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Heredia A, Benítez JJ, González Moreno A, Domínguez E. Revisiting plant cuticle biophysics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39061101 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is located at the interface of the plant with the environment, thus acting as a protective barrier against biotic and abiotic external stress factors, and regulating water loss. Additionally, it modulates mechanical stresses derived from internal tissues and also from the environment. Recent advances in the understanding of the hydric, mechanical, thermal, and, to a lower extent, optical and electric properties of the cuticle, as well as their phenomenological connections and relationships are reviewed. An equilibrium based on the interaction among the different biophysical properties is essential to ensure plant growth and development. The notable variability reported in cuticle geometry, surface topography, and microchemistry affects the analysis of some biophysical properties of the cuticle. This review aimed to provide an updated view of the plant cuticle, understood as a modification of the cell wall, in order to establish the state-of-the-art biophysics of the plant cuticle, and to serve as an inspiration for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Heredia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, E-29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - José J Benítez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, E-41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana González Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, E-29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-29750, Málaga, Spain
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Zeng X, Liang T, Cheng X, Fan J, Pang Y, Xu J, Sun R, Xia X, Zeng X. Design of Soft/Hard Interface with High Adhesion Energy and Low Interfacial Thermal Resistance via Regulation of Interfacial Hydrogen Bonding Interaction. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6386-6394. [PMID: 38743576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Adhesion ability and interfacial thermal transfer capacity at soft/hard interfaces are of critical importance to a wide variety of applications, ranging from electronic packaging and soft electronics to batteries. However, these two properties are difficult to obtain simultaneously due to their conflicting nature at soft/hard interfaces. Herein, we report a polyurethane/silicon interface with both high adhesion energy (13535 J m-2) and low thermal interfacial resistance (0.89 × 10-6 m2 K W-1) by regulating hydrogen interactions at the interface. This is achieved by introducing a soybean-oil-based epoxy cross-linker, which can destroy the hydrogen bonds in polyurethane networks and meanwhile can promote the formation of hydrogen bonds at the polyurethane/silicon interface. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of enhancing adhesion energy and reducing interfacial thermal resistance at soft/hard interfaces, which offers a promising perspective to tailor interfacial properties in various material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangliang Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Materials Science and Technology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaxia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunsong Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Materials Science and Technology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinnian Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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Fernández V, Almonte L, Bahamonde HA, Galindo-Bernabeu A, Sáenz-Arce G, Colchero J. Chemical and structural heterogeneity of olive leaves and their trichomes. Commun Biol 2024; 7:352. [PMID: 38519601 PMCID: PMC10960044 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Many biological surfaces have hairs, known as trichomes in plants. Here, the wettability and macro- and micro-scale features of olive leaves are analyzed. The upper leaf side has few trichomes, while the lower side has a high trichome density. By combining different techniques including electron and atomic force microscopy, trichome surfaces are found to be chemically (hydrophilic-hydrophobic) heterogeneous at the nano-scale. Both olive leaf surfaces are wettable by water, having a high water contact angle hysteresis and great drop adhesion. The ultra-structural pattern observed for epidermal pavement cells differs from the reticulate cuticle structure of trichomes which shows that leaf surface areas may be substantially different despite being located nearby. Our study provides evidence for the nano-scale chemical heterogeneity of a trichome which may influence the functional properties of biological surfaces, such as water and solute permeability or water capture as discussed here for plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández
- Department of Systems and Natural Resources, School of Forest Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/ José Antonio Nováis, 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad y el Desarrollo Sostenible, E.T.S.I. Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lisa Almonte
- Centro de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Departamento de Física, Campus Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
- Applied Physics Department, Universidad de Alicante, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Héctor Alejandro Bahamonde
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diagonal 113 No 469, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana Galindo-Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Departamento de Física, Campus Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
- Universidad Técnica Nacional (UTN), Alajuela, Costa Rica
| | - Giovanni Sáenz-Arce
- Centro de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Departamento de Física, Campus Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Jaime Colchero
- Centro de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Departamento de Física, Campus Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Nairn JJ, Forster WA. Importance of leaf surface and formulation properties in predicting wetting outcomes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:202-211. [PMID: 36441162 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf wettability is a major hurdle for the retention of agrichemical sprays that is combated, in part, by using adjuvant modified formulations. Scientists must understand the properties of the leaf surface and the formulation that govern wetting to intelligently select or formulate products to target specific pests. RESULTS A comprehensive database comprising 11 synthetic surfaces and 54 leaf surfaces (species, adaxial and abaxial sides, cultivars, and plant age) using 35 formulations (neat solutions and adjuvants solutions at different concentrations) was compiled. Surface properties of the physical roughness and chemical polarity, as quantified by the wetting tension dielectric method, and formulation properties of surface tension and polarity, as quantified by dielectric constant, were found to govern wetting. A comprehensive wetting model was developed that employed these variables and was capable of accurately predicting the wetting outcome (R2 = 0.86) on all the leaf and synthetic surfaces investigated. This model adequately predicts adjuvant formulation wetting despite exact formulation polarity being unknown. CONCLUSIONS Wetting can be modelled for a wide range of surfaces and solutions. The comprehensive wetting model developed shows potential to better predict the wetting outcome of adjuvant formulations should a method to quantify the formulation dielectric constant be developed. This research provides a significant advancement in the understanding of the properties governing wetting, which may aid the selection and development of adjuvants to target specific surfaces. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Cheng X, He D, Zhou M, Zhang P, Wang S, Ren L, Sun R, Zeng X. Can Adhesion Energy Optimize Interface Thermal Resistance at a Soft/Hard Material Interface? NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37428875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermal resistance at a soft/hard material interface plays an undisputed role in the development of electronic packaging, sensors, and medicine. Adhesion energy and phonon spectra match are two crucial parameters in determining the interfacial thermal resistance (ITR), but it is difficult to simultaneously achieve these two parameters in one system to reduce the ITR at the soft/hard material interface. Here, we report a design of an elastomer composite consisting of a polyurethane-thioctic acid copolymer and microscale spherical aluminum, which exhibits both high phonon spectra match and high adhesion energy (>1000 J/m2) with hard materials, thus leading to a low ITR of 0.03 mm2·K/W. We further develop a quantitative physically based model connecting the adhesion energy and ITR, revealing the key role the adhesion energy plays. This work serves to engineer the ITR at the soft/hard material interface from the aspect of adhesion energy, which will prompt a paradigm shift in the development of interface science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Cheng
