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Ballal S. A brief account of evolution of assays to study carbohydrate-protein interaction. J Mol Recognit 2024; 37:e3065. [PMID: 37864321 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Molecular recognition remains one of the most desirable means of cellular communication. Each cell offers a unique surface pattern of biomolecules that makes it very specific about the nature of molecules that interact with the cell. Protein-glycan interaction has been one of the most common forms of cell signaling. Glycans expressed on the cell surface interact with an exogenous protein, and in many cases lead to a physiological response. These carbohydrate-binding proteins, commonly known as lectins, are very specific to the glycan they bind to. An exogenous lectin interacting with an animal cell surface glycan is generally studied using the classical hemagglutination assay. However, this method presents certain challenges that make it imperative to design and develop novel methods that are more specific and efficient in their interaction. In the last decade, a few methods have been developed to analyze more diverse reactions and use a lesser amount of sample. In some cases, the processing of the sample is also reduced. This review discusses how the methods have evolved over the decades and how they have reduced error while becoming more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Ballal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jain (Deemed to be) University, Bengaluru, India
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2
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De Coninck T, Gistelinck K, Janse van Rensburg HC, Van den Ende W, Van Damme EJM. Sweet Modifications Modulate Plant Development. Biomolecules 2021; 11:756. [PMID: 34070047 PMCID: PMC8158104 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant development represents a continuous process in which the plant undergoes morphological, (epi)genetic and metabolic changes. Starting from pollination, seed maturation and germination, the plant continues to grow and develops specialized organs to survive, thrive and generate offspring. The development of plants and the interplay with its environment are highly linked to glycosylation of proteins and lipids as well as metabolism and signaling of sugars. Although the involvement of these protein modifications and sugars is well-studied, there is still a long road ahead to profoundly comprehend their nature, significance, importance for plant development and the interplay with stress responses. This review, approached from the plants' perspective, aims to focus on some key findings highlighting the importance of glycosylation and sugar signaling for plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Koen Gistelinck
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Henry C. Janse van Rensburg
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.C.J.v.R.); (W.V.d.E.)
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.C.J.v.R.); (W.V.d.E.)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
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Wang A, Jiang Y, Shu X, Zha Z, Yin D, Liu Y, Zhang D, Xu D, Jiao C, Jia X, Ye X, Li S, Deng Q, Wang S, Zhu J, Liang Y, Zou T, Liu H, Wang L, Zhu J, Li P, Zhang Z, Zheng A. Genome-wide association study-based identification genes influencing agronomic traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Genomics 2021; 113:1396-1406. [PMID: 33711454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops, providing the daily dietary intake for approximately 50% of the global human population. Here, we re-sequenced 259 rice accessions, generating 1371.65 Gb of raw data. Furthermore, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on 13 agronomic traits using 2.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) characterized in 259 rice accessions. Phenotypic data and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) values of each of the 13 traits over two years of each trait were used for the GWAS. The results showed that 816 SNP signals were significantly associated with the 13 agronomic traits. Then we detected candidate genes related to target traits within 200 kb upstream and downstream of the associated SNP loci, based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks in the whole rice genome. These candidate genes were further identified through haplotype block constructions. This comprehensive study provides a timely and important genomic resource for breeding high yielding rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China; Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqi Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China; Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyue Shu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China; Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongping Zha
- Food Crop Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Desuo Yin
- Food Crop Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Danhua Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Deze Xu
- Food Crop Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengzhi Jiao
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaomei Jia
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoying Ye
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiming Deng
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueyang Liang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huainian Liu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingxia Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianqing Zhu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- Food Crop Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Aiping Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China; Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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4
