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Bhandari DD, Brandizzi F. Logistics of defense: The contribution of endomembranes to plant innate immunity. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202307066. [PMID: 38551496 PMCID: PMC10982075 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens cause plant diseases that threaten food security. Unlike mammals, plants lack an adaptive immune system and rely on their innate immune system to recognize and respond to pathogens. Plant response to a pathogen attack requires precise coordination of intracellular traffic and signaling. Spatial and/or temporal defects in coordinating signals and cargo can lead to detrimental effects on cell development. The role of intracellular traffic comes into a critical focus when the cell sustains biotic stress. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the post-immune activation logistics of plant defense. Specifically, we focus on packaging and shipping of defense-related cargo, rerouting of intracellular traffic, the players enabling defense-related traffic, and pathogen-mediated subversion of these pathways. We highlight the roles of the cytoskeleton, cytoskeleton-organelle bridging proteins, and secretory vesicles in maintaining pathways of exocytic defense, acting as sentinels during pathogen attack, and the necessary elements for building the cell wall as a barrier to pathogens. We also identify points of convergence between mammalian and plant trafficking pathways during defense and highlight plant unique responses to illustrate evolutionary adaptations that plants have undergone to resist biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak D. Bhandari
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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2
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Martinek J, Cifrová P, Vosolsobě S, García-González J, Malínská K, Mauerová Z, Jelínková B, Krtková J, Sikorová L, Leaves I, Sparkes I, Schwarzerová K. ARP2/3 complex associates with peroxisomes to participate in pexophagy in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1874-1889. [PMID: 37845336 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Actin-related protein (ARP2/3) complex is a heteroheptameric protein complex, evolutionary conserved in all eukaryotic organisms. Its conserved role is based on the induction of actin polymerization at the interface between membranes and the cytoplasm. Plant ARP2/3 has been reported to participate in actin reorganization at the plasma membrane during polarized growth of trichomes and at the plasma membrane-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites. Here we demonstrate that individual plant subunits of ARP2/3 fused to fluorescent proteins form motile spot-like structures in the cytoplasm that are associated with peroxisomes in Arabidopsis and tobacco. ARP2/3 is found at the peroxisome periphery and contains the assembled ARP2/3 complex and the WAVE/SCAR complex subunit NAP1. This ARP2/3-positive peroxisomal domain colocalizes with the autophagosome and, under conditions that affect the autophagy, colocalization between ARP2/3 and the autophagosome increases. ARP2/3 subunits co-immunoprecipitate with ATG8f and peroxisome-associated ARP2/3 interact in vivo with the ATG8f marker. Since mutants lacking functional ARP2/3 complex have more peroxisomes than wild type, we suggest that ARP2/3 has a novel role in the process of peroxisome degradation by autophagy, called pexophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martinek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cifrová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- Imaging Facility of Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Mauerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Jelínková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Krtková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sikorová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ian Leaves
- Biosciences, CLES, Exeter University, Exeter, UK
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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3
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Mugume Y, Roy R, Agbemafle W, Shepard GN, Vue Y, Bassham DC. VPS45 is required for both diffuse and tip growth of Arabidopsis thaliana cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1120307. [PMID: 36923123 PMCID: PMC10009167 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1120307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION VPS45 belongs to the Sec1/Munc18 family of proteins, which interact with and regulate Qa-SNARE function during membrane fusion. We have shown previously that Arabidopsis thaliana VPS45 interacts with the SYP61/SYP41/VTI12 SNARE complex, which locates on the trans-Golgi network (TGN). It is required for SYP41 stability, and it functions in cargo trafficking to the vacuole and in cell expansion. It is also required for correct auxin distribution during gravitropism and lateral root growth. RESULTS As vps45 knockout mutation is lethal in Arabidopsis, we identified a mutant, vps45-3, with a point mutation in the VPS45 gene causing a serine 284-to-phenylalanine substitution. The VPS45-3 protein is stable and maintains interaction with SYP61 and SYP41. However, vps45-3 plants display severe growth defects with significantly reduced organ and cell size, similar to vps45 RNAi transgenic lines that have reduced VPS45 protein levels. Root hair and pollen tube elongation, both processes of tip growth, are highly compromised in vps45-3. Mutant root hairs are shorter and thicker than those of wild-type plants, and are wavy. These root hairs have vacuolar defects, containing many small vacuoles, compared with WT root hairs with a single large vacuole occupying much of the cell volume. Pollen tubes were also significantly shorter in vps45-3 compared to WT. DISCUSSION We thus show that VPS45 is essential for proper tip growth and propose that the observed vacuolar defects lead to loss of the turgor pressure needed for tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosia Mugume