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dongyi He
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Man Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shuting Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Linlin Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rong Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Bahamonde HA, Aranda I, Peri PL, Gyenge J, Fernández V. Leaf wettability, anatomy and ultra-structure of Nothofagus antarctica and N. betuloides grown under a CO 2 enriched atmosphere. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:193-201. [PMID: 36427381 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increasing CO2 air concentration may affect wettability, anatomy and ultra-structure of leaves of Patagonian forest species, evergreen and deciduous plants potentially responding differently to such CO2 increases. In this study, we analysed the wettability, anatomy and ultra-structure of leaves of Nothofagus antarctica (deciduous) and N. betuloides (evergreen) grown under high CO2 concentrations. Leaf wettability was affected by increasing CO2, in different directions depending on species and leaf side. In both species, soluble cuticular lipid concentrations per unit leaf area raised with higher CO2 levels. Stomatal parameters (density, size of guard cells and pores) showed different responses to CO2 increasing depending on the species examined. In both species, leaf tissues showed a general trend to diminish with higher CO2 concentration. Cuticle thickness was modified with higher CO2 concentration in N. betuloides, but not in N. antarctica leaves. In both species, chloroplasts were often damaged with the increase in CO2 concentration. Our results show that several surface and internal leaf parameters can be modified in association with an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration which may very among plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A Bahamonde
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Av. 60 y 119, La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA CSIC), Centro de Investigación Forestal (ICIFOR), Carretera Coruña Km 7.5, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo L Peri
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CC 332, Río Gallegos, 9400, Santa Cruz, Argentina
| | - Javier Gyenge
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, AER Tandil INTA, EEA Balcarce, B7620, Argentina
| | - Victoria Fernández
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Mocanu AC, Miculescu F, Stan GE, Pasuk I, Tite T, Pascu A, Butte TM, Ciocan LT. Modulated Laser Cladding of Implant-Type Coatings by Bovine-Bone-Derived Hydroxyapatite Powder Injection on Ti6Al4V Substrates-Part I: Fabrication and Physico-Chemical Characterization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7971. [PMID: 36431457 PMCID: PMC9695758 DOI: 10.3390/ma15227971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The surface physico-chemistry of metallic implants governs their successful long-term functionality for orthopedic and dentistry applications. Here, we investigated the feasibility of harmoniously combining two of the star materials currently employed in bone treatment/restoration, namely, calcium-phosphate-based bioceramics (in the form of coatings that have the capacity to enhance osseointegration) and titanium alloys (used as bulk implant materials due to their mechanical performance and lack of systemic toxicity). For the first time, bovine-bone-derived hydroxyapatite (BHA) was layered on top of Ti6Al4V substrates using powder injection laser cladding technology, and then subjected, in this first stage of the research, to an array of physical-chemical analyses. The laser processing set-up involved the conjoined modulation of the BHA-to-Ti ratio (100 wt.% and 50 wt.%) and beam power range (500-1000 W). As such, on each metallic substrate, several overlapped strips were produced and the external surface of the cladded coatings was further investigated. The morphological and compositional (SEM/EDS) evaluations exposed fully covered metallic surfaces with ceramic-based materials, without any fragmentation and with a strong metallurgical bond. The structural (XRD, micro-Raman) analyses showed the formation of calcium titanate as the main phase up to maximum 800 W, accompanied by partial BHA decomposition and the consequential advent of tetracalcium phosphate (markedly above 600 W), independent of the BHA ratio. In addition, the hydrophilic behavior of the coatings was outlined, being linked to the varied surface textures and phase dynamism that emerged due to laser power increment for both of the employed BHA ratios. Hence, this research delineates a series of optimal laser cladding technological parameters for the adequate deposition of bioceramic layers with customized functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura-Cătălina Mocanu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Miculescu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - George E. Stan
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, RO-077125 Măgurele, Romania
| | - Iuliana Pasuk
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, RO-077125 Măgurele, Romania
| | - Teddy Tite
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, RO-077125 Măgurele, Romania
| | - Alexandru Pascu
- Department of Materials Engineering and Welding, University Transilvania of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., RO-500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Tudor Mihai Butte
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucian-Toma Ciocan
- Prosthetics Technology and Dental Materials Department, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, RO-020022 Bucharest, Romania
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Henningsen JN, Görlach BM, Fernández V, Dölger JL, Buhk A, Mühling KH. Foliar P Application Cannot Fully Restore Photosynthetic Capacity, P Nutrient Status, and Growth of P Deficient Maize ( Zea mays L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2986. [PMID: 36365439 PMCID: PMC9654361 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The essential plant nutrient phosphorus (P) is key for numerous structures and processes in crops and its deficiency can severely restrict yield and quality. As soil P availability for plant uptake is often limited, foliar P application can be an alternative means of supplying P to the plants during the growth period. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of foliar P application on photosynthetic parameters, P nutritional status, and growth of P deficient maize over time. Plants of Zea mays L. cv. Keops were grown with deficient and sufficient amounts of P in hydroponics. Foliar P treatments were applied to P deficient plants and several physiological parameters were monitored for 21 days. The variables measured were leaf gas exchange parameters, SPAD values, foliar P absorption, re-translocation rates, and plant biomass production. Foliar P application significantly increased CO2-assimilation and SPAD values and additionally enhanced biomass production in all plant components. Elemental analysis revealed increased tissue P concentrations following foliar P application compared to P deficient plants. While increased growth of P-deficient plants was steadily promoted by foliar P spraying for the entire experimental period, the positive effect on CO2 assimilation and P concentration was transient and vanished some days after the foliar treatment. P deficiency markedly impaired the efficiency of physiological processes of maize plants. As a conclusion, foliar P fertilisation improved physiological and agronomical plant parameters over time, but failed to restore plant functionality of P deficient maize plants during a prolonged experimental period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victoria Fernández
