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Dziegielewski W, Ziolkowski PA. License to Regulate: Noncoding RNA Special Agents in Plant Meiosis and Reproduction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:662185. [PMID: 34489987 PMCID: PMC8418119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.662185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of the subcellular processes that take place during meiosis requires a significant remodeling of cellular metabolism and dynamic changes in the organization of chromosomes and the cytoskeleton. Recently, investigations of meiotic transcriptomes have revealed additional noncoding RNA factors (ncRNAs) that directly or indirectly influence the course of meiosis. Plant meiosis is the point at which almost all known noncoding RNA-dependent regulatory pathways meet to influence diverse processes related to cell functioning and division. ncRNAs have been shown to prevent transposon reactivation, create germline-specific DNA methylation patterns, and affect the expression of meiosis-specific genes. They can also influence chromosome-level processes, including the stimulation of chromosome condensation, the definition of centromeric chromatin, and perhaps even the regulation of meiotic recombination. In many cases, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these processes remains limited. In this review, we will examine how the different functions of each type of ncRNA have been adopted in plants, devoting attention to both well-studied examples and other possible functions about which we can only speculate for now. We will also briefly discuss the most important challenges in the investigation of ncRNAs in plant meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr A. Ziolkowski
- Laboratory of Genome Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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2
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Barakate A, Orr J, Schreiber M, Colas I, Lewandowska D, McCallum N, Macaulay M, Morris J, Arrieta M, Hedley PE, Ramsay L, Waugh R. Barley Anther and Meiocyte Transcriptome Dynamics in Meiotic Prophase I. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:619404. [PMID: 33510760 PMCID: PMC7835676 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.619404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, successful germinal cell development and meiotic recombination depend upon a combination of environmental and genetic factors. To gain insights into this specialized reproductive development program we used short- and long-read RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to study the temporal dynamics of transcript abundance in immuno-cytologically staged barley (Hordeum vulgare) anthers and meiocytes. We show that the most significant transcriptional changes in anthers occur at the transition from pre-meiosis to leptotene-zygotene, which is followed by increasingly stable transcript abundance throughout prophase I into metaphase I-tetrad. Our analysis reveals that the pre-meiotic anthers are enriched in long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and that entry to meiosis is characterized by their robust and significant down regulation. Intriguingly, only 24% of a collection of putative meiotic gene orthologs showed differential transcript abundance in at least one stage or tissue comparison. Argonautes, E3 ubiquitin ligases, and lys48 specific de-ubiquitinating enzymes were enriched in prophase I meiocyte samples. These developmental, time-resolved transcriptomes demonstrate remarkable stability in transcript abundance in meiocytes throughout prophase I after the initial and substantial reprogramming at meiosis entry and the complexity of the regulatory networks involved in early meiotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Barakate
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Orr
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Schreiber
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Colas
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicola McCallum
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Macaulay
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Morris
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Mikel Arrieta
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Pete E. Hedley
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Ramsay
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- School of Agriculture and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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3
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Chen L, Yun M, Cao Z, Liang Z, Liu W, Wang M, Yan J, Yang S, He X, Jiang B, Peng Q, Lin Y. Phenotypic Characteristics and Transcriptome of Cucumber Male Flower Development Under Heat Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:758976. [PMID: 34745192 PMCID: PMC8570340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.758976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important vegetable crop, which is thermophilic not heat resistant. High-temperature stress always results in sterility at reproductive stage. In the present study, we evaluate the male flower developmental changes under normal (CK) and heat stress (HS) condition. After HS, the activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased. In addition, the pollen fertility was significantly decreased; and abnormal tapetum and microspore were observed by paraffin section. Transcriptome analysis results presented that total of 5828 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after HS. Among these DEGs, 20 DEGs were found at four stages, including DNA binding transcription factor, glycosyltransferase, and wound-responsive family protein. The gene ontology term of carbohydrate metabolic process was significantly enriched in all anther stages, and many saccharides and starch synthase-related genes, such as invertase, sucrose synthase, and starch branching enzyme, were significantly different expressed in HS compared with CK. Furthermore, co-expression network analysis showed a module (midnightblue) strongly consistent with HS, and two hub genes (CsaV3_6G004180 and CsaV3_5G034860) were found with a high degree of connectivity to other genes. Our results provide comprehensive understandings on male flower development in cucumber under HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maomao Yun