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rahul Roy
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - William Agbemafle
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Gabriella N. Shepard
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yee Vue
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Diane C. Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Kabange NR, Mun BG, Lee SM, Kwon Y, Lee D, Lee GM, Yun BW, Lee JH. Nitric oxide: A core signaling molecule under elevated GHGs (CO 2, CH 4, N 2O, O 3)-mediated abiotic stress in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:994149. [PMID: 36407609 PMCID: PMC9667792 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.994149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), an ancient molecule with multiple roles in plants, has gained momentum and continues to govern plant biosciences-related research. NO, known to be involved in diverse physiological and biological processes, is a central molecule mediating cellular redox homeostasis under abiotic and biotic stresses. NO signaling interacts with various signaling networks to govern the adaptive response mechanism towards stress tolerance. Although diverging views question the role of plants in the current greenhouse gases (GHGs) budget, it is widely accepted that plants contribute, in one way or another, to the release of GHGs (carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ozone (O3)) to the atmosphere, with CH4 and N2O being the most abundant, and occur simultaneously. Studies support that elevated concentrations of GHGs trigger similar signaling pathways to that observed in commonly studied abiotic stresses. In the process, NO plays a forefront role, in which the nitrogen metabolism is tightly related. Regardless of their beneficial roles in plants at a certain level of accumulation, high concentrations of CO2, CH4, and N2O-mediating stress in plants exacerbate the production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species. This review assesses and discusses the current knowledge of NO signaling and its interaction with other signaling pathways, here focusing on the reported calcium (Ca2+) and hormonal signaling, under elevated GHGs along with the associated mechanisms underlying GHGs-induced stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkulu Rolly Kabange
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang, South Korea
| | - Bong-Gyu Mun
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Plant Functional Genomics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - So-Myeong Lee
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang, South Korea
| | - Youngho Kwon
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang, South Korea
| | - Dasol Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Plant Functional Genomics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Geun-Mo Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Plant Functional Genomics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Plant Functional Genomics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Lee
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang, South Korea
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5
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Pain C, Tolmie F, Wojcik S, Wang P, Kriechbaumer V. intER-ACTINg: the structure and dynamics of ER and actin are interlinked. J Microsc 2022. [PMID: 35985796 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is the driver of gross ER remodelling and the movement and positioning of other membrane-bound organelles such as Golgi bodies. Rapid ER membrane remodelling is a feature of most plant cells and is important for normal cellular processes, including targeted secretion, immunity and signalling. Modifications to the actin cytoskeleton, through pharmacological agents such as Latrunculin B and phalloidin, or disruption of normal myosin function also affect ER structure and/or dynamics. Here, we investigate the impact of changes in the actin cytoskeleton on structure and dynamics on the ER as well as in return the impact of modified ER structure on the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton. By expressing actin markers that affect actin dynamics, or expressing of ER-shaping proteins that influence ER architecture, we found that the structure of ER-actin networks is closely inter-related; affecting one component is likely to have a direct effect on the other. Therefore, our results indicate that a complicated regulatory machinery and cross-talk between these two structures must exist in plants to co-ordinate the function of ER-actin network during multiple subcellular processes. In addition, when considering organelle structure and dynamics, the choice of actin marker is essential in preventing off-target organelle structure and dynamics modifications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Pain
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Frances Tolmie
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Stefan Wojcik
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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6