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Sideli GM, Marrano A, Montanari S, Leslie CA, Allen BJ, Cheng H, Brown PJ, Neale DB. Quantitative phenotyping of shell suture strength in walnut (Juglans regia L.) enhances precision for detection of QTL and genome-wide association mapping. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231144. [PMID: 32271818 PMCID: PMC7144996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Walnut shell suture strength directly impacts the ability to maintain shell integrity during harvest and processing, susceptibility to insect damage and other contamination, and the proportion of kernel halves recovered during cracking. Suture strength is therefore an important breeding objective. Here, two methods of phenotyping this trait were investigated: 1) traditional, qualitative and rather subjective scoring on an interval scale by human observers, and; 2) quantitative and continuous measurements captured by a texturometer. The aim of this work was to increase the accuracy of suture strength phenotyping and to then apply two mapping approaches, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and genome wide association (GWAS) models, in order to dissect the genetic basis of the walnut suture trait. Using data collected on trees within the UC Davis Walnut Improvement Program (n = 464), the genetic correlation between the texturometer method and qualitatively scored method was high (0.826). Narrow sense heritability calculated using quantitative measurements was 0.82. A major QTL for suture strength was detected on LG05, explaining 34% of the phenotypic variation; additionally, two minor QTLs were identified on LG01 and LG11. All three QTLs were confirmed with GWAS on corresponding chromosomes. The findings reported in this study are relevant for application towards a molecular breeding program in walnut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. Sideli
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Annarita Marrano
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Sara Montanari
- Plant and Food Research, Motueka Research Center, Motueka, New Zealand
| | - Charles A. Leslie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Allen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Brown
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - David B. Neale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
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Bachmann T, Schnurr C, Zainer L, Rychlik M. Chemical synthesis of 5'-β-glycoconjugates of vitamin B 6. Carbohydr Res 2020; 489:107940. [PMID: 32062177 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.107940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Various 5'-β-saccharides of pyridoxine, namely the mannoside, galactoside, arabinoside, maltoside, cellobioside and glucuronide, were synthesized chemically according to Koenigs-Knorr conditions using α4,3-O-isopropylidene pyridoxine and the respective acetobromo glycosyl donors with AgOTf (3.0 eq.) and NIS (3.0 eq.) as promoters at 0 °C. Furthermore, 5'-β-[13C6]-labeled pyridoxine glucoside (PNG) was prepared starting from [13C6]-glucose and pyridoxine. Additionally, two strategies were examined for the synthesis of 5'-β-pyridoxal glucoside (PLG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bachmann
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Christian Schnurr
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Laura Zainer
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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Rugen MD, Vernet MMJL, Hantouti L, Soenens A, Andriotis VME, Rejzek M, Brett P, van den Berg RJBHN, Aerts JMFG, Overkleeft HS, Field RA. A chemical genetic screen reveals that iminosugar inhibitors of plant glucosylceramide synthase inhibit root growth in Arabidopsis and cereals. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16421. [PMID: 30401902 PMCID: PMC6219604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Iminosugars are carbohydrate mimics that are useful as molecular probes to dissect metabolism in plants. To analyse the effects of iminosugar derivatives on germination and seedling growth, we screened a library of 390 N-substituted iminosugar analogues against Arabidopsis and the small cereal Eragrostis tef (Tef). The most potent compound identified in both systems, N-5-(adamantane-1-yl-ethoxy)pentyl- L-ido-deoxynojirimycin (L-ido-AEP-DNJ), inhibited root growth in agar plate assays by 92% and 96% in Arabidopsis and Tef respectively, at 10 µM concentration. Phenocopying the effect of L-ido-AEP-DNJ with the commercial inhibitor (PDMP) implicated glucosylceramide synthase as the target responsible for root growth inhibition. L-ido-AEP-DNJ was twenty-fold more potent than PDMP. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of ceramide:glucosylceramide ratios in inhibitor-treated Arabidopsis seedlings showed a decrease in the relative quantity of the latter, confirming that glucosylceramide synthesis is perturbed in inhibitor-treated plants. Bioinformatic analysis of glucosylceramide synthase indicates gene conservation across higher plants. Previous T-DNA insertional inactivation of glucosylceramide synthase in Arabidopsis caused seedling lethality, indicating a role in growth and development. The compounds identified herein represent chemical alternatives that can overcome issues caused by genetic intervention. These inhibitors offer the potential to dissect the roles of glucosylceramides in polyploid crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Rugen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mathieu M J L Vernet
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Laila Hantouti
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Amalia Soenens
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vasilios M E Andriotis
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Martin Rejzek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Brett
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard J B H N van den Berg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hermen S Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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Chaliha C, Rugen MD, Field RA, Kalita E. Glycans as Modulators of Plant Defense Against Filamentous Pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:928. [PMID: 30022987 PMCID: PMC6039678 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants and microbes utilize glycoconjugates as structural entities, energy reserves for cellular processes, and components of cellular recognition or binding events. The structural heterogeneity of carbohydrates in such systems is a result of the ability of the carbohydrate biosynthetic enzymes to reorient sugar monomers in a variety of forms, generating highly complex, linear, branched, or hierarchical structures. During the interaction between plants and their microbial pathogens, the microbial cell surface glycans, cell wall derived glycans, and glycoproteins stimulate the signaling cascades of plant immune responses, through a series of specific or broad spectrum recognition events. The microbial glycan-induced plant immune responses and the downstream modifications observed in host-plant glycan structures that combat the microbial attack have garnered immense interest among scientists in recent times. This has been enabled by technological advancements in the field of glycobiology, making it possible to study the ongoing co-evolution of the microbial and the corresponding host glycan structures, in greater detail. The new glycan analogs emerging in this evolutionary arms race brings about a fresh perspective to our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions. This review discusses the role of diverse classes of glycans and their derivatives including simple sugars, oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in relation to the activation of classical Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) and Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) defense responses in plants. While primarily encompassing the biological roles of glycans in modulating plant defense responses, this review categorizes glycans based on their structure, thereby enabling parallels to be drawn to other areas of glycobiology. Further, we examine how these molecules are currently being used to develop new bio-active molecules, potent as priming agents to stimulate plant defense response and as templates for designing environmentally friendly foliar sprays for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanika Chaliha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
| | - Michael D. Rugen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Eeshan Kalita
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Zadražnik T, Moen A, Egge-Jacobsen W, Meglič V, Šuštar-Vozlič J. Towards a better understanding of protein changes in common bean under drought: A case study of N-glycoproteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 118:400-412. [PMID: 28711789 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the major abiotic stress conditions limiting crop growth and productivity. Glycosylation of proteins is very important post-translational modification that is involved in many physiological functions and biological pathways. To understand the involvement of N-glycoproteins in the mechanism of drought response in leaves of common bean, a proteomic approach using lectin affinity chromatography, SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS was applied. Quantification of N-glycoproteins was performed using MaxQuant with a label free quantification approach. Thirty five glycoproteins were changed in abundance in leaves of common bean under drought. The majority of these proteins were classified into functional groups that include cell wall processes, defence/stress related proteins and proteins related to proteolysis. Beta-glucosidase showed the highest increase in abundance among proteins involved in cell wall metabolism, suggesting its role in cell wall modification under drought stress. These results fit with the general concept of the stress response in plants and suggest that drought stress might affect biochemical metabolism in the cell wall. The structures of N-glycans were determined manually from spectra, where structures of high mannose, complex and hybrid types of N-glycans were found. The present study provided an insight into the glycoproteins related to drought stress in common bean at the proteome level, which is important for further understanding of molecular mechanisms of drought response in this important legume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Zadražnik
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Anders Moen
- University of Oslo, Department of Molecular Biosciences, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Vladimir Meglič
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Langhans M, Weber W, Babel L, Grunewald M, Meckel T. The right motifs for plant cell adhesion: what makes an adhesive site? PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:95-108. [PMID: 27091341 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells of multicellular organisms are surrounded by and attached to a matrix of fibrous polysaccharides and proteins known as the extracellular matrix. This fibrous network not only serves as a structural support to cells and tissues but also plays an integral part in the process as important as proliferation, differentiation, or defense. While at first sight, the extracellular matrices of plant and animals do not have much in common, a closer look reveals remarkable similarities. In particular, the proteins involved in the adhesion of the cell to the extracellular matrix share many functional properties. At the sequence level, however, a surprising lack of homology is found between adhesion-related proteins of plants and animals. Both protein machineries only reveal similarities between small subdomains and motifs, which further underlines their functional relationship. In this review, we provide an overview on the similarities between motifs in proteins known to be located at the plant cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton interface to proteins of the animal adhesome. We also show that by comparing the proteome of both adhesion machineries at the level of motifs, we are also able to identify potentially new candidate proteins that functionally contribute to the adhesion of the plant plasma membrane to the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Langhans
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wadim Weber
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Laura Babel
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Miriam Grunewald
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany.
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