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Ahmadi H, Fatahi R, Zamani Z, Shokrpour M, Sheikh-Assadi M, Poczai P. RNA-seq analysis reveals narrow differential gene expression in MEP and MVA pathways responsible for phytochemical divergence in extreme genotypes of Thymus daenensis Celak. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:237. [PMID: 38438980 PMCID: PMC10913619 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Here, we investigated the underlying transcriptional-level evidence behind phytochemical differences between two metabolically extreme genotypes of Thymus daenensis. The genotypes 'Zagheh-11' (thymol/carvacrol type, poor in essential oil [EO] [2.9%] but rich in triterpenic acids) and 'Malayer-21' (thymol type and rich in EO [3.8%]) were selected from an ongoing breeding program and then clonally propagated for further experimental use. MATERIALS AND METHODS GC-MS, GC-FID, and HPLC-PDA were utilized to monitor the fluctuation of secondary metabolites at four phenological stages (vegetative, bud burst, early, and full-flowering stages). The highest phytochemical divergence was observed at early flowering stage. Both genotypes were subjected to mRNA sequencing (approximately 100 million paired reads) at the aforementioned stage. The expression patterns of four key genes involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids were also validated using qRT-PCR. RESULTS Carvacrol content in 'Zagheh-11' (26.13%) was approximately 23 times higher than 'Malayer-21' (1.12%). Reciprocally, about 10% higher thymol was found in 'Malayer-21' (62.15%). Moreover, the concentrations of three major triterpenic acids in 'Zagheh-11' were approximately as twice as those found in 'Malayer-21'. Transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 1840 unigenes that were differentially expressed, including terpene synthases, cytochrome P450, and terpenoid backbone genes. Several differentially expressed transcription factors (such as MYB, bZIP, HB-HD-ZIP, and WRKY families) were also identified. These results suggest that an active cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway may be linked to higher levels of sesquiterpenes, triterpenic acids, and carvacrol in 'Zagheh-11'. The chloroplastic pathway of methyl erythritol phosphate (MEP) may have also contributed to a higher accumulation of thymol in Malayer-21. Indeed, 'Zagheh-11' showed higher expression of certain genes (HMGR, CYP71D180, β-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, and sesquiterpene synthases) in the MVA pathway, while some genes in the MEP pathway (including DXR, ispG, and γ-terpinene synthase) were distinctly expressed in Malayer-21. Future efforts in metabolic engineering of MVA/MEP pathways may benefit from these findings to produce increased levels of desired secondary metabolites at commercial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Ahmadi
- Biotechnology and Breeding Research Group for Medicinal Plants, Department of Horticultural Science & Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reza Fatahi
- Biotechnology and Breeding Research Group for Medicinal Plants, Department of Horticultural Science & Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Zabihollah Zamani
- Biotechnology and Breeding Research Group for Medicinal Plants, Department of Horticultural Science & Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Shokrpour
- Biotechnology and Breeding Research Group for Medicinal Plants, Department of Horticultural Science & Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Morteza Sheikh-Assadi
- Biotechnology and Breeding Research Group for Medicinal Plants, Department of Horticultural Science & Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Peter Poczai
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Zhou Y, He W, He Y, Chen Q, Gao Y, Geng J, Zhu ZR. Formation of 8-hydroxylinalool in tea plant Camellia sinensis var. Assamica 'Hainan dayezhong'. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2023; 6:100173. [PMID: 37284067 PMCID: PMC10240414 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2023.100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Linalool and its derivatives contribute greatly to tea aroma. Here, 8-hydroxylinalool was found to be one of the major linalool-derived aroma compounds in Camellia sinensis var. assamica 'Hainan dayezhong', a tea plant grown in Hainan Province, China. Both (Z)-8-hydroxylinalool and (E)-8-hydroxylinalool were detected, and the E type was the main compound. Its content fluctuated in different months and was the highest in the buds compared with other tissues. CsCYP76B1 and CsCYP76T1, located in the endoplasmic reticulum, were identified to catalyze the formation of 8-hydroxylinalool from linalool in the tea plant. During withering of black tea manufacturing, the content of both (Z)-8-hydroxylinalool and (E)-8-hydroxylinalool significantly increased. Further study suggested that jasmonate induced gene expression of CsCYP76B1 and CsCYP76T1, and the accumulated precursor linalool may also contribute to 8-hydroxylinalool accumulation. Thus, this study not only reveals 8-hydroxylinalool biosynthesis in tea plants but also sheds light on aroma formation in black tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Wei He
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Yunchuan He
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Qiulin Chen