- Systems and Natural Resources Department, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andreas Buhk
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karl Hermann Mühling
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Influence of Ceramic Particles Size and Ratio on Surface-Volume Features of the Naturally Derived HA-Reinforced Filaments for Biomedical Applications. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040199. [PMID: 36278668 PMCID: PMC9590078 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The intersection of the bone tissue reconstruction and additive manufacturing fields promoted the advancement to a prerequisite and new feedstock resource for high-performance bone-like-scaffolds manufacturing. In this paper, the proposed strategy was directed toward the use of bovine-bone-derived hydroxyapatite (HA) for surface properties enhancement and mechanical features reinforcement of the poly(lactic acid) matrix for composite filaments extrusion. The involvement of completely naturally derived materials in the technological process was based on factors such as sustainability, low cost, and a facile and green synthesis route. After the HA isolation and extraction from bovine bones by thermal processing, milling, and sorting, two dependent parameters—the HA particles size (<40 μm, <100 μm, and >125 μm) and ratio (0−50% with increments of 10%)—were simultaneously modulated for the first time during the incorporation into the polymeric matrix. The resulting melt mixtures were divided for cast pellets and extruded filaments development. Based on the obtained samples, the study was further designed to examine several key features by complementary surface−volume characterization techniques. Hence, the scanning electron microscopy and micro-CT results for all specimens revealed a uniform and homogenous dispersion of HA particles and an adequate adhesion at the ceramic/polymer interface, without outline pores, sustained by the shape and surface features of the synthesized ceramic particles. Moreover, an enhanced wettability (contact angle in the ~70−21° range) and gradual mechanical takeover were indicated once the HA ratio increased, independent of the particles size, which confirmed the benefits and feasibility of evenly blending the natural ceramic/polymeric components. The results correlation led to the selection of optimal technological parameters for the synthesis of adequate composite filaments destined for future additive manufacturing and biomedical applications.
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Yun TS, Oh PC, Toh MJ, Yap YK, Te QY. Xylem-Inspired Hydrous Manganese Dioxide/Aluminum Oxide/Polyethersulfone Mixed Matrix Membrane for Oily Wastewater Treatment. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:860. [PMID: 36135879 PMCID: PMC9501045 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration membrane has been widely used for oily wastewater treatment application attributed to its cost-efficiency, ease of operation, and high separation performance. To achieve high membrane flux, the pores of the membrane need to be wetted, which can be attained by using hydrophilic membrane. Nevertheless, conventional hydrophilic membrane suffered from inhomogeneous dispersion of nanofillers, causing a bottleneck in the membrane flux performance. This called for the need to enhance the dispersion of nanofillers within the polymeric matrix. In this work, in-house-fabricated hydrous manganese dioxide-aluminum oxide (HMO-Al2O3) was added into polyethersulfone (PES) dope solution to enhance the membrane flux through a xylem-inspired water transport mechanism on capillary action aided by cohesion force. Binary fillers HMO-Al2O3 loading was optimized at 0.5:0.5 in achieving 169 nm membrane mean pore size. Membrane morphology confirmed the formation of macro-void in membrane structure, and this was probably caused by the hydrophilic nanofiller interfacial stress released in PES matrix during the phase inversion process. The superhydrophilic properties of PES 3 in achieving 0° water contact angle was supported by the energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, where it achieved high O element, Mn element, and Al elements of 39.68%, 0.94%, and 5.35%, respectively, indicating that the nanofillers were more homogeneously dispersed in PES matrix. The superhydrophilic property of PES 3 was further supported by high pure water flux at 245.95 L/m2.h.bar, which was 3428.70% higher than the pristine PES membrane, 197.1% higher than PES 1 incorporated with HMO nanofiller, and 854.00% higher than PES 5 incorporated with Al2O3 nanofillers. Moreover, the excellent membrane separation performance of PES 3 was achieved without compromising the oil rejection capability (98.27% rejection) with 12 g/L (12,000 ppm) oily wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Sam Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Pei Ching Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
- CO2 Research Centre (CO2RES), R&D Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Moau Jian Toh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Yun Kee Yap
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Qin Yi Te
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
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Lee H, Partanen M, Lee M, Jeong S, Lee HJ, Kim K, Ryu W, Dholakia K, Oh K. A laser-driven optical atomizer: photothermal generation and transport of zeptoliter-droplets along a carbon nanotube deposited hollow optical fiber. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5138-5146. [PMID: 35302135 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06211e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
From mechanical syringes to electric field-assisted injection devices, precise control of liquid droplet generation has been sought after, and the present state-of-the-art technologies have provided droplets ranging from nanoliter to subpicoliter volume sizes. In this study, we present a new laser-driven method to generate liquid droplets with a zeptoliter volume, breaking the fundamental limits of previous studies. We guided an infrared laser beam through a hollow optical fiber (HOF) with a ring core whose end facet was coated with single-walled carbon nanotubes. The laser light was absorbed by this nanotube film and efficiently generated a highly localized microring heat source. This evaporated the liquid inside the HOF, which rapidly recondensed into zeptoliter droplets in the surrounding air at room temperature. We spectroscopically confirmed the chemical structures of the liquid precursor maintained in the droplets by atomizing dye-dissolved glycerol. Moreover, we explain the fundamental physical principles as well as functionalities of the optical atomizer and perform a detailed characterization of the droplets. Our approach has strong prospects for nanoscale delivery of biochemical substances in minuscule zeptoliter volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonwoo Lee
- Photonic Device Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Mikko Partanen
- Photonic Device Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
- Photonics Group, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 13500, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mingyu Lee
- Photonic Device Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Sunghoon Jeong
- Photonic Device Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Hyeung Joo Lee
- Photonic Device Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Kwanpyo Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Wonhyoung Ryu