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenqiang Cao
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaojun Liang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenrui Liu
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinqiang Yan
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songguang Yang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming He
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingwu Peng
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu’e Lin
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yu’e Lin,
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4
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Pecinka A, Chevalier C, Colas I, Kalantidis K, Varotto S, Krugman T, Michailidis C, Vallés MP, Muñoz A, Pradillo M. Chromatin dynamics during interphase and cell division: similarities and differences between model and crop plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5205-5222. [PMID: 31626285 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Genetic information in the cell nucleus controls organismal development and responses to the environment, and finally ensures its own transmission to the next generations. To achieve so many different tasks, the genetic information is associated with structural and regulatory proteins, which orchestrate nuclear functions in time and space. Furthermore, plant life strategies require chromatin plasticity to allow a rapid adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the organization of plant chromatin and dynamics of chromosomes during interphase and mitotic and meiotic cell divisions for model and crop plants differing as to genome size, ploidy, and amount of genomic resources available. The existing data indicate that chromatin changes accompany most (if not all) cellular processes and that there are both shared and unique themes in the chromatin structure and global chromosome dynamics among species. Ongoing efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in chromatin organization and remodeling have, together with the latest genome editing tools, potential to unlock crop genomes for innovative breeding strategies and improvements of various traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Pecinka
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of the Region Haná for Agricultural and Biotechnological Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Isabelle Colas
- James Hutton Institute, Cell and Molecular Science, Pr Waugh's Lab, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Kriton Kalantidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, and Institute of Molecular Biology Biotechnology, FoRTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Serena Varotto
- Department of Agronomy Animal Food Natural Resources and Environment (DAFNAE) University of Padova, Agripolis viale dell'Università, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Tamar Krugman
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Christos Michailidis
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Praha 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - María-Pilar Vallés
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Estación Experimental Aula Dei (EEAD), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aitor Muñoz
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Center of Biotechnology/Superior Council of Scientific Research, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Pradillo
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Valuchova S, Mikulkova P, Pecinkova J, Klimova J, Krumnikl M, Bainar P, Heckmann S, Tomancak P, Riha K. Imaging plant germline differentiation within Arabidopsis flowers by light sheet microscopy. eLife 2020; 9:52546. [PMID: 32041682 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52546.sa2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, germline differentiation occurs during a relatively short period within developing flowers. Understanding of the mechanisms that govern germline differentiation lags behind other plant developmental processes. This is largely because the germline is restricted to relatively few cells buried deep within floral tissues, which makes them difficult to study. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a methodology for live imaging of the germ cell lineage within floral organs of Arabidopsis using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. We have established reporter lines, cultivation conditions, and imaging protocols for high-resolution microscopy of developing flowers continuously for up to several days. We used multiview imagining to reconstruct a three-dimensional model of a flower at subcellular resolution. We demonstrate the power of this approach by capturing male and female meiosis, asymmetric pollen division, movement of meiotic chromosomes, and unusual restitution mitosis in tapetum cells. This method will enable new avenues of research into plant sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Valuchova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Mikulkova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pecinkova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klimova
- IT4Innovations, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Krumnikl
- IT4Innovations, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Computer Science, FEECS VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bainar
- IT4Innovations, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Heckmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Pavel Tomancak
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karel Riha
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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6