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Jiamei Geng
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Zeng-Rong Zhu
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310030, China
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Cherbal A, Bouabdallah M, Benhalla M, Hireche S, Desdous R. Phytochemical Screening, Phenolic Content, and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Foeniculum vulgare Seed Extract. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2023; 28:141-148. [PMID: 37416792 PMCID: PMC10321444 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2023.28.2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are promising sources of natural substances with biological functions and several drugs have been developed from traditional medicine. This study aimed to determine the chemical components of a hydromethanolic extract from Foeniculum vulgare seeds. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and flavonol contents were assessed, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed. To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of F. vulgare seed hydromethanolic extract, its effects on protein denaturation, protease activity, membrane stabilization, and heat-induced hemolysis in red blood cells were evaluated in vitro. F. vulgare seed extract showed significant inhibition of protein denaturation (35.68±0.4%), protease activity (58.09±0.1%), and heat-induced hemolysis in red blood cells (9.67±0.3%) at concentrations of 200, 250, and 200 μg/mL, respectively, compared to the reference drug indomethacin (P<0.001). This remarkable anti-inflammatory activity may be attributable to the abundance of flavonoids in the F. vulgare seed extract. GC-MS confirmed the presence of linalool and fatty acids (palmitic and oleic acids), which have potential anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, the hydromethanolic extract of F. vulgare seeds may be a valuable anti-inflammatory candidate in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Cherbal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Jijel, Jijel 18000, Algeria
- Biomathematics, Biophysics, Biochemistry, Scientometry Laboratory, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Abderrahmane Mira-Béjaïa, Béjaïa 06000, Algeria
| | - Mouna Bouabdallah
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Jijel, Jijel 18000, Algeria
| | - Mouna Benhalla
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Jijel, Jijel 18000, Algeria
| | - Saliha Hireche
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Jijel, Jijel 18000, Algeria
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University Setif 1, Sétif 19000, Algeria
| | - Rachid Desdous
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Jijel, Jijel 18000, Algeria
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Lanier ER, Andersen TB, Hamberger B. Plant terpene specialized metabolism: complex networks or simple linear pathways? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1178-1201. [PMID: 36891828 PMCID: PMC11166267 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
From the perspectives of pathway evolution, discovery and engineering of plant specialized metabolism, the nature of the biosynthetic routes represents a critical aspect. Classical models depict biosynthesis typically from an end-point angle and as linear, for example, connecting central and specialized metabolism. As the number of functionally elucidated routes increased, the enzymatic foundation of complex plant chemistries became increasingly well understood. The perception of linear pathway models has been severely challenged. With a focus on plant terpenoid specialized metabolism, we review here illustrative examples supporting that plants have evolved complex networks driving chemical diversification. The completion of several diterpene, sesquiterpene and monoterpene routes shows complex formation of scaffolds and their subsequent functionalization. These networks show that branch points, including multiple sub-routes, mean that metabolic grids are the rule rather than the exception. This concept presents significant implications for biotechnological production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Björn Hamberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, Molecular Plant Sciences Building, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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Laanet PR, Saar-Reismaa P, Jõul P, Bragina O, Vaher M. Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Estonian Galium Species. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062867. [PMID: 36985838 PMCID: PMC10056973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine three different Galium species from the native population of Estonia, Galium verum, Galium aparine, and Galium mollugo, to characterise their non-volatile and volatile phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity. The main groups of bioactive compounds in the plants were quantified by colorimetric tests, showing high concentrations of polyphenols (up to 27.2 ± 1.5 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (up to 7.3 ± 0.5 mg QE/g) and iridoids (up to 40.8 ± 2.9 mg AE/g). The species were compared using HPLC-DAD-MS/MS, revealing some key differences in the phytochemical makeup of the extracts. The most abundant compound in the extracts of Galium verum blossoms and herb was found to be asperuloside, in Galium aparine herb, asperulosidic acid, and in Galium mollugo herb, chlorogenic acid. Additionally, the composition of volatile compounds was analysed by SPME-GC-MS. The degree of variability between the samples was high, but three volatiles, hexanal, anethole, and β-caryophyllene, were quantified (≥1%) in all analysed samples. The antioxidative activity of all extracts was evaluated using the ORACFL method, demonstrating that the Galium species from Estonia all exhibit strong antioxidant capacity (up to 9.3 ± 1.2 mg TE/g). Out of the extracts studied, Galium verum blossoms contained the highest amounts of bioactives and had the strongest antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pille-Riin Laanet