- Biomedical and Energy System Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Kishan Dholakia
- Photonic Device Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Kyunghwan Oh
- Photonic Device Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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Ren T, Huang R, Gorte RJ, Lee D. Modulating Interactions between Molten Polystyrene and Porous Solids Using Atomic Layer Deposition. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:14520-14526. [PMID: 34865477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and modulating the interactions between molten polymers and porous solids is important for numerous processes and phenomena including catalytic conversion of polymers and fabrication of nanocomposites and nanostructured materials. Although changing the surface composition of pores would enable modulation of interactions between polymers and nanoporous solids, it is challenging to achieve such a control without inducing significant changes to the size and structure of nanopores. In this work, we demonstrate that the interactions between molten polystyrene (PS) and disordered packings of SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) can be modulated by changing the surface composition of the NPs using atomic layer deposition (ALD). A disordered packing of silica NPs is modified with varying surface coverages of TiO2, WO3, and CaCO3, with coverages estimated by the mass gain and the refractive index change of NP packings. Based on the time required to fully infiltrate these ALD-modified NP packings via capillarity, the contact angles for PS on different surfaces prepared via ALD are determined. The contact angle gradually changes from that of pure SiO2 to that of the fully covered surfaces. The contact angles for PS on SiO2, TiO2, WO3, and CaCO3 are found to be 20, 62, 70, and 10°, respectively. Interestingly, the contact angles and interfacial energies between PS and the ALD-modified surfaces do not correlate strongly with the water contact angle of these surfaces; thus, caution must be exercised in predicting how a polymer would wet or interact with porous solids solely based on their hydrophilicity. The method presented in this work can be extended to study the interactions between a wide range of polymers and surfaces in porous media, which will have important implications for designing new catalytic materials for polymer upcycling reactions and novel NP-polymer composite films and membranes with enhanced mechanical and transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Renjing Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Raymond J Gorte
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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13
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Almonte L, Pimentel C, Rodríguez‐Cañas E, Abad J, Fernández V, Colchero J. Rose petal effect: A subtle combination of nano‐scale roughness and chemical variability. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Almonte
- Centro de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica Departamento de Física Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - Carlos Pimentel
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC‐UGR) Armilla Spain
| | - Enrique Rodríguez‐Cañas
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido Instituto de Investigación Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) Universidad Miguel Hernández Elche Spain
| | - José Abad
- Applied Physics Department Technical University of Cartagena Cartagena Spain
| | - Victoria Fernández
- Department of Systems and Natural Resources School of Forest Engineering Technical University of Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Jaime Colchero
- Centro de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica Departamento de Física Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
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14
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Boanares D, Bueno A, de Souza AX, Kozovits AR, Sousa HC, Pimenta LPS, Isaias RMDS, França MGC. Cuticular wax composition contributes to different strategies of foliar water uptake in six plant species from foggy rupestrian grassland in tropical mountains. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112894. [PMID: 34364088 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is the outermost region of the epidermal cell wall of plant aerial organs. The cuticle acts as a two-way lipid barrier for water diffusion; therefore, it plays a vital role in foliar water uptake (FWU). We hypothesised that the chemical composition of the cuticular waxes influences the FWU strategy that plants adopt in a foggy tropical ecosystem. We analysed the leaf cuticular waxes of six plant species known by their different FWU strategies, in both qualitative and quantitative approaches, to test this hypothesis. We also investigated the fine structure of the plant cuticle by scanning electron microscopy. Neither the total wax loads nor the amounts of single wax compound classes correlated to the FWU. In contrast, the qualitative chemical composition of the cuticular waxes was related to the water absorption speed but not to the maximum water absorbed. The presence of wax crystals might interfere with the FWU. Our findings suggest that a complex three-dimensional network of the cuticular compounds contributes to different strategies of FWU in six plant species from foggy tropical mountaintops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Boanares
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Amauri Bueno
- University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, Chair of Botany II - Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Aline Xavier de Souza
- University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, Chair of Botany II - Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Hildeberto Caldas Sousa
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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15
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Gradinaru LM, Barbalata‐Mandru M, Vlad S, Petrescu M. Surface energy evaluation of casting and nanofiber polyurethane films by using different models. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stelian Vlad
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Iași Romania
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16
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Tubtimsri S, Weerapol Y. Improvement in Solubility and Absorption of Nifedipine Using Solid Solution: Correlations between Surface Free Energy and Drug Dissolution. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172963. [PMID: 34503003 PMCID: PMC8434079 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ternary solid solutions composed of nifedipine (NDP), amino methacrylate copolymer (AMCP), and polysorbate (PS) 20, 60, or 65 were prepared using a solvent evaporation method. The dissolution profiles of NDP were used to study the effect of the addition of polysorbate based on hydrophilic properties. A solid solution of NDP and AMCP was recently developed; however, the dissolution of NDP was <70%. In the present study, polysorbate was added to improve the dissolution of the drug by altering its hydrophilicity. The suitable formulation contained NDP and AMCP at a ratio of 1:4 and polysorbate at a concentration of 0.1%, 0.3%, or 0.6%. Differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction were used to examine the solid solutions. No peak representing crystalline NDP was observed in any solid solution samples, suggesting that the drug was molecularly dispersed in AMCP. The NDP dissolution from NDP powder and solid solution without PS were 16.82% and 58.19%, respectively. The highest dissolution of NDP of approximately 95.25% was noted at 120 min for the formulation containing 0.6% PS20. Linear correlations were observed between the surface free energy and percentages of dissolved NDP (R2 = 0.7115–0.9315). Cellular uptake across Caco-2 was selected to determine the drug permeability. The percentages of cellular uptake from the NDP powder, solid solution without and with PS20 were 0.25%, 3.60%, and 7.27%, respectively.