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Valuchova S, Mikulkova P, Pecinkova J, Klimova J, Krumnikl M, Bainar P, Heckmann S, Tomancak P, Riha K. Imaging plant germline differentiation within Arabidopsis flowers by light sheet microscopy. eLife 2020; 9:e52546. [PMID: 32041682 PMCID: PMC7012603 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, germline differentiation occurs during a relatively short period within developing flowers. Understanding of the mechanisms that govern germline differentiation lags behind other plant developmental processes. This is largely because the germline is restricted to relatively few cells buried deep within floral tissues, which makes them difficult to study. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a methodology for live imaging of the germ cell lineage within floral organs of Arabidopsis using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. We have established reporter lines, cultivation conditions, and imaging protocols for high-resolution microscopy of developing flowers continuously for up to several days. We used multiview imagining to reconstruct a three-dimensional model of a flower at subcellular resolution. We demonstrate the power of this approach by capturing male and female meiosis, asymmetric pollen division, movement of meiotic chromosomes, and unusual restitution mitosis in tapetum cells. This method will enable new avenues of research into plant sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Valuchova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC)Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Pavlina Mikulkova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC)Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Jana Pecinkova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC)Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Jana Klimova
- IT4InnovationsVSB–Technical University of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
| | - Michal Krumnikl
- IT4InnovationsVSB–Technical University of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
- Department of Computer ScienceFEECS VSB – Technical University of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
| | - Petr Bainar
- IT4InnovationsVSB–Technical University of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
| | - Stefan Heckmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)SeelandGermany
| | - Pavel Tomancak
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Karel Riha
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC)Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
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7
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Prusicki MA, Keizer EM, van Rosmalen RP, Komaki S, Seifert F, Müller K, Wijnker E, Fleck C, Schnittger A. Live cell imaging of meiosis in Arabidopsis thaliana. eLife 2019; 8:e42834. [PMID: 31107238 PMCID: PMC6559805 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To follow the dynamics of meiosis in the model plant Arabidopsis, we have established a live cell imaging setup to observe male meiocytes. Our method is based on the concomitant visualization of microtubules (MTs) and a meiotic cohesin subunit that allows following five cellular parameters: cell shape, MT array, nucleus position, nucleolus position, and chromatin condensation. We find that the states of these parameters are not randomly associated and identify 11 cellular states, referred to as landmarks, which occur much more frequently than closely related ones, indicating that they are convergence points during meiotic progression. As a first application of our system, we revisited a previously identified mutant in the meiotic A-type cyclin TARDY ASYNCHRONOUS MEIOSIS (TAM). Our imaging system enabled us to reveal both qualitatively and quantitatively altered landmarks in tam, foremost the formation of previously not recognized ectopic spindle- or phragmoplast-like structures that arise without attachment to chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Prusicki
- Department of Developmental BiologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Emma M Keizer
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rik P van Rosmalen
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Shinichiro Komaki
- Department of Developmental BiologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Felix Seifert
- Department of Developmental BiologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Katja Müller
- Department of Developmental BiologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Erik Wijnker
- Department of Plant Science, Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Christian Fleck
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental BiologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
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9
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Zhang L, Kong H, Ma H, Yang J. Phylogenomic detection and functional prediction of genes potentially important for plant meiosis. Gene 2018; 643:83-97. [PMID: 29223357 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes. A better understanding of the cytological procedures of meiosis has been achieved by comprehensive cytogenetic studies in plants, while the genetic mechanisms regulating meiotic progression remain incompletely understood. The increasing accumulation of complete genome sequences and large-scale gene expression datasets has provided a powerful resource for phylogenomic inference and unsupervised identification of genes involved in plant meiosis. By integrating sequence homology and expression data, 164, 131, 124 and 162 genes potentially important for meiosis were identified in the genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Selaginella moellendorffii and Pogonatum aloides, respectively. The predicted genes were assigned to 45 meiotic GO terms, and their functions were related to different processes occurring during meiosis in various organisms. Most of the predicted meiotic genes underwent lineage-specific duplication events during plant evolution, with about 30% of the predicted genes retaining only a single copy in higher plant genomes. The results of this study provided clues to design experiments for better functional characterization of meiotic genes in plants, promoting the phylogenomic approach to the evolutionary dynamics of the plant meiotic machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoyan Zhang
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China.