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Piret Saar-Reismaa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- HAN BioCentre, Laan van Scheut 2, 6525 EM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piia Jõul
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Olga Bragina
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- National Institute for Health Development, Hiiu 42, 11619 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Merike Vaher
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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Ahmad I, Rawoof A, Islam K, Momo J, Anju T, Kumar A, Ramchiary N. Diversity and expression analysis of ZIP transporters and associated metabolites under zinc and iron stress in Capsicum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:415-430. [PMID: 36758289 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The members of ZRT, IRT-like protein (ZIP) family are involved in the uptake and transportation of several metal ions. Here, we report a comprehensive identification of ZIP transporter genes from Capsicum annuum, C. chinense, and C. baccatum, and their expression analysis under Zn and Fe stress. Changes in root morphology and differential accumulation of several metabolites from sugars, amino acids, carboxylic acids, and fatty acids in root and leaf tissues of plants in the absence of Zn and Fe were observed. Further, metabolites such as L-aspartic acid, 2-ketoglutaric acids, β-L-fucopyranose, quininic acid, chlorogenic acid, and aucubin were significantly upregulated in root and leaf tissues under Zn/Fe deprived conditions. qRT-PCR analysis of 17 CaZIPs in different tissues revealed tissue-specific expression of CaZIP1-2, CaZIP4-8, CaZIP13, and CaZIP16-17 under normal conditions. However, the absence of Zn and Fe significantly induced the expression of CaZIP4-5, CaZIP7-9, and CaZIP14 genes in root and leaf tissues. Additionally, in the absence of Fe, upregulation of CaZIP4-5 and CaZIP8 and increased uptake of mineral elements Cu, Zn, Mg, P, and S were observed in roots, suggesting their potential role in metal-ion uptake in Capsicum. The identified genes provide the basis for future studies of mineral uptake and their biofortification to increase the nutritional values in Capsicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Ahmad
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Abdul Rawoof
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Khushbu Islam
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - John Momo
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Thattantavide Anju
- Department of Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, 671316, Kerala, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, 671316, Kerala, India
| | - Nirala Ramchiary
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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7
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Sheng K, Sun Y, Liu M, Cao Y, Han Y, Li C, Muhammad U, Daud MK, Wang W, Li H, Samrana S, Hui Y, Zhu S, Chen J, Zhao T. A reference-grade genome assembly for Gossypium bickii and insights into its genome evolution and formation of pigment glands and gossypol. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100421. [PMID: 35949167 PMCID: PMC9860168 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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8
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Rodrigues MJ, Jekő J, Cziáky Z, Pereira CG, Custódio L. The Medicinal Halophyte Frankenia laevis L. (Sea Heath) Has In Vitro Antioxidant Activity, α-Glucosidase Inhibition, and Cytotoxicity towards Hepatocarcinoma Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11101353. [PMID: 35631777 PMCID: PMC9148066 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work explored the medicinal halophyte Frankenia laevis L. (sea heath) as a potential source of bioactive natural products. In this sense, methanol and dichloromethane extracts were prepared from aerial organs containing flowers, leaves and stems, and were profiled for their chemical composition using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The extracts were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant capacity using five complementary methods: enzyme inhibitory effects on enzymes related with neurodegeneration (acetyl (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE)), Type 2 diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), hyperpigmentation/food oxidation (tyrosinase), and cytotoxicity towards human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells. Fifty-one molecules were