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17
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He L, Ding L, Waterhouse GIN, Li B, Liu F, Li P. Performance matching between the surface structure of cucumber powdery mildew in different growth stages and the properties of surfactant solution. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3538-3546. [PMID: 33837661 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding performance matching of pesticide droplets on the surface of cucumber leaves modified by powdery mildew is of practical importance for the agricultural sector. Here, the surface texture and wettability of cucumber leaves covered by powdery mildew were systematically examined using parameters such as micromorphology, physicochemical properties, and liquid droplet contact angle measurements. RESULTS Our results show that powdery mildew growth can be divided into four distinct stages according to the surface texture characteristics of the diseased cucumber leaves. The three-dimensional (3D) surface structures of powdery mildew layers on cucumber leaves had individual characteristics at different mildew growth stages, among which powdery mildew was more easily spread in the last growth stage, and powdery mildew height was greatest in the NO. 2 growth stage (Sa = 425.35 μm). Surface free energy values, static contact angle, and contact angle hysteresis all correlated strongly with the surface characteristics of powdery mildew layers at different growth stages. When the concentration of surfactant reached the critical micelle concentration, the wetting state of AEO-5 solution droplets on the surface of cucumber powdery mildew leaves reached the Wenzel state more easily. The wettability of a droplet on the leaf surface depends on the state of the monomer and micelle in the surfactant solution and the surface characteristics of the powdery mildew-covered leaf. CONCLUSION The 3D structure and relative dielectric constant of powdery mildew-covered leaves influenced surface texture characteristics, which in turn controlled the wetting and matching ability of surfactant droplets on diseased leaves. This work provides valuable new insights into the matching of the structure of powdery mildew-covered plant leaves with the properties of surfactant solutions. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Ding
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Geoffrey I N Waterhouse
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Beixing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiqiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
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18
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Fernández V, Gil-Pelegrín E, Eichert T. Foliar water and solute absorption: an update. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:870-883. [PMID: 33219553 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The absorption of water and solutes by plant leaves has been recognised since more than two centuries. Given the polar nature of water and solutes, the mechanisms of foliar uptake have been proposed to be similar for water and electrolytes, including nutrient solutions. Research efforts since the 19th century focussed on characterising the properties of cuticles and applying foliar sprays to crop plants as a tool for improving crop nutrition. This was accompanied by the development of hundreds of studies aimed at characterising the chemical and structural nature of plant cuticles from different species and the mechanisms of cuticular and, to a lower extent, stomatal penetration of water and solutes. The processes involved are complex and will be affected by multiple environmental, physico-chemical and physiological factors which are only partially clear to date. During the last decades, the body of evidence that water transport across leaf surfaces of native species may contribute to water balances (absorption and loss) at an ecosystem level has grown. Given the potential importance of foliar water absorption for many plant species and ecosystems as shown in recent studies, the aim of this review is to first integrate current knowledge on plant surface composition, structure, wettability and physico-chemical interactions with surface-deposited matter. The different mechanisms of foliar absorption of water and electrolytes and experimental procedures for tracing the uptake process are discussed before posing several outstanding questions which should be tackled in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - Thomas Eichert
- University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, Erfurt, 99051, Germany
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19
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Bizmark N, Schneider J, Priestley RD, Datta SS. Multiscale dynamics of colloidal deposition and erosion in porous media. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/46/eabc2530. [PMID: 33188022 PMCID: PMC7673751 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Diverse processes-e.g., environmental pollution, groundwater remediation, oil recovery, filtration, and drug delivery-involve the transport of colloidal particles in porous media. Using confocal microscopy, we directly visualize this process in situ and thereby identify the fundamental mechanisms by which particles are distributed throughout a medium. At high injection pressures, hydrodynamic stresses cause particles to be continually deposited on and eroded from the solid matrix-notably, forcing them to be distributed throughout the entire medium. By contrast, at low injection pressures, the relative influence of erosion is suppressed, causing particles to localize near the inlet of the medium. Unexpectedly, these macroscopic distribution behaviors depend on imposed pressure in similar ways for particles of different charges, although the pore-scale distribution of deposition is sensitive to particle charge. These results reveal how the multiscale interactions between fluid, particles, and the solid matrix control how colloids are distributed in a porous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Bizmark
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Joanna Schneider
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Rodney D Priestley
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sujit S Datta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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20
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Vega C, González G, Bahamonde HA, Valbuena-Carabaña M, Gil L, Fernández V. Effect of irradiation and canopy position on anatomical and physiological features of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 152:232-242. [PMID: 32449682 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Growing conditions at different tree canopy positions may significantly vary and lead to foliar changes even within the same tree. An assessment of foliar anatomy, including also epidermal features, can help us understand how plants respond to environmental factors. Working with two model tree species (i.e., Quercus petraea and Fagus sylvatica) grown at their southernmost European distribution area in Central Spain, the influence of irradiation and canopy height was examined by sampling lower canopy leaves and comparing them with fully irradiated, top canopy leaves and shaded top canopy leaves grown for months within a bag made of shade netting fabric before they sprouted. At the end of the summer, samples were collected, and several parameters were analysed. The results indicate that SLA (specific leaf area) differences are significant both between species and groups. Leaf and cuticle thickness differed significantly between groups while stomatal densities only between species. Regarding mineral concentrations, differences between species were significant for K, Mn, N and N: P ratios. It is concluded that leaf responses to environmental conditions may be variable both within the same tree and between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Vega