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Poggio L, González GE. Cytological diploidization of paleopolyploid genus Zea: Divergence between homoeologous chromosomes or activity of pairing regulator genes? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0189644. [PMID: 29293518 PMCID: PMC5749740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytological diploidization process is different in autopolyploid and allopolyploid species. Colchicine applied at the onset of meiosis suppresses the effect of pairing regulator genes resulting multivalents formation in bivalent-forming species. Colchicine treated maizes (4x = 2n = 20, AmAmBmBm) showed up to 5IV, suggesting pairing between chromosomes from genomes homoeologous Am and Bm. In untreated individuals of the alloautooctoploid Zea perennis (8x = 2n = 40, ApApAp´Ap´Bp1Bp1Bp2Bp2) the most frequent configuration was 5IV+10II (formed by A and B genomes, respectively). The colchicine treated Z. perennis show up to 10IV revealing higher affinity within genomes A and B, but any homology among them. These results suggest the presence of a paring regulator locus (PrZ) in maize and Z. perennis, whose expression is suppressed by colchicine. It could be postulated that in Z. perennis, PrZ would affect independently the genomes A and B, being relevant the threshold of homology, the fidelity of pairing in each genomes and the ploidy level. Cytological analysis of the treated hexaploid hybrids (6x = 2n = 30), with Z. perennis as a parental, strongly suggests that PrZ is less effective in only one doses. This conclusion was reinforced by the homoeologous pairing observed in untreated dihaploid maizes, which showed up to 5II. Meiotic behaviour of individuals treated with different doses of colchicine allowed to postulate that PrZ affect the homoeologous association by controlling entire genomes (Am or Bm) rather than individual chromosomes. Based on cytological and statistical results it is possible to propose that the cytological diploidization in Zea species occurs by restriction of pairing between homoeologous chromosomes or by genetical divergence of the homoeologous chromosomes, as was observed in untreated Z. mays ssp. parviglumis. These are independent but complementary systems and could be acting jointly in the same nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Poggio
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas—CONICET)—Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución (LaCyE), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Esther González
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas—CONICET)—Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución (LaCyE), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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11
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Liu Y, Li J, Wei G, Sun Y, Lu Y, Lan H, Li C, Zhang S, Cao M. Cloning, molecular evolution and functional characterization of ZmbHLH16, the maize ortholog of OsTIP2 (OsbHLH142). Biol Open 2017; 6:1654-1663. [PMID: 28970232 PMCID: PMC5703606 DOI: 10.1242/bio.026393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor ZmbHLH16, the maize ortholog of OsTIP2 (OsbHLH142), was isolated in the present study. Tissue expression analysis showed that ZmbHLH16 is preferentially expressed in male reproductive organs. Subcellular location analysis of ZmbHLH16 via rice protoplast indicated that it is located in the nucleus. Through nucleotide variation analysis, 36 polymorphic sites in ZmbHLH16, including 23 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 13 InDels, were detected among 78 maize inbred lines. Neutrality tests and linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that ZmbHLH16 experienced no significant evolutionary pressure. Yeast one-hybrid experiment showed that the first 80 residues in the N-terminus of ZmbHLH16 had transactivation activity, whereas the full length did not. Genome-wide coexpression analysis showed that 395 genes were coexpressed with ZmbHLH16. Among these genes, the transcription factor ZmbHLH51 had similar expression pattern and identical subcellular localization to those of ZmbHLH16. Subsequently, the interaction between ZmbHLH51 and ZmbHLH16 was verified by yeast two-hybrid experiment. Through yeast two-hybrid analysis of series truncated ZmbHLH16 fragments, we found not only the typical bHLH domain [175-221 amino acids (a.a.)], but also that the 81-160 a.a. and 241-365 a.a. of ZmbHLH16 could interact with ZmbHLH51. All these results lay the foundation for further understanding the functions of ZmbHLH16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130 Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, 611130 Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Li
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academic of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571737 Danzhou, China
| | - Gui Wei
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130 Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, 611130 Chengdu, China
| | - Yonghao Sun
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130 Chengdu, China
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Yanli Lu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130 Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, 611130 Chengdu, China
| | - Hai Lan
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130 Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, 611130 Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130 Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, 611130 Chengdu, China
| | - Suzhi Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130 Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, 611130 Chengdu, China
| | - Moju Cao
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130 Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, 611130 Chengdu, China
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12
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Flórez-Zapata NMV, Reyes-Valdés MH, Martínez O. Long non-coding RNAs are major contributors to transcriptome changes in sunflower meiocytes with different recombination rates. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:490. [PMID: 27401977 PMCID: PMC4940957 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meiosis is a form of specialized cell division that marks the transition from diploid meiocyte to haploid gamete, and provides an opportunity for genetic reassortment through recombination. Experimental data indicates that, relative to their wild ancestors, cultivated sunflower varieties show a higher recombination rate during meiosis. To better understand the molecular basis for this difference, we compared gene expression in male sunflower meiocytes in prophase I isolated from a domesticated line, a wild relative, and a F1 hybrid of the two. RESULTS Of the genes that showed differential expression between the wild and domesticated genotypes, 63.62 % could not be identified as protein-coding genes, and of these genes, 70.98 % passed stringent filters to be classified as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Compared to the sunflower somatic transcriptome, meiocytes express a higher proportion of lncRNAs, and the majority of genes with exclusive expression in meiocytes were lncRNAs. Around 40 % of the lncRNAs showed sequence similarity with small RNAs (sRNA), while 1.53 % were predicted to be sunflower natural antisense transcripts (NATs), and 9.18 % contained transposable elements (TE). We identified 6895 lncRNAs that are exclusively expressed in meiocytes, these lncRNAs appear to have higher conservation, a greater degree of differential expression, a higher proportion of sRNA similarity, and higher TE content relative to lncRNAs that are also expressed in the somatic transcriptome. CONCLUSIONS lncRNAs play important roles in plant meiosis and may participate in chromatin modification processes, although other regulatory functions cannot be excluded. lncRNAs could also be related to the different recombination rates seen for domesticated and wild sunflowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia M V Flórez-Zapata
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (LANGEBIO)/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - M Humberto Reyes-Valdés
- Department of Plant Breeding, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Buenavista, 25315, Saltillo, Coahuila, México
| | - Octavio Martínez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (LANGEBIO)/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.