identified in the extracts, including several derivatives of phenolic acids, lignans and flavonoids, monoterpenes, and hydroxylated derivatives of linoleic acid. The methanol extract was effective in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging (EC50 = 0.25 and 0.65 mg/mL, respectively), copper chelation (EC50 = 0.78 mg/mL), and iron reduction (EC50 = 0.51 mg/mL) activities, whereas the dichloromethane extract had high iron chelating ability (EC50 = 0.76 mg/mL). Both extracts showed the capacity to inhibit α-glucosidase, especially the dichloromethane (EC50 = 0.52 mg/mL). This extract also exerted a significant selective cytotoxicity towards HepG2 cells (EC50 = 52.1 μg/mL, SI > 1.9). In conclusion, extracts from the aerial parts of sea heath were shown to be a promising source of natural products for pharmaceutical and/or food additive applications due to their high antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and cytotoxic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Rodrigues
- Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.G.P.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - József Jekő
- Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, University of Nyíregyháza, 4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary; (J.J.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zoltán Cziáky
- Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, University of Nyíregyháza, 4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary; (J.J.); (Z.C.)
| | - Catarina G. Pereira
- Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.G.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Luísa Custódio
- Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.G.P.); (L.C.)
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Farag MA, Dokalahy EU, Eissa TF, Kamal IM, Zayed A. Chemometrics-Based Aroma Discrimination of 14 Egyptian Mango Fruits of Different Cultivars and Origins, and Their Response to Probiotics Analyzed via SPME Coupled to GC-MS. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:2377-2390. [PMID: 35071925 PMCID: PMC8771959 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 14 Egyptian mango specimens collected from three different regions and of different cultivars (cvs). VOCs were extracted via solid-phase microextraction, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The results obtained for sesquiterpene hydrocarbons' qualitative abundance were represented by 28 peaks, whereas monoterpene hydrocarbons amounted for the highest levels in most of the mango cvs. Multivariate data analyses were employed for sample classification and identification of markers. Unsupervised principal component analysis revealed that "zebdia" cv from the three origins combined together being enriched in terpinolene. Moreover, supervised orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis identified β-terpinene and (Z)-geranylacetone in the premium "awees" cv. The impact of probiotic bacteria on mango juice aroma was further assessed revealing no potential changes in the composition. This study provides the first comprehensive insights into Egyptian mango aroma and reveals that the cv type overcomes the geographical origin in their aroma profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy
Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- , . Phone: +011-202-2362245. Fax: +011-202-25320005
| | - Erick U. Dokalahy
- Chemistry
Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Tarek F. Eissa
- Faculty
of Biotechnology, October University for
Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza 12451, Egypt
| | - Islam M. Kamal
- Microbiology
and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr
El Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Zayed
- Pharmacognosy
Department, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Elguish Street (Medical Campus), Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Institute
of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University
of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Street
49, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
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Ma LT, Liu PL, Cheng YT, Shiu TF, Chu FH. Unveiling Monoterpene Biosynthesis in Taiwania cryptomerioides via Functional Characterization. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112404. [PMID: 34834767 PMCID: PMC8625326 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Taiwania cryptomerioides is a monotypic species, and its terpenoid-rich property has been reported in recent years. To uncover monoterpene biosynthesis in T. cryptomerioides, this study used transcriptome mining to identify candidates with tentative monoterpene synthase activity. Along with the phylogenetic analysis and in vitro assay, two geraniol synthases (TcTPS13 and TcTPS14), a linalool synthase (TcTPS15), and a β-pinene synthase (TcTPS16), were functionally characterized. Via the comparison of catalytic residues, the Cys/Ser at region 1 might be crucial in determining the formation of α-pinene or β-pinene. In addition, the Cupressaceae monoterpene synthases were phylogenetically clustered together; they are unique and different from those of published conifer species. In summary, this study aimed to uncover the ambiguous monoterpenoid network in T. cryptomerioide, which would expand the landscape of monoterpene biosynthesis in Cupressaceae species.