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de Nicolai J, Rodrigues TM. Cell wall thickenings and tylosoid: developmental morphology reveals novelties for secretory canals in Protium ovatum (Burseraceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:247-257. [PMID: 34984559 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the structure, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of the secretory canals in the vegetative axis of Protium ovatum from a developmental perspective. Samples of roots, stems, and leaves were analyzed using light and transmission electron microscopy. Secretory canals composed of a uniseriate epithelium and a wide lumen occurred in the phloem of all analyzed organs. Schizogenesis and lysigenesis were merging processes involved in the origin, growth, ramification, and fusion of the secretory canals, forming an anastomosed secretory net. Essential oils, polysaccharides, and proteins were detected in the epithelial cells, as well as plastids with poorly developed thylakoids, dictyosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes, and oil drops, showing the mixed nature of the secretion. Epithelial cells exhibited pectin-cellulosic thickenings in the anticlinal and radial walls. These thickenings may act in directing the secretion flux toward the lumen, protecting the neighboring tissues from the toxicity of secreted metabolites. Structural irregularities observed in the mitochondria cristae in epithelial cells may be associated with processes induced by toxic substances. Epithelial cells protruded into the lumen and became lignified in the outer portion of the secondary phloem, obliterating the non-functional secretory canals. We propose that this phenomenon presents a physiological significance similar to that of tylose, preserving the secretion flow inside the active portions of the secretory system. To our knowledge, epithelial cells with wall thickenings, mitochondria with structural abnormalities, and obliteration of non-functional canals are features reported for the first time for Burseraceae. These features have important functional significance for Burseraceae secretory system and contribute to a deeper knowledge of P. ovatum, a medically and economically important plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de Nicolai
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, PO Box 510, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Tatiane Maria Rodrigues
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, PO Box 510, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
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7
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Sampaio M, Neves J, Cardoso T, Pissarra J, Pereira S, Pereira C. Coping with Abiotic Stress in Plants-An Endomembrane Trafficking Perspective. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030338. [PMID: 35161321 PMCID: PMC8838314 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells face many changes through their life cycle and develop several mechanisms to cope with adversity. Stress caused by environmental factors is turning out to be more and more relevant as the human population grows and plant cultures start to fail. As eukaryotes, plant cells must coordinate several processes occurring between compartments and combine different pathways for protein transport to several cellular locations. Conventionally, these pathways begin at the ER, or endoplasmic reticulum, move through the Golgi and deliver cargo to the vacuole or to the plasma membrane. However, when under stress, protein trafficking in plants is compromised, usually leading to changes in the endomembrane system that may include protein transport through unconventional routes and alteration of morphology, activity and content of key organelles, as the ER and the vacuole. Such events provide the tools for cells to adapt and overcome the challenges brought on by stress. With this review, we gathered fragmented information on the subject, highlighting how such changes are processed within the endomembrane system and how it responds to an ever-changing environment. Even though the available data on this subject are still sparse, novel information is starting to untangle the complexity and dynamics of protein transport routes and their role in maintaining cell homeostasis under harsh conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Sampaio
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.); (J.P.)
| | - João Neves
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.N.); (T.C.)
| | - Tatiana Cardoso
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.N.); (T.C.)
| | - José Pissarra
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Susana Pereira
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Cláudia Pereira
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.); (J.P.)
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8
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Intertwined and Finely Balanced: Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology, Dynamics, Function, and Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092341. [PMID: 34571990 PMCID: PMC8472773 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that is responsible for many essential subcellular processes. Interconnected narrow tubules at the periphery and thicker sheet-like regions in the perinuclear region are linked to the nuclear envelope. It is becoming apparent that the complex morphology and dynamics of the ER are linked to its function. Mutations in the proteins involved in regulating ER structure and movement are implicated in many diseases including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The ER is also hijacked by pathogens to promote their replication. Bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia trachomatis, as well as the Zika virus, bind to ER morphology and dynamics-regulating proteins to exploit the functions of the ER to their advantage. This review covers our understanding of ER morphology, including the functional subdomains and membrane contact sites that the organelle forms. We also focus on ER dynamics and the current efforts to quantify ER motion and discuss the diseases related to ER morphology and dynamics.