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo González
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor A Bahamonde
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diagonal 113 Nº 469, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Valbuena-Carabaña
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gil
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Fernández
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Toh MJ, Oh PC, Ahmad AL, Caille J. Enhancing membrane wetting resistance through superhydrophobic modification by polydimethylsilane-grafted-SiO2 nanoparticles. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-019-0362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Zhu F, Cao C, Cao L, Li F, Du F, Huang Q. Wetting Behavior and Maximum Retention of Aqueous Surfactant Solutions on Tea Leaves. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112094. [PMID: 31159412 PMCID: PMC6600537 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, the maximum retention and wetting behavior of surfactant solutions (N-200, N-300, Tween-80, Morwet EFW, DTAB, SDS) on the surfaces of tea leaves was investigated based on surface free energy, surface tension, the contact angle, adhesion work, and adhesion force. The results showed that the contact angles of all surfactant solutions were kept constant with low adsorption at the tea leaf–liquid interfaces below 0.005%. With an increase in concentration, the contact angle of Tween-80 decreased sharply because the adsorption of molecules at the solid–liquid interfaces (ΓSL’) was several times greater than that at the liquid–air interfaces (ΓLV). Adhesion work decreased sharply and then reached a minimum at the critical micelle concentration (CMC), but then increased until reaching a constant. Moreover, a high adhesion force did not indicate better wettability, as it does with rose petals and peanut leaves. For tea leaf surfaces, an increase in the contact angle brought about an increase in the adhesion force. In addition, the maximum retention for Morwet EFW is at different concentrations compared to N-200, N-300, Tween-80, DTAB, and SDS, where the maximum retention of Morwet EFW on tea leaves was 6.05 mg/cm2 at 0.005%.According to the mechanisms of wetting behavior on plant surfaces, a recipe for pesticide formulation can be adjusted with better wettability to reduce loss, improve utilization efficiency, and alleviate adverse effects on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Chong Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lidong Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fengmin Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fengpei Du
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qiliang Huang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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23
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Antiwettability enhancement of PVDF-HFP membrane via superhydrophobic modification by SiO2 nanoparticles. CR CHIM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Szczotok AM, Garrido I, Carmona M, Kjøniksen AL, Rodriguez JF. Predicting microcapsules morphology and encapsulation efficiency by combining the spreading coefficient theory and polar surface energy component. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Arand K, Asmus E, Popp C, Schneider D, Riederer M. The Mode of Action of Adjuvants-Relevance of Physicochemical Properties for Effects on the Foliar Application, Cuticular Permeability, and Greenhouse Performance of Pinoxaden. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5770-5777. [PMID: 29787258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We comprehensively studied the complexity of the mode of action of adjuvants by uncoupling the parameters contributing to the spray process during foliar application of agrochemicals. The ethoxylated sorbitan esters Tween 20 and Tween 80 improved the efficiency of pinoxaden (PXD) in controlling grass-weed species in greenhouse experiments by aiding retention, having humectant properties, maintaining the bioavailability, and increasing the cuticular penetration of PXD. The nonethoxylated sorbitan esters Span 20 and Span 80 showed minimal effects on retention, droplet hydration, or cuticular penetration, resulting in reduced PXD effects in the greenhouse. Tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEHP) does not contribute much to retention and spreading but strongly enhances the diffusion of PXD across isolated P. laurocerasus cuticular membranes. As TEHP was most efficient in controlling the growth of grass-weed species, we propose that the direct effect of penetration aids on cuticular permeation plays a key role in the efficiency of foliar-applied agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Arand
- University of Würzburg , Julius von Sachs Institute of Biosciences , Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3 , Würzburg D-97082 , Germany
| | - Elisabeth Asmus
- University of Würzburg , Julius von Sachs Institute of Biosciences , Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3 , Würzburg D-97082 , Germany
| | - Christian Popp
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Global Formulation Technology , Breitenloh 5 , Münchwilen CH-4333 , Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schneider
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Global Formulation Technology , Breitenloh 5 , Münchwilen CH-4333 , Switzerland
| | - Markus Riederer
- University of Würzburg , Julius von Sachs Institute of Biosciences , Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3 , Würzburg D-97082 , Germany
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26
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Zhu Y, Gao Y, Zhang C, Zhao X, Ma Y, Du F. Static and dynamic wetting behavior of TX-100 solution on super-hydrophobic rice ( Oryza sativa. ) leaf surfaces. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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27
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Bahamonde HA, Gil L, Fernández V. Surface Properties and Permeability to Calcium Chloride of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea Leaves of Different Canopy Heights. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:494. [PMID: 29720987 PMCID: PMC5915543 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant surfaces have a considerable degree of chemical and physical variability also in relation to different environmental conditions, organs and state of development. The potential changes on plant surface properties in association with environmental variations have been little explored so far. Using two model tree species (i.e., Quercus petraea, sessile oak and Fagus sylvatica, beech) growing in 'Montejo de la Sierra Forest,' we examined various traits of the abaxial and adaxial surface of leaves of both species collected at a height of approximately 15 m (top canopy), versus 3.5-5.5 m for beech and sessile oak, lower canopy leaves. Leaf surface ultra-structure was analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and the surface free energy and related parameter were estimated after measuring drops of 3 liquids with different degrees of polarity and apolarity. The permeability of the adaxial and abaxial surface of top and bottom canopy leaves to CaCl2 was estimated by depositing 2 drops of 3-4 μl per cm2 and comparing the concentration of Ca in leaf tissues 24 h after treatment, and also Ca and Cl concentrations in the washing liquid. Higher Ca concentrations were recorded after the application of CaCl2 drops onto the veins and adaxial blade of top canopy beech leaves, while no significant evidence for foliar Ca absorption was gained with sessile oak leaves. Surprisingly, high amounts of Cl were recovered after washing untreated, top canopy beach and sessile oak leaves with deionised water, a phenomenon which was not traced to occur on lower canopy leaves of both species. It is concluded that the surface of the two species analyzed is heterogeneous in nature and may have areas favoring the absorption of water and solutes as observed for the veins of beech leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A. Bahamonde