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Mani V, Park S, Kim JA, Lee SI, Lee K. Metabolic Perturbation and Synthetic Biology Strategies for Plant Terpenoid Production-An Updated Overview. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2179. [PMID: 34685985 PMCID: PMC8539415 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids represent one of the high-value groups of specialized metabolites with vast structural diversity. They exhibit versatile human benefits and have been successfully exploited in several sectors of day-to-day life applications, including cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals. Historically, the potential use of terpenoids is challenging, and highly hampered by their bioavailability in their natural sources. Significant progress has been made in recent years to overcome such challenges by advancing the heterologous production platforms of hosts and metabolic engineering technologies. Herein, we summarize the latest developments associated with analytical platforms, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology, with a focus on two terpenoid classes: monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids. Accumulated data showed that subcellular localization of both the precursor pool and the introduced enzymes were the crucial factors for increasing the production of targeted terpenoids in plants. We believe this timely review provides a glimpse of current state-of-the-art techniques/methodologies related to terpenoid engineering that would facilitate further improvements in terpenoids research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kijong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (S.P.); (J.A.K.); (S.I.L.)
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12
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Liu Y, Ma X, Liang H, Stephanopoulos G, Zhou K. Monoterpenoid biosynthesis by engineered microbes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6380491. [PMID: 34601590 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpenoids are C10 isoprenoids and constitute a large family of natural products. They have been used as ingredients in food, cosmetics and therapeutic products. Many monoterpenoids such as linalool, geraniol, limonene and pinene are volatile and can be found in plant essential oils. Conventionally, these bioactive compounds are obtained from plant extracts by using organic solvents or by distillation method, which are costly and laborious if high purity product is desired. In recent years, microbial biosynthesis has emerged as alternative source of monoterpenoids with great promise for meeting the increasing global demand for these compounds. However, current methods of production are not yet at levels required for commercialization. Production efficiency of monoterpenoids in microbial hosts is often restricted by high volatility of the monoterpenoids, a lack of enzymatic activity and selectivity, and/or product cytotoxicity to the microbial hosts. In this review, we summarize advances in microbial production of monoterpenoids over the past three years with particular focus on the key metabolic engineering strategies for different monoterpenoid products. We also provide our perspective on the promise of future endeavors to improve monoterpenoid productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurou Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - Xiaoqiang Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kang Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
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13
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Doyama K, Yamaji K, Haruma T, Ishida A, Mori S, Kurosawa Y. Zn tolerance in the evergreen shrub, Aucuba japonica, naturally growing at a mine site: Cell wall immobilization, aucubin production, and Zn adsorption on fungal mycelia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257690. [PMID: 34591865 PMCID: PMC8483361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aucuba japonica Thunb. is an evergreen understory shrub that grows naturally at a mine site. The mine soil contains high concentrations of heavy metals, and A. japonica appears to maintain detoxification mechanisms against heavy metals in the study site’s understory. This study aimed to investigate the heavy metal tolerance mechanisms in A. japonica, considering the possible roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal and root-endophytic fungi. We conducted fieldwork in summer (canopy-foliation season) and winter (canopy-defoliation season) to measure the heavy metal concentrations in leaves, branches, and roots and analyze possible detoxicants in the roots. The infection rates of arbuscular mycorrhizal and root-endophytic fungi were evaluated via microscopic observation, and heavy metal (Zn) localization in A. japonica roots was observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Field analysis showed that A. japonica accumulated excessive Zn and produced aucubin and citric acid in the roots in both summer and winter. Zn localization observations clarified that Zn was distributed in thickened epidermal and cortical cell walls, suggesting that the cell walls functioned as Zn deposition sites, reducing Zn toxicity. It was further clarified that Zn was contained within cortical cells, indicating that Zn might be detoxified by aucubin and citric acid. Arbuscular mycorrhizal and root-endophytic fungi within cortical cells adsorbed Zn on fungal cell walls, indicating that these fungi would reduce Zn content within root cells and might