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9
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Gong J, Tian Z, Qu X, Meng Q, Guan Y, Liu P, Chen C, Deng X, Guo W, Cheng Y, Wang P. Illuminating the cells: transient transformation of citrus to study gene functions and organelle activities related to fruit quality. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:175. [PMID: 34333523 PMCID: PMC8325690 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple microscopic techniques have been applied to horticultural research, few studies of individual organelles in living fruit cells have been reported to date. In this paper, we established an efficient system for the transient transformation of citrus fruits using an Agrobacterium-mediated method. Kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle) was used; it exhibits higher transformation efficiency than all citrus fruits that have been tested and a prolonged-expression window. Fruits were transformed with fluorescent reporters, and confocal microscopy and live-cell imaging were used to study their localization and dynamics. Moreover, various pH sensors targeting different subcellular compartments were expressed, and the local pH environments in cells from different plant tissues were compared. The results indicated that vacuoles are most likely the main organelles that contribute to the low pH of citrus fruits. In summary, our method is effective for studying various membrane trafficking events, protein localization, and cell physiology in fruit and can provide new insight into fruit biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Gong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiunan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajie Guan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops/Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Citrus Breeding and Culture, 541004, Guilin, China
| | - Chuanwu Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops/Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Citrus Breeding and Culture, 541004, Guilin, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenwu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
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10
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Chustecki JM, Gibbs DJ, Bassel GW, Johnston IG. Network analysis of Arabidopsis mitochondrial dynamics reveals a resolved tradeoff between physical distribution and social connectivity. Cell Syst 2021; 12:419-431.e4. [PMID: 34015261 PMCID: PMC8136767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria in plant cells exist largely as individual organelles which move, colocalize, and interact, but the cellular priorities addressed by these dynamics remain incompletely understood. Here, we elucidate these principles by studying the dynamic "social networks" of mitochondria in Arabidopsis thaliana wildtype and mutants, describing the colocalization of individuals over time. We combine single-cell live imaging of hypocotyl mitochondrial dynamics with individual-based modeling and network analysis. We identify an inevitable tradeoff between mitochondrial physical priorities (an even cellular distribution of mitochondria) and “social” priorities (individuals interacting, to facilitate the exchange of chemicals and information). This tradeoff results in a tension between maintaining mitochondrial spacing and facilitating colocalization. We find that plant cells resolve this tension to favor efficient networks with high potential for exchanging contents. We suggest that this combination of physical modeling coupled to experimental data through network analysis can shed light on the fundamental principles underlying these complex organelle dynamics. A record of this paper’s transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information. Dynamic social networks of plant mitochondria reflect physical organellar encounters Network analysis and modeling show priorities and tradeoffs for mitochondrial motion Mitochondria in plant cells trade off physical spacing against social connectivity Plant cells favor efficient networks with high potential for information exchange
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Gibbs
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - George W Bassel
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Iain G Johnston
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Realfagbygget, Bergen 5007, Norway; Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Høyteknologisenteret i Bergen, Bergen 5008, Norway.
