock a critical regulator in balancing the energy needs for vital activities such as growth and defense. Recent studies show that the circadian clock acts as a strategic planner to prime active defense responses towards the morning or daytime when conditions, such as the opening of stomata required for photosynthesis, are favorable for attackers. Execution of the defense response, on the other hand, is determined according to the cellular redox state and is regulated in part by the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species upon pathogen challenge. The interplay between redox and the circadian clock further gates the onset of defense response to a specific time of the day to avoid conflict with growth-related activities. In this review, we focus on discussing the roles of the circadian clock as a robust overseer and the cellular redox as a dynamic executor of plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sargis Karapetyan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, PO Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, PO Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Block A, Christensen SA, Hunter CT, Alborn HT. Herbivore-derived fatty-acid amides elicit reactive oxygen species burst in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1235-1245. [PMID: 29301018 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be elicited by many forms of stress, including pathogen attack, abiotic stress, damage and insect infestation. Perception of microbe- or damage-associated elicitors triggers an ROS burst in many plant species; however, the impact of herbivore fatty-acid amides on ROS elicitation remains largely unexplored. In this study we show that the lepidopteran-derived fatty-acid amide elicitor N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine (GLN18:3) can induce a ROS burst in multiple plant species. Furthermore, in Arabidopsis this ROS burst is partially dependent on the plasma membrane localized NADPH oxidases RBOHD and RBOHF, and an Arabidopsis rbohD/F double mutant produces enhanced GLN18:3-induced jasmonic acid. Quantification of GLN18:3-induced ROS in phytohormone-deficient lines revealed that in Arabidopsis reduced levels of jasmonic acid resulted in a larger elicitor-induced ROS burst, while in tomato reduction of either jasmonic acid or salicylic acid led to higher induced ROS production. These data indicate that GLN18:3-induced ROS is antagonistic to jasmonic acid production in these species. In biological assays, rbohD/F mutant plants were more resistant to the generalist herbivores Spodoptera exigua and Trichoplusia ni but not to the specialist Plutella xylostella. Collectively, these results demonstrate that in Arabidopsis herbivore-induced ROS may negatively regulate plant defense responses to herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Charles T Hunter
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hans T Alborn
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Hanaka A, Lechowski L, Mroczek-Zdyrska M, Strubińska J. Oxidative enzymes activity during abiotic and biotic stresses in Zea mays leaves and roots exposed to Cu, methyl jasmonate and Trigonotylus caelestialium. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 24:1-5. [PMID: 29398834 PMCID: PMC5787111 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-017-0479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The activities of antioxidative enzymes, i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), in the leaves and roots of Zea mays L. plants exposed to abiotic (methyl jasmonate, MJ, or/and copper, Cu) and biotic (Trigonotylus caelestialium) factors were examined. The contribution of MJ as a signal molecule in the defense mechanism against abiotic and biotic stresses was studied. All plants were cultivated hydroponically and divided into three groups: not treated by abiotic factors (control), treated by MJ only (MJ) and by MJ and Cu (MJ + Cu) and in each group half of the plants were exposed to T. caelestialium attack. The enzymatic activities of SOD, CAT, APX, and GPX in the leaves were higher in the insect-treated than non-insect-treated control plants, but lower in both MJ + Cu- or MJ- and insect-treated plants. In the roots, the enzyme activities were elevated in all insect-treated plants with the highest rise in MJ + Cu, in comparison with the MJ-treated plants. The results showed that MJ and MJ + Cu were efficient in reducing the activity of the antioxidative enzymes in the leaves under the insect influence by elevating enzyme activity in the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Hanaka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Lech Lechowski
- Department of Zoology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Strubińska
- Department of Cell Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Basu S, Varsani S, Louis J. Altering Plant Defenses: Herbivore-Associated Molecular Patterns and Effector Arsenal of Chewing Herbivores. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:13-21. [PMID: 28840787 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0183-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chewing herbivores, such as caterpillars and beetles, while feeding on the host plant, cause extensive tissue damage and release a wide array of cues to alter plant defenses. Consequently, the cues can have both beneficial and detrimental impacts on the chewing herbivores. Herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) are molecules produced by herbivorous insects that aid them to elicit plant defenses leading to impairment of insect growth, while effectors suppress plant defenses and contribute to increased susceptibility to subsequent feeding by chewing herbivores. Besides secretions that originate from glands (e.g., saliva) and fore- and midgut regions (e.g., oral secretions) of chewing herbivores, recent studies have shown that insect frass and herbivore-associated endosymbionts also play a critical role in modulating plant defenses. In this review, we provide an update on a growing body of literature that discusses the chewing insect HAMPs and effectors and the mechanisms by which they modulate host defenses. Novel "omic" approaches and availability of new tools will help researchers to move forward this discipline by identifying and characterizing novel insect HAMPs and effectors and how these herbivore-associated cues are perceived by host plant receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joe Louis
- 1 Department of Entomology; and
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
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Paudel JR, Amirizian A, Krosse S, Giddings J, Ismail SAA, Xia J, Gloer JB, van Dam NM, Bede JC. Effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and nitrate fertilization on glucosinolate biosynthesis in mechanically damaged Arabidopsis plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:68. [PMID: 27001610 PMCID: PMC4802917 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels predicted to occur before the end of the century will impact plant metabolism. In addition, nitrate availability will affect metabolism and levels of nitrogen-containing defense compounds, such as glucosinolates (GSLs). We compared Arabidopsis foliar metabolic profile in plants grown under two CO2 regimes (440 vs 880 ppm), nitrate fertilization (1 mM vs 10 mM) and in response to mechanical damage of rosette leaves. RESULTS Constitutive foliar metabolites in nitrate-limited plants show distinct global patterns depending on atmospheric CO2 levels; in contrast, plants grown under higher nitrate fertilization under elevated atmospheric CO2 conditions have a unique metabolite signature. Nitrate fertilization dampens the jasmonate burst in response to wounding in plants grown at elevated CO2 levels. Leaf GSL profile mirrors the jasmonate burst; in particular, indole GSLs increase in response to damage in plants grown at ambient CO2 but only in nitrate-limited plants grown under elevated CO2 conditions. CONCLUSIONS This may reflect a reduced capacity of C3 plants grown under enriched CO2 and nitrate levels to signal changes in oxidative stress and has implications for future agricultural management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamuna Risal Paudel