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Natural Resources, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral, Río Gallegos, Argentina
| | - Luis Gil
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Preston DJ, Song Y, Lu Z, Antao DS, Wang EN. Design of Lubricant Infused Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:42383-42392. [PMID: 29121462 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lubricant infused surfaces (LIS) are a recently developed and promising approach to fluid repellency for applications in biology, microfluidics, thermal management, lab-on-a-chip, and beyond. The design of LIS has been explored in past work in terms of surface energies, which need to be determined empirically for each interface in a given system. Here, we developed an approach that predicts a priori whether an arbitrary combination of solid and lubricant will repel a given impinging fluid. This model was validated with experiments performed in our work as well as in literature and was subsequently used to develop a new framework for LIS with distinct design guidelines. Furthermore, insights gained from the model led to the experimental demonstration of LIS using uncoated high-surface-energy solids, thereby eliminating the need for unreliable low-surface-energy coatings and resulting in LIS repelling the lowest surface tension impinging fluid (butane, γ ≈ 13 mN/m) reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Preston
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Youngsup Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zhengmao Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dion S Antao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Evelyn N Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Nairn JJ, Forster WA. Methods for evaluating leaf surface free energy and polarity having accounted for surface roughness. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:1854-1865. [PMID: 28195394 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf surfaces can have similar wettability, while their roughness and polarity may be very different. This may affect agrochemical bioefficacy, hence there is a need to characterise leaf surface polarity and roughness separately. This paper reviews established surface evaluation techniques and then uses a comprehensive dataset of static contact angles (12 chemical solutions on 15 different species) to compare and contrast them for their ability to characterise leaf surface polarity in isolation from roughness. RESULTS Many techniques were severely limited when applied to leaf surfaces. A failing of the surface free energy (SFE) concept is that both physical and chemical properties affect the SFE. Additionally, whilst the leaf surface chemistry does not change, the SFE values generated are dependent on the chemical properties of the probe solution employed. CONCLUSIONS The wetting tension-dielectric (WTD) method stands out due to its ability to isolate and quantify leaf surface roughness and polarity. A novel (WTD) roughness correction factor is proposed to improve SFE determination. The strong correlation between leaf polarity and leaf wettability for polar solutions (such as water) makes the WTD method a valuable tool for the evaluation of leaf surface-droplet behaviour and the advancement of agrochemical spray formulation technologies. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Revilla P, Fernández V, Álvarez-Iglesias L, Medina ET, Cavero J. Leaf physico-chemical and physiological properties of maize (Zea mays L.) populations from different origins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 107:319-325. [PMID: 27368072 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the leaf surface properties of maize populations native to different water availability environments. Leaf surface topography, wettability and gas exchange performance of five maize populations from the Sahara desert, dry (south) and humid (north-western) areas of Spain were analysed. Differences in wettability, stomatal and trichome densities, surface free energy and solubility parameter values were recorded between populations and leaf sides. Leaves from the humid Spanish population with special regard to the abaxial side, were less wettable and less susceptible to polar interactions. The higher wettability and hydrophilicity of Sahara populations with emphasis on the abaxial leaf surfaces, may favour dew deposition and foliar water absorption, hence improving water use efficiency under extremely dry conditions. Compared to the other Saharan populations, the dwarf one had a higher photosynthesis rate suggesting that dwarfism may be a strategy for improving plant tolerance to arid conditions. The results obtained for different maize populations suggest that leaf surfaces may vary in response to drought, but further studies will be required to examine the potential relationship between leaf surface properties and plant stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Revilla
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lorena Álvarez-Iglesias
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Eva T Medina
- Soil and Water Department, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Cavero
- Soil and Water Department, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
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Balaji A, Jaganathan SK, Ismail AF, Rajasekar R. Fabrication and hemocompatibility assessment of novel polyurethane-based bio-nanofibrous dressing loaded with honey and Carica papaya extract for the management of burn injuries. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:4339-55. [PMID: 27621626 PMCID: PMC5015880 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s112265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Management of burn injury is an onerous clinical task since it requires continuous monitoring and extensive usage of specialized facilities. Despite rapid improvizations and investments in burn management, >30% of victims hospitalized each year face severe morbidity and mortality. Excessive loss of body fluids, accumulation of exudate, and the development of septic shock are reported to be the main reasons for morbidity in burn victims. To assist burn wound management, a novel polyurethane (PU)-based bio-nanofibrous dressing loaded with honey (HN) and Carica papaya (PA) fruit extract was fabricated using a one-step electrospinning technique. The developed dressing material had a mean fiber diameter of 190±19.93 nm with pore sizes of 4–50 µm to support effective infiltration of nutrients and gas exchange. The successful blending of HN- and PA-based active biomolecules in PU was inferred through changes in surface chemistry. The blend subsequently increased the wettability (14%) and surface energy (24%) of the novel dressing. Ultimately, the presence of hydrophilic biomolecules and high porosity enhanced the water absorption ability of the PU-HN-PA nanofiber samples to 761.67% from 285.13% in PU. Furthermore, the ability of the bio-nanofibrous dressing to support specific protein adsorption (45%), delay thrombus formation, and reduce hemolysis demonstrated its nontoxic and compatible nature with the host tissues. In summary, the excellent physicochemical and hemocompatible properties of the developed PU-HN-PA dressing exhibit its potential in reducing the clinical complications associated with the treatment of burn injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunpandian Balaji
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Saravana Kumar Jaganathan