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11
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Zhang X, Man Y, Zhuang X, Shen J, Zhang Y, Cui Y, Yu M, Xing J, Wang G, Lian N, Hu Z, Ma L, Shen W, Yang S, Xu H, Bian J, Jing Y, Li X, Li R, Mao T, Jiao Y, Sodmergen, Ren H, Lin J. Plant multiscale networks: charting plant connectivity by multi-level analysis and imaging techniques. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:1392-1422. [PMID: 33974222 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular and even single-celled organisms, individual components are interconnected at multiscale levels to produce enormously complex biological networks that help these systems maintain homeostasis for development and environmental adaptation. Systems biology studies initially adopted network analysis to explore how relationships between individual components give rise to complex biological processes. Network analysis has been applied to dissect the complex connectivity of mammalian brains across different scales in time and space in The Human Brain Project. In plant science, network analysis has similarly been applied to study the connectivity of plant components at the molecular, subcellular, cellular, organic, and organism levels. Analysis of these multiscale networks contributes to our understanding of how genotype determines phenotype. In this review, we summarized the theoretical framework of plant multiscale networks and introduced studies investigating plant networks by various experimental and computational modalities. We next discussed the currently available analytic methodologies and multi-level imaging techniques used to map multiscale networks in plants. Finally, we highlighted some of the technical challenges and key questions remaining to be addressed in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yi Man
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jinbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yaning Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 457004, China
| | - Guangchao Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Na Lian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zijian Hu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lingyu Ma
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shunyao Yang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiahui Bian
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanping Jing
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Sodmergen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haiyun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China. .,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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12
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García-González J, van Gelderen K. Bundling up the Role of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Primary Root Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:777119. [PMID: 34975959 PMCID: PMC8716943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary root growth is required by the plant to anchor in the soil and reach out for nutrients and water, while dealing with obstacles. Efficient root elongation and bending depends upon the coordinated action of environmental sensing, signal transduction, and growth responses. The actin cytoskeleton is a highly plastic network that constitutes a point of integration for environmental stimuli and hormonal pathways. In this review, we present a detailed compilation highlighting the importance of the actin cytoskeleton during primary root growth and we describe how actin-binding proteins, plant hormones, and actin-disrupting drugs affect root growth and root actin. We also discuss the feedback loop between actin and root responses to light and gravity. Actin affects cell division and elongation through the control of its own organization. We remark upon the importance of longitudinally oriented actin bundles as a hallmark of cell elongation as well as the role of the actin cytoskeleton in protein trafficking and vacuolar reshaping during this process. The actin network is shaped by a plethora of actin-binding proteins; however, there is still a large gap in connecting the molecular function of these proteins with their developmental effects. Here, we summarize their function and known effects on primary root growth with a focus on their high level of specialization. Light and gravity are key factors that help us understand root growth directionality. The response of the root to gravity relies on hormonal, particularly auxin, homeostasis, and the actin cytoskeleton. Actin is necessary for the perception of the gravity stimulus via the repositioning of sedimenting statoliths, but it is also involved in mediating the growth response via the trafficking of auxin transporters and cell elongation. Furthermore, auxin and auxin analogs can affect the composition of the actin network, indicating a potential feedback loop. Light, in its turn, affects actin organization and hence, root growth, although its precise role remains largely unknown. Recently, fundamental studies with the latest techniques have given us more in-depth knowledge of the role and organization of actin in the coordination of root growth; however, there remains a lot to discover, especially in how actin organization helps cell shaping, and therefore root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Judith García-González,
| | - Kasper van Gelderen
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Kasper van Gelderen,
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13
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Harant D, Lang I. Stay in Touch-The Cortical ER of Moss Protonemata in Osmotic Stress Situations. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040421. [PMID: 32235617 PMCID: PMC7238208 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasmolysis is usually introduced to cell biology students as a tool to illustrate the plasma membrane: hypertonic solutions cause the living protoplast to shrink by osmotic water loss; hence, it detaches from the surrounding cell wall. What happens, however, with the subcellular structures in the cell cortex during this process of turgor loss? Here, we investigated the cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in moss protonema cells of Physcomitrella patens in a cell line carrying a transgenic ER marker (GFP-HDEL). The plasma membrane was labelled simultaneously with the fluorescent dye FM4-64 to achieve structural separation. By placing the protonemata in a hypertonic mannitol solution (0.8 M), we were able to follow the behaviour of the cortical ER and the protoplast during plasmolysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The protoplast shape and structural changes of the ER were further examined after depolymerisation of actin microfilaments with latrunculin B (1 µM). In its natural state, the cortical ER is a dynamic network of fine tubes and cisternae underneath the plasma membrane. Under acute and long-term plasmolysis (up to 45 min), changes in the protoplast form and the cortical ER, as well as the formation of Hechtian strands and Hechtian reticula, were observed. The processing of the high-resolution z-scans allowed the creation of 3D models and gave detailed insight into the ER of living protonema cells before, during and after plasmolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Harant