- />Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Alexandre Amirizian
- />Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Sebastian Krosse
- />Molecular Interaction Ecology, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jessica Giddings
- />Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Shoieb Akaram Arief Ismail
- />Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Jianguo Xia
- />Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
- />Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - James B. Gloer
- />Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- />Molecular Interaction Ecology, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Current Address: German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 52, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jacqueline C. Bede
- />Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
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Acevedo FE, Rivera-Vega LJ, Chung SH, Ray S, Felton GW. Cues from chewing insects - the intersection of DAMPs, HAMPs, MAMPs and effectors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 26:80-6. [PMID: 26123394 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chewing herbivores cause massive damage when crushing plant tissues with their mandibles, thus releasing a vast array of cues that may be perceived by the plant to mobilize defenses. Besides releasing damage cues in wounded tissues, herbivores deposit abundant cues from their saliva, regurgitant and feces that trigger herbivore specific responses in plants. Herbivores can manipulate the perception mechanisms and defense signals to suppress plant defenses by secreting effectors and/or by exploiting their associated oral microbes. Recent studies indicate that both the composition of herbivore cues and the plant's ability to recognize them are highly dependent upon the specific plant-herbivore system. There is a growing amount of work on identifying herbivore elicitors and effectors, but the most significant bottleneck in the discipline is the identification and characterization of plant receptors that perceive these herbivore-specific cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor E Acevedo
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Loren J Rivera-Vega
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Seung Ho Chung
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Swayamjit Ray
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Biology Graduate Program, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Paudel JR, Bede JC. Ethylene Signaling Modulates Herbivore-Induced Defense Responses in the Model Legume Medicago truncatula. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:569-79. [PMID: 25608182 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-14-0348-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
One or more effectors in the labial saliva (LS) of generalist Noctuid caterpillars activate plant signaling pathways to modulate jasmonate (JA)-dependent defense responses; however, the exact mechanisms involved have yet to be elucidated. A potential candidate in this phytohormone interplay is the ethylene (ET) signaling pathway. We compared the biochemical and molecular responses of the model legume Medicago truncatula and the ET-insensitive skl mutant to herbivory by fourth instar Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) caterpillars with intact or impaired LS secretions. Cellular oxidative stress increases rapidly after herbivory, as evidenced by changes in oxidized-to-reduced ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) ratios. The caterpillar-specific increase in GSH ratios and the LS-specific increase in ASC ratios are alleviated in the skl mutant, indicating that ET signaling is required. Ten hours postherbivory, markers of the JA and JA/ET pathways are differentially expressed; MtVSP is induced and MtHEL is repressed in a caterpillar LS- and ET-independent manner. In contrast, expression of the classic marker of the systemic acquired resistance pathway, MtPR1, is caterpillar LS-dependent and requires ET signaling. Caterpillar LS further suppresses the induction of JA-related trypsin inhibitor activity in an ET-dependent manner. Findings suggest that ET is involved in the caterpillar LS-dependent, salicylic acid/NPR1-mediated attenuation of JA-dependent induced responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamuna Risal Paudel
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Qc, Canada, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Jacqueline C Bede
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Qc, Canada, H9X 3V9, Canada
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Lan Z, Krosse S, Achard P, van Dam NM, Bede JC. DELLA proteins modulate Arabidopsis defences induced in response to caterpillar herbivory. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:571-83. [PMID: 24399173 PMCID: PMC3904718 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Upon insect herbivory, many plant species change the direction of metabolic flux from growth into defence. Two key pathways modulating these processes are the gibberellin (GA)/DELLA pathway and the jasmonate pathway. In this study, the effect of caterpillar herbivory on plant-induced responses was compared between wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and quad-della mutants that have constitutively elevated GA responses. The labial saliva (LS) of caterpillars of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, is known to influence induced plant defence responses. To determine the role of this herbivore cue in determining metabolic shifts, plants were subject to herbivory by caterpillars with intact or impaired LS secretions. In both wild-type and quad-della plants, a jasmonate burst is an early response to caterpillar herbivory. Negative growth regulator DELLA proteins are required for the LS-mediated suppression of hormone levels. Jasmonate-dependent marker genes are induced in response to herbivory independently of LS, with the exception of AtPDF1.2 that showed LS-dependent expression in the quad-della mutant. Early expression of the salicylic acid (SA)-marker gene, AtPR1, was not affected by herbivory which also reflected SA hormone levels; however, this gene showed LS-dependent expression in the quad-della mutant. DELLA proteins may positively regulate glucosinolate levels and suppress laccase-like multicopper oxidase activity in response to herbivory. The present results show a link between DELLA proteins and early, induced plant defences in response to insect herbivory; in particular, these proteins are necessary for caterpillar LS-associated attenuation of defence hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Lan
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Belleuve, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Sebastian Krosse
- Ecogenomics, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Achard
- Institut de Biologie Moléculare des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- Ecogenomics, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline C. Bede
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Belleuve, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Pieterse CMJ, Poelman EH, Van Wees SCM, Dicke M. Induced plant responses to microbes and insects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:475. [PMID: 24312114 PMCID: PMC3836026 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Corné M. J. Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence:
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Saskia C. M. Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
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