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13
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Poggio L, Greizerstein E, Ferrari M. Variability in the amount of homoeologous pairing among F1 hybrids. AOB PLANTS 2016; 8:plw030. [PMID: 27255515 PMCID: PMC4925922 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plw030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Genes involved in the exclusive pairing of homologous chromosomes have been described in several polyploid species but little is known about the activity of these genes in diploids (which have only one dose of each homoeologous genome). Analysis of the meiotic behaviour of species, natural and artificial hybrids and polyploids of Glandularia suggests that, in allopolyploids where homoeologous genomes are in two doses, regulator genes prevent homoeologous pairing. The different meiotic phenotypes in diploid F1 hybrids between Glandularia pulchella and Glandularia incisa strongly suggest that these pairing regulator genes possess an incomplete penetrance when homoeologous genomes are in only one dose. Moreover, the meiotic analysis of natural and artificial F1 hybrids suggests that the genetic constitution of parental species influences the activity of pairing regulator genes and is mainly responsible for variability in the amount of homoeologous pairing observed in diploid hybrids. In Glandularia, the pairing regulator genes originated in South American diploid species. The cytogenetic characteristics of this genus make it a good model to analyse and explore in greater depth the activity of pairing regulator genes at different ploidy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Greizerstein
- Cátedra de Mejoramiento Genético, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora (UNLZ), Provincia Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Ferrari
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Dukowic-Schulze S, Sundararajan A, Ramaraj T, Kianian S, Pawlowski WP, Mudge J, Chen C. Novel Meiotic miRNAs and Indications for a Role of PhasiRNAs in Meiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:762. [PMID: 27313591 PMCID: PMC4889585 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNA) add additional layers to the regulation of gene expression, with siRNAs directing gene silencing at the DNA level by RdDM (RNA-directed DNA methylation), and micro RNAs (miRNAs) directing post-transcriptional regulation of specific target genes, mostly by mRNA cleavage. We used manually isolated male meiocytes from maize (Zea mays) to investigate sRNA and DNA methylation landscapes during zygotene, an early stage of meiosis during which steps of meiotic recombination and synapsis of paired homologous chromosomes take place. We discovered two novel miRNAs from meiocytes, zma-MIR11969 and zma-MIR11970, and identified putative target genes. Furthermore, we detected abundant phasiRNAs of 21 and 24 nt length. PhasiRNAs are phased small RNAs which occur in 21 or 24 nt intervals, at a few hundred loci, specifically in male reproductive tissues in grasses. So far, the function of phasiRNAs remained elusive. Data from isolated meiocytes now revealed elevated DNA methylation at phasiRNA loci, especially in the CHH context, suggesting a role for phasiRNAs in cis DNA methylation. In addition, we consider a role of these phasiRNAs in chromatin remodeling/dynamics during meiosis. However, this is not well supported yet and will need more additional data. Here, we only lay out the idea due to other relevant literature and our additional observation of a peculiar GC content pattern at phasiRNA loci. Chromatin remodeling is also indicated by the discovery that histone genes were enriched for sRNA of 22 nt length. Taken together, we gained clues that lead us to hypothesize sRNA-driven DNA methylation and possibly chromatin remodeling during male meiosis in the monocot maize which is in line with and extends previous knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shahryar Kianian
- Cereal Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, St. PaulMN, USA
| | - Wojciech P. Pawlowski
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, IthacaNY, USA
| | - Joann Mudge
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa FeNM, USA
| | - Changbin Chen
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. PaulMN, USA
- *Correspondence: Changbin Chen,
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15
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Naranjo T. Contribution of Structural Chromosome Mutants to the Study of Meiosis in Plants. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 147:55-69. [PMID: 26658116 DOI: 10.1159/000442219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissection of the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition through the complex events of the meiotic process requires the use of gene mutants or RNAi-mediated gene silencing. A considerable number of meiotic mutants have been isolated in plant species such as Arabidopsis thaliana, maize or rice. However, structural chromosome mutants are also important for the identification of the role developed by different chromosome domains in the meiotic process. This review summarizes the contribution of studies carried out in plants using structural chromosome variations. Meiotic events concerning the search of the homologous partner, the control of number and distribution of chiasmata, the mechanism of pairing correction, and chromosome segregation