- Core Facility Cell Imaging & Ultrastructure Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Ingeborg Lang
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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14
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Machado SR, Gregório EA, Rodrigues TM. Structural associations between organelle membranes in nectary parenchyma cells. PLANTA 2018; 247:1067-1076. [PMID: 29344723 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The close association between membranes and organelles, and the intense chloroplast remodeling in parenchyma cells of extrafloral nectaries occurred only at the secretion time and suggest a relationship with the nectar secretion. Associations between membranes and organelles have been well documented in different tissues and cells of plants, but poorly explored in secretory cells. Here, we described the close physical juxtaposition between membranes and organelles, mainly with chloroplasts, in parenchyma cells of Citharexylum myrianthum (Verbenaeceae) extrafloral nectaries under transmission electron microscopy, using conventional and microwave fixation. At the time of nectar secretion, nectary parenchyma cells exhibit a multitude of different organelle and membrane associations as mitochondria-mitochondria, mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria-chloroplast, chloroplast-nuclear envelope, mitochondria-nuclear envelope, chloroplast-plasmalemma, chloroplast-chloroplast, chloroplast-tonoplast, chloroplast-peroxisome, and mitochondria-peroxisome. These associations were visualized as amorphous electron-dense material, a network of dense fibrillar material and/or dense bridges. Chloroplasts exhibited protrusions variable in shape and extension, which bring them closer to each other and to plasmalemma, tonoplast, and nuclear envelope. Parenchyma cells in the pre- and post-secretory stages did not exhibit any association or juxtaposition of membranes and organelles, and chloroplast protrusions were absent. Chloroplasts had peripheral reticulum that was more developed in the secretory stage. We propose that such subcellular phenomena during the time of nectar secretion optimize the movement of signaling molecules and the exchange of metabolites. Our results open new avenues on the potential mechanisms of organelle contact in parenchyma nectary cells, and reveal new attributes of the secretory cells on the subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodrigues Machado
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu (IBB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Elisa A Gregório
- Center of Electron Microscopy (CME), Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu (IBB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane M Rodrigues
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu (IBB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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15
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闫 志, 曾 烨, 沈 阳, 刘 肖. [Role of cytoskeleton in autophagy]. SHENG WU YI XUE GONG CHENG XUE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING = SHENGWU YIXUE GONGCHENGXUE ZAZHI 2018; 35:156-160. [PMID: 29745616 PMCID: PMC10307543 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.201706012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cell autophagy plays a key role in maintaining intracellular nutritional homeostasis during starvation through elimination of aberrant or obsolete cellular structures. The cellular cytoskeleton has a crucial role in multiple processes involving membrane rearrangements and vesicle-mediated events. Autophagy is mediated by both microtubules and actin networks: microtubules promote the synthesis of autophagosome and are related to the movement of autophagosome; actin networks have been implicated in structurally supporting the expanding of phagophore, moving autophagosomes and enabling their efficient fusion with the lysosome; non-muscle myosinⅡoperates in the early stages of autophagy during the initiation and expansion of the phagophore, whereas myosinⅥ and myosin 1C are involved in the late stages of autophagosome maturation and fusion with the lysosome, respectively. This review summarizes the multiple regulation of cytoskeleton on autophagy and focuses on the regulation of autophagy by actin and myosin, providing a new approach for the study of pathogenesis and innovative therapies of autophagy related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- 志平 闫
- 四川大学 华西基础医学与法医学院 生物医学工程研究室(成都 610041)Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West china school of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R.China
| | - 烨 曾
- 四川大学 华西基础医学与法医学院 生物医学工程研究室(成都 610041)Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West china school of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R.China
| | - 阳 沈
- 四川大学 华西基础医学与法医学院 生物医学工程研究室(成都 610041)Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West china school of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R.China
| | - 肖珩 刘
- 四川大学 华西基础医学与法医学院 生物医学工程研究室(成都 610041)Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West china school of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R.China
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16
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Paez-Garcia A, Sparks JA, de Bang L, Blancaflor EB. Plant Actin Cytoskeleton: New Functions from Old Scaffold. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69944-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Breuer D, Nowak J, Ivakov A, Somssich M, Persson S, Nikoloski Z. System-wide organization of actin cytoskeleton determines organelle transport in hypocotyl plant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5741-E5749. [PMID: 28655850 PMCID: PMC5514762 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706711114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is an essential intracellular filamentous structure that underpins cellular transport and cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells. However, the system-level properties of actin-based cellular trafficking remain tenuous, largely due to the inability to quantify key features of the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we developed an automated image-based, network-driven framework to accurately segment and quantify actin cytoskeletal structures and Golgi transport. We show that the actin cytoskeleton in both growing and elongated hypocotyl cells has structural properties facilitating efficient transport. Our findings suggest that the erratic movement of Golgi is a stable cellular phenomenon that might optimize distribution efficiency of cell material. Moreover, we demonstrate that Golgi transport in hypocotyl cells can be accurately predicted from the actin network topology alone. Thus, our framework provides quantitative evidence for system-wide coordination of cellular transport in plant cells and can be readily applied to investigate cytoskeletal organization and transport in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Breuer