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; IJNUTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Rathanasamy Rajasekar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Building and Mechanical Sciences, Kongu Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India
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Guzmán-Delgado P, Graça J, Cabral V, Gil L, Fernández V. The presence of cutan limits the interpretation of cuticular chemistry and structure: Ficus elastica leaf as an example. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 157:205-20. [PMID: 26756450 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticles have been traditionally classified on the basis of their ultrastructure, with certain chemical composition assumptions. However, the nature of the plant cuticle may be misinterpreted in the prevailing model, which was established more than 150 years ago. Using the adaxial leaf cuticle of Ficus elastica, a study was conducted with the aim of analyzing cuticular ultrastructure, chemical composition and the potential relationship between structure and chemistry. Gradual chemical extractions and diverse analytical and microscopic techniques were performed on isolated leaf cuticles of two different stages of development (i.e. young and mature leaves). Evidence for the presence of cutan in F. elastica leaf cuticles has been gained after chemical treatments and tissue analysis by infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy. Significant calcium, boron and silicon concentrations were also measured in the cuticle of this species. Such mineral elements which are often found in plant cell walls may play a structural role and their presence in isolated cuticles further supports the interpretation of the cuticle as the most external region of the epidermal cell wall. The complex and heterogeneous nature of the cuticle, and constraints associated with current analytical procedures may limit the chance for establishing a relationship between cuticle chemical composition and structure also in relation to organ ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Guzmán-Delgado
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Graça
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Centro de Estudos Florestais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Cabral
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Centro de Estudos Florestais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Gil
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Fernández V, Guzmán-Delgado P, Graça J, Santos S, Gil L. Cuticle Structure in Relation to Chemical Composition: Re-assessing the Prevailing Model. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:427. [PMID: 27066059 PMCID: PMC4814898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The surface of most aerial plant organs is covered with a cuticle that provides protection against multiple stress factors including dehydration. Interest on the nature of this external layer dates back to the beginning of the 19th century and since then, several studies facilitated a better understanding of cuticular chemical composition and structure. The prevailing undertanding of the cuticle as a lipidic, hydrophobic layer which is independent from the epidermal cell wall underneath stems from the concept developed by Brongniart and von Mohl during the first half of the 19th century. Such early investigations on plant cuticles attempted to link chemical composition and structure with the existing technologies, and have not been directly challenged for decades. Beginning with a historical overview about the development of cuticular studies, this review is aimed at critically assessing the information available on cuticle chemical composition and structure, considering studies performed with cuticles and isolated cuticular chemical components. The concept of the cuticle as a lipid layer independent from the cell wall is subsequently challenged, based on the existing literature, and on new findings pointing toward the cell wall nature of this layer, also providing examples of different leaf cuticle structures. Finally, the need for a re-assessment of the chemical and structural nature of the plant cuticle is highlighted, considering its cell wall nature and variability among organs, species, developmental stages, and biotic and abiotic factors during plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, Plant Physiology and Anatomy Unit, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Paula Guzmán-Delgado
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, Plant Physiology and Anatomy Unit, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, DavisCA, USA
| | - José Graça
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Santos
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Gil
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, Plant Physiology and Anatomy Unit, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
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Lv X, Huang Z, Shi M, Fan Y, Gao G. Self-gradient mechanism, morphology and damping analysis of a thickness continuous gradient epoxy–polyurethane interpenetrating polymer network. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13093c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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35
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Etxeberria E, Gonzalez P, Fanton Borges A, Brodersen C. The use of laser light to enhance the uptake of foliar-applied substances into citrus (Citrus sinensis) leaves. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2016; 4:apps1500106. [PMID: 26819863 PMCID: PMC4716782 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1500106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Uptake of foliar-applied substances across the leaf cuticle is central to world food production as well as for physiological investigations into phloem structure and function. Yet, despite the presence of stomata, foliar application as a delivery system can be extremely inefficient due to the low permeability of leaf surfaces to polar compounds. METHODS Using laser light to generate microscopic perforations in the leaf cuticle, we tested the penetration of several substances into the leaf, their uptake into the phloem, and their subsequent movement through the phloem tissue. Substances varied in their size, charge, and Stokes radius. RESULTS The phloem-mobile compounds 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG), lysine, Biocillin, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), trehalose, carboxyfluorescein-SE, and poly(amidomine) (PAMAM) dendrimer G-4 nanoparticles (4.5 nm in size) showed a high degree of mobility and were able to penetrate and be transported in the phloem. DISCUSSION Our investigation demonstrated the effectiveness of laser light technology in enhancing the penetration of foliar-applied substances into citrus leaves. The technology is also applicable to the study of phloem mobility of substances by providing a less invasive, highly repeatable, and more quantifiable delivery method. The implied superficial lesions to the leaf can be mitigated by applying a waxy coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Etxeberria
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC), University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850 USA
| | - Pedro Gonzalez
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC), University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850 USA
| | - Ana Fanton Borges
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC), University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850 USA; Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 USA
| | - Craig Brodersen
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC), University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850 USA; Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 USA
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