are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Naranjo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Andreuzza S, Nishal B, Singh A, Siddiqi I. The Chromatin Protein DUET/MMD1 Controls Expression of the Meiotic Gene TDM1 during Male Meiosis in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005396. [PMID: 26348709 PMCID: PMC4562639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis produces haploid cells essential for sexual reproduction. In yeast, entry into meiosis activates transcription factors which trigger a transcriptional cascade that results in sequential co-expression of early, middle and late meiotic genes. However, these factors are not conserved, and the factors and regulatory mechanisms that ensure proper meiotic gene expression in multicellular eukaryotes are poorly understood. Here, we report that DUET/MMD1, a PHD finger protein essential for Arabidopsis male meiosis, functions as a transcriptional regulator in plant meiosis. We find that DUET-PHD binds H3K4me2 in vitro, and show that this interaction is critical for function during meiosis. We also show that DUET is required for proper microtubule organization during meiosis II, independently of its function in meiosis I. Remarkably, DUET protein shows stage-specific expression, confined to diplotene. We identify two genes TDM1 and JAS with critical functions in cell cycle transitions and spindle organization in male meiosis, as DUET targets, with TDM1 being a direct target. Thus, DUET is required to regulate microtubule organization and cell cycle transitions during male meiosis, and functions as a direct transcription activator of the meiotic gene TDM1. Expression profiling showed reduced expression of a subset comprising about 12% of a known set of meiosis preferred genes in the duet mutant. Our results reveal the action of DUET as a transcriptional regulator during male meiosis in plants, and suggest that transcription of meiotic genes is under stagewise control in plants as in yeast. Meiosis is a critical event in sexual reproduction. During meiosis, chromosomes recombine and segregate twice consecutively to produce haploid daughter cells, which differentiate into gametes. In humans, errors in meiosis are the leading causes of congenital birth defects. In plants, bypassing the meiotic program can lead to production of clonal seeds that retain hybrid traits that otherwise segregate. Thus, understanding the controls of meiosis has major implications for both health and crop improvement. How meiotic gene expression is regulated in multicellular eukaryotes to promote entry into and progression through the meiotic program is poorly understood. Here we identify DUET, a protein essential for male meiosis in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, as a regulator of meiotic gene expression. We found that DUET is required for proper expression of JAS and TDM1. These genes function in male meiosis, and regulate spindle organization during meiosis II and cell cycle transitions, respectively. Expression of DUET at the end of prophase coincides with the onset of TDM1 expression, and DUET directly binds TDM1, indicating TDM1 is a direct target of DUET. Our results provide an initial framework for further elucidating the developmental and molecular controls of meiotic gene expression in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Andreuzza
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR), Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail: (SA); (IS)
| | - Bindu Nishal
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR), Hyderabad, India
| | - Aparna Singh
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR), Hyderabad, India
| | - Imran Siddiqi
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR), Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail: (SA); (IS)
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17
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Baroux C, Autran D. Chromatin dynamics during cellular differentiation in the female reproductive lineage of flowering plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:160-76. [PMID: 26031902 PMCID: PMC4502977 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants offers a number of remarkable aspects to developmental biologists. First, the spore mother cells - precursors of the plant reproductive lineage - are specified late in development, as opposed to precocious germline isolation during embryogenesis in most animals. Second, unlike in most animals where meiosis directly produces gametes, plant meiosis entails the differentiation of a multicellular, haploid gametophyte, within which gametic as well as non-gametic accessory cells are formed. These observations raise the question of the factors inducing and modus operandi of cell fate transitions that originate in floral tissues and gametophytes, respectively. Cell fate transitions in the reproductive lineage imply cellular reprogramming operating at the physiological, cytological and transcriptome level, but also at the chromatin level. A number of observations point to large-scale chromatin reorganization events associated with cellular differentiation of the female spore mother cells and of the female gametes. These include a reorganization of the heterochromatin compartment, the genome-wide alteration of the histone modification landscape, and the remodeling of nucleosome composition. The dynamic expression of DNA methyltransferases and actors of small RNA pathways also suggest additional, global epigenetic alterations that remain to be characterized. Are these events a cause or a consequence of cellular differentiation, and how do they contribute to cell fate transition? Does chromatin dynamics induce competence for immediate cellular functions (meiosis, fertilization), or does it also contribute long-term effects in cellular identity and developmental competence of the reproductive lineage? This review attempts to review these fascinating questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Baroux