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Nowak
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alexander Ivakov
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Marc Somssich
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Plant Cell Walls, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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18
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Hong JS, Ju HJ. The Plant Cellular Systems for Plant Virus Movement. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 33:213-228. [PMID: 28592941 PMCID: PMC5461041 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.09.2016.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PDs) are specialized intercellular channels that facilitate the exchange of various molecules, including sugars, ribonucleoprotein complexes, transcription factors, and mRNA. Their diameters, estimated to be 2.5 nm in the neck region, are too small to transfer viruses or viral genomes. Tobacco mosaic virus and Potexviruses are the most extensively studied viruses. In viruses, the movement protein (MP) is responsible for the PD gating that allows the intercellular movement of viral genomes. Various host factors interact with MP to regulate complicated mechanisms related to PD gating. Virus replication and assembly occur in viral replication complex (VRC) with membrane association, especially in the endoplasmic reticulum. VRC have a highly organized structure and are highly regulated by interactions among the various host factors, proteins encoded by the viral genome, and the viral genome. Virus trafficking requires host machineries, such as the cytoskeleton and the secretory systems. MP facilitates the virus replication and movement process. Despite the current level of understanding of virus movement, there are still many unknown and complex interactions between virus replication and virus movement. While numerous studies have been conducted to understand plant viruses with regards to cell-to-cell movement and replication, there are still many knowledge gaps. To study these interactions, adequate research tools must be used such as molecular, and biochemical techniques. Without such tools, virologists will not be able to gain an accurate or detailed understanding of the virus infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Hong
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Ho-Jong Ju
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agricultural Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Plant Medicinal Research Center, College of Agricultural Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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19
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Wang P, Hussey PJ. NETWORKED 3B: a novel protein in the actin cytoskeleton-endoplasmic reticulum interaction. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1441-1450. [PMID: 28369569 PMCID: PMC5441911 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In plants movement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. However little is known about proteins that link the ER membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Here we identified a novel protein, NETWORKED 3B (NET3B), which is associated with the ER and actin cytoskeleton in vivo. NET3B belongs to a superfamily of plant specific actin binding proteins, the NETWORKED family. NET3B associates with the actin cytoskeleton in vivo through an N-terminal NET actin binding (NAB) domain, which has been well-characterized in other members of the NET family. A three amino acid insertion, Val-Glu-Asp, in the NAB domain of NET3B appears to lower its ability to localize to the actin cytoskeleton compared with NET1A, the founding member of the NET family. The C-terminal domain of NET3B links the protein to the ER. Overexpression of NET3B enhanced the association between the ER and the actin cytoskeleton, and the extent of this association was dependent on the amount of NET3B available. Another effect of NET3B overexpression was a reduction in ER membrane diffusion. In conclusion, our results revealed that NET3B modulates ER and actin cytoskeleton interactions in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Wang
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Patrick J Hussey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South road, Durham, DH1 3LE,UK
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20
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Papadia P, Barozzi F, Hoeschele JD, Piro G, Margiotta N, Di Sansebastiano GP. Cisplatin, Oxaliplatin, and Kiteplatin Subcellular Effects Compared in a Plant Model. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020306. [PMID: 28146116 PMCID: PMC5343842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The immediate visual comparison of platinum chemotherapeutics’ effects in eukaryotic cells using accessible plant models of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana is reported. The leading anticancer drug cisplatin, a third generation drug used for colon cancer, oxaliplatin and kiteplatin, promising Pt-based anticancer drugs effective against resistant lines, were administered to transgenic A. thaliana plants monitoring their effects on cells from different tissues. The transgenic plants’ cell cytoskeletons were labelled by the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged microtubule-protein TUA6 (TUA6-GFP), while the vacuolar organization was evidenced by two soluble chimerical GFPs (GFPChi and AleuGFP) and one transmembrane GFP-tagged tonoplast intrinsic protein 1-1 (TIP1.1-GFP). The three drugs showed easily recognizable effects on plant subcellular organization, thereby providing evidence for a differentiated drug targeting. Genetically modified A. thaliana are confirmed as a possible rapid and low-cost screening tool for better understanding the mechanism of action of human anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paride Papadia
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, University of Salento, via Monteroni-Centro Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Barozzi
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, University of Salento, via Monteroni-Centro Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - James D Hoeschele
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA.
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, University of Salento, via Monteroni-Centro Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Nicola Margiotta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, University of Salento, via Monteroni-Centro Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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21
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Montes-Rodriguez A, Kost B. Direct Comparison of the Performance of Commonly Employed In Vivo F-actin Markers (Lifeact-YFP, YFP-mTn and YFP-FABD2) in Tobacco Pollen Tubes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1349. [PMID: 28824684 PMCID: PMC5540898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In vivo markers for F-actin organization and dynamics are extensively used to investigate cellular functions of the actin cytoskeleton, which are essential for plant development and pathogen defense. The most widely employed markers are GFP variants fused to F-actin binding domains of mouse talin (GFP-mTn), Arabidopsis fimbrin1 (GFP-FABD2) or yeast Abp140 (Lifeact-GFP). Although numerous reports describing applications of one, or occasionally more, of these markers, are available in the literature, a direct quantitative comparison of the performance of all three markers at different expression levels has been missing. Here, we analyze F-actin organization and growth rate displayed by tobacco pollen tubes expressing YFP-mTn, YFP-FABD2 or Lifeact-YFP at different levels. Results obtained establish that: (1) all markers strongly affect F-actin organization and cell expansion at high expression levels, (2) YFP-mTn and Lifeact-YFP non-invasively label the same F-actin structures (longitudinally oriented filaments in the shank, a subapical fringe) at low expression levels, (3) Lifeact-YFP displays a somewhat lower potential to affect F-actin organization and cell expansion than YFP-mTn, and (4) YFP-FABD2 generally fails to label F-actin structures at the pollen tube tip and affects F-actin organization as well as cell expansion already at lowest expression levels. As pointed out in the discussion, these observations (1) are also meaningful for F-actin labeling in other cell types, which generally respond less sensitively to F-actin perturbation than pollen tubes, (2) help selecting suitable markers for future F-actin labeling experiments, and (3) support the assessment of a substantial amount of published data resulting from such experiments.
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22
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Porter K, Day B. From filaments to function: The role of the plant actin cytoskeleton in pathogen perception, signaling and immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:299-311. [PMID: 26514830 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton is required for numerous cellular processes, including cell shape, development and movement, gene expression and signal transduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stress. In recent years, research in both plants and animal systems have described a function for actin as the ideal surveillance platform, linking the function and activity of primary physiological processes to the immune system. In this review, we will highlight recent advances that have defined the regulation and breadth of function of the actin cytoskeleton as a network required for defense signaling following pathogen infection. Coupled with an overview of recent work demonstrating specific targeting of the plant actin cytoskeleton by a diversity of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and viruses, we will highlight the importance of actin as a key signaling hub in plants, one that mediates surveillance of cellular homeostasis and the activation of specific signaling responses following pathogen perception. Based on the studies highlighted herein, we propose a working model that posits changes in actin filament organization is in and of itself a highly specific signal, which induces, regulates and physically directs stimulus-specific signaling processes, most importantly, those associated with response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Porter
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
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