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Wegner L, Ehlers K. Plasmodesmata dynamics in bryophyte model organisms: secondary formation and developmental modifications of structure and function. PLANTA 2024; 260:45. [PMID: 38965075 PMCID: PMC11224097 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Developing bryophytes differentially modify their plasmodesmata structure and function. Secondary plasmodesmata formation via twinning appears to be an ancestral trait. Plasmodesmata networks in hornwort sporophyte meristems resemble those of angiosperms. All land-plant taxa use plasmodesmata (PD) cell connections for symplasmic communication. In angiosperm development, PD networks undergo an extensive remodeling by structural and functional PD modifications, and by postcytokinetic formation of additional secondary PD (secPD). Since comparable information on PD dynamics is scarce for the embryophyte sister groups, we investigated maturating tissues of Anthoceros agrestis (hornwort), Physcomitrium patens (moss), and Marchantia polymorpha (liverwort). As in angiosperms, quantitative electron microscopy revealed secPD formation via twinning in gametophytes of all model bryophytes, which gives rise to laterally adjacent PD pairs or to complex branched PD. This finding suggests that PD twinning is an ancient evolutionary mechanism to adjust PD numbers during wall expansion. Moreover, all bryophyte gametophytes modify their existing PD via taxon-specific strategies resembling those of angiosperms. Development of type II-like PD morphotypes with enlarged diameters or formation of pit pairs might be required to maintain PD transport rates during wall thickening. Similar to angiosperm leaves, fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching revealed a considerable reduction of the PD permeability in maturating P. patens phyllids. In contrast to previous reports on monoplex meristems of bryophyte gametophytes with single initials, we observed targeted secPD formation in the multi-initial basal meristems of A. agrestis sporophytes. Their PD networks share typical features of multi-initial angiosperm meristems, which may hint at a putative homologous origin. We also discuss that monoplex and multi-initial meristems may require distinct types of PD networks, with or without secPD formation, to control maintenance of initial identity and positional signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Wegner
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Katrin Ehlers
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Muhammad D, Clark NM, Haque S, Williams CM, Sozzani R, Long TA. POPEYE intercellular localization mediates cell-specific iron deficiency responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2017-2032. [PMID: 35920794 PMCID: PMC9614487 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants must tightly regulate iron (Fe) sensing, acquisition, transport, mobilization, and storage to ensure sufficient levels of this essential micronutrient. POPEYE (PYE) is an iron responsive transcription factor that positively regulates the iron deficiency response, while also repressing genes essential for maintaining iron homeostasis. However, little is known about how PYE plays such contradictory roles. Under iron-deficient conditions, pPYE:GFP accumulates in the root pericycle while pPYE:PYE-GFP is localized to the nucleus in all Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root cells, suggesting that PYE may have cell-specific dynamics and functions. Using scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and cell-specific promoters, we found that PYE-GFP moves between different cells and that the tendency for movement corresponds with transcript abundance. While localization to the cortex, endodermis, and vasculature is required to manage changes in iron availability, vasculature and endodermis localization of PYE-GFP protein exacerbated pye-1 defects and elicited a host of transcriptional changes that are detrimental to iron mobilization. Our findings indicate that PYE acts as a positive regulator of iron deficiency response by regulating iron bioavailability differentially across cells, which may trigger iron uptake from the surrounding rhizosphere and impact root energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- DurreShahwar Muhammad
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Natalie M Clark
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
- Biomathematics Graduate Program, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Samiul Haque
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Cranos M Williams
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
- Biomathematics Graduate Program, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Terri A Long
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Voitsekhovskaja OV, Melnikova AN, Demchenko KN, Ivanova AN, Dmitrieva VA, Maksimova AI, Lohaus G, Tomos AD, Tyutereva EV, Koroleva OA. Leaf Epidermis: The Ambiguous Symplastic Domain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:695415. [PMID: 34394148 PMCID: PMC8358407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.695415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability to develop secondary (post-cytokinetic) plasmodesmata (PD) is an important evolutionary advantage that helps in creating symplastic domains within the plant body. Developmental regulation of secondary PD formation is not completely understood. In flowering plants, secondary PD occur exclusively between cells from different lineages, e.g., at the L1/L2 interface within shoot apices, or between leaf epidermis (L1-derivative), and mesophyll (L2-derivative). However, the highest numbers of secondary PD occur in the minor veins of leaf between bundle sheath cells and phloem companion cells in a group of plant species designated "symplastic" phloem loaders, as opposed to "apoplastic" loaders. This poses a question of whether secondary PD formation is upregulated in general in symplastic loaders. Distribution of PD in leaves and in shoot apices of two symplastic phloem loaders, Alonsoa meridionalis and Asarina barclaiana, was compared with that in two apoplastic loaders, Solanum tuberosum (potato) and Hordeum vulgare (barley), using immunolabeling of the PD-specific proteins and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Single-cell sampling was performed to correlate sugar allocation between leaf epidermis and mesophyll to PD abundance. Although the distribution of PD in the leaf lamina (except within the vascular tissues) and in the meristem layers was similar in all species examined, far fewer PD were found at the epidermis/epidermis and mesophyll/epidermis boundaries in apoplastic loaders compared to symplastic loaders. In the latter, the leaf epidermis accumulated sugar, suggesting sugar import from the mesophyll via PD. Thus, leaf epidermis and mesophyll might represent a single symplastic domain in Alonsoa meridionalis and Asarina barclaiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Voitsekhovskaja
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna N. Melnikova
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill N. Demchenko
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra N. Ivanova
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valeria A. Dmitrieva
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Molecular Plant Research/Plant Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A. Deri Tomos
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Elena V. Tyutereva
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga A. Koroleva
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
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Evkaikina AI, Berke L, Romanova MA, Proux-Wéra E, Ivanova AN, Rydin C, Pawlowski K, Voitsekhovskaja OV. The Huperzia selago Shoot Tip Transcriptome Sheds New Light on the Evolution of Leaves. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 9:2444-2460. [PMID: 28957460 PMCID: PMC5622374 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopodiophyta—consisting of three orders, Lycopodiales, Isoetales and Selaginellales, with different types of shoot apical meristems (SAMs)—form the earliest branch among the extant vascular plants. They represent a sister group to all other vascular plants, from which they differ in that their leaves are microphylls—that is, leaves with a single, unbranched vein, emerging from the protostele without a leaf gap—not megaphylls. All leaves represent determinate organs originating on the flanks of indeterminate SAMs. Thus, leaf formation requires the suppression of indeterminacy, that is, of KNOX transcription factors. In seed plants, this is mediated by different groups of transcription factors including ARP and YABBY. We generated a shoot tip transcriptome of Huperzia selago (Lycopodiales) to examine the genes involved in leaf formation. Our H. selago transcriptome does not contain any ARP homolog, although transcriptomes of Selaginella spp. do. Surprisingly, we discovered a YABBY homolog, although these transcription factors were assumed to have evolved only in seed plants. The existence of a YABBY homolog in H. selago suggests that YABBY evolved already in the common ancestor of the vascular plants, and subsequently was lost in some lineages like Selaginellales, whereas ARP may have been lost in Lycopodiales. The presence of YABBY in the common ancestor of vascular plants would also support the hypothesis that this common ancestor had a simplex SAM. Furthermore, a comparison of the expression patterns of ARP in shoot tips of Selaginella kraussiana (Harrison CJ, etal. 2005. Independent recruitment of a conserved developmental mechanism during leaf evolution. Nature 434(7032):509–514.) and YABBY in shoot tips of H. selago implies that the development of microphylls, unlike megaphylls, does not seem to depend on the combined activities of ARP and YABBY. Altogether, our data show that Lycopodiophyta are a diverse group; so, in order to understand the role of Lycopodiophyta in evolution, representatives of Lycopodiales, Selaginellales, as well as of Isoetales, have to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia I Evkaikina
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lidija Berke
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Marina A Romanova
- Department of Botany, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Estelle Proux-Wéra
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alexandra N Ivanova
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Morphology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Catarina Rydin
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katharina Pawlowski
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga V Voitsekhovskaja
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Fricke W. Water transport and energy. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:977-994. [PMID: 27756100 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Water transport in plants occurs along various paths and is driven by gradients in its free energy. It is generally considered that the mode of transport, being either diffusion or bulk flow, is a passive process, although energy may be required to sustain the forces driving water flow. This review aims at putting water flow at the various organisational levels (cell, organ, plant) in the context of the energy that is required to maintain these flows. In addition, the question is addressed (1) whether water can be transported against a difference in its chemical free energy, 'water potential' (Ψ), through, directly or indirectly, active processes; and (2) whether the energy released when water is flowing down a gradient in its energy, for example during day-time transpiration and cell expansive growth, is significant compared to the energy budget of plant and cell. The overall aim of review is not so much to provide a definite 'Yes' and 'No' to these questions, but rather to stimulate discussion and raise awareness that water transport in plants has its real, associated, energy costs and potential energy gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieland Fricke
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
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Beilby MJ. Multi-Scale Characean Experimental System: From Electrophysiology of Membrane Transporters to Cell-to-Cell Connectivity, Cytoplasmic Streaming and Auxin Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1052. [PMID: 27504112 PMCID: PMC4958633 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of characean algae could be mistaken for a higher plant: stem-like axes with leaf-like branchlets anchored in the soil by root-like rhizoids. However, all of these structures are made up of giant multinucleate cells separated by multicellular nodal complexes. The excised internodal cells survive long enough for the nodes to give rise to new thallus. The size of the internodes and their thick cytoplasmic layer minimize impalement injury and allow specific micro-electrode placement. The cell structure can be manipulated by centrifugation, perfusion of cell contents or creation of cytoplasmic droplets, allowing access to both vacuolar and cytoplasmic compartments and both sides of the cell membranes. Thousands of electrical measurements on intact or altered cells and cytoplasmic droplets laid down basis to modern plant electrophysiology. Furthermore, the giant internodal cells and whole thalli facilitate research into many other plant properties. As nutrients have to be transported from rhizoids to growing parts of the thallus and hormonal signals need to pass from cell to cell, Characeae possess very fast cytoplasmic streaming. The mechanism was resolved in the characean model. Plasmodesmata between the internodal cells and nodal complexes facilitate transport of ions, nutrients and photosynthates across the nodes. The internal structure was found to be similar to those of higher plants. Recent experiments suggest a strong circadian influence on metabolic pathways producing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and serotonin/melatonin. The review will discuss the impact of the characean models arising from fragments of cells, single cells, cell-to-cell transport or whole thalli on understanding of plant evolution and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Beilby
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, SydneyNSW, Australia
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Fujita T. Plasmodesmata: function and diversity in plant intercellular communication. Preface. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:3-5. [PMID: 25566753 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomichi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan,
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Bayer EM, Mongrand S, Tilsner J. Specialized membrane domains of plasmodesmata, plant intercellular nanopores. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:507. [PMID: 25324854 PMCID: PMC4179711 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle M. Bayer
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, University of BordeauxBordeaux, France
- *Correspondence: ;
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, University of BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St AndrewsFife, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
- *Correspondence: ;
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