- Institute of Plant Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of ZürichZollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
- *For correspondence (e-mail )
| | - Daphné Autran
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (UMR DIADE 232), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (URL 5300), Université de Montpellier911 avenue Agropolis, 34000, Montpellier, France
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18
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She W, Baroux C. Chromatin dynamics in pollen mother cells underpin a common scenario at the somatic-to-reproductive fate transition of both the male and female lineages in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:294. [PMID: 25972887 PMCID: PMC4411972 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Unlike animals, where the germline is established early during embryogenesis, plants set aside their reproductive lineage late in development in dedicated floral organs. The specification of pollen mother cells (PMC) committed to meiosis takes place in the sporogenous tissue in anther locules and marks the somatic-to-reproductive cell fate transition toward the male reproductive lineage. Here we show that Arabidopsis PMC differentiation is accompanied by large-scale changes in chromatin organization. This is characterized by significant increase in nuclear volume, chromatin decondensation, reduction in heterochromatin, eviction of linker histones and the H2AZ histone variant. These structural alterations are accompanied by dramatic, quantitative changes in histone modifications levels compared to that of surrounding somatic cells that do not share a sporogenic fate. All these changes are highly reminiscent of those we have formerly described in female megaspore mother cells (MMC). This indicates that chromatin reprogramming is a common underlying scenario in the somatic-to-reproductive cell fate transition in both male and female lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Célia Baroux
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of ZürichZürich, Switzerland
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19
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Long Y, Wang Y, Wu S, Wang J, Tian X, Pei X. De novo assembly of transcriptome sequencing in Caragana korshinskii Kom. and characterization of EST-SSR markers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115805. [PMID: 25629164 PMCID: PMC4309406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caragana korshinskii Kom. is widely distributed in various habitats, including gravel desert, clay desert, fixed and semi-fixed sand, and saline land in the Asian and African deserts. To date, no previous genomic information or EST-SSR marker has been reported in Caragana Fabr. genus. In this study, more than two billion bases of high-quality sequence of C. korshinskii were generated by using illumina sequencing technology and demonstrated the de novo assembly and annotation of genes without prior genome information. These reads were assembled into 86,265 unigenes (mean length = 709 bp). The similarity search indicated that 33,955 and 21,978 unigenes showed significant similarities to known proteins from NCBI non-redundant and Swissprot protein databases, respectively. Among these annotated unigenes, 26,232 a unigenes were separately assigned to Gene Ontology (GO) database. When 22,756 unigenes searched against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway (KEGG) database, 5,598 unigenes were assigned to 5 main categories including 32 KEGG pathways. Among the main KEGG categories, metabolism was the biggest category (2,862, 43.7%), suggesting the active metabolic processes in the desert tree. In addition, a total of 19,150 EST-SSRs were identified from 15,484 unigenes, and the characterizations of EST-SSRs were further compared with other four species in Fabraceae. 126 potential marker sites were randomly selected to validate the assembly quality and develop EST-SSR markers. Among the 9 germplasms in Caranaga Fabr. genus, PCR success rate were 93.7% and the phylogenic tree was constructed based on the genotypic data. This research generated a substantial fraction of transcriptome sequences, which were very useful resources for gene annotation and discovery, molecular markers development, genome assembly and annotation. The EST-SSR markers identified and developed in this study will facilitate marker-assisted selection breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Long
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- College of Plant science and technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- College of Plant science and technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinjie Tian
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinwu Pei
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- * E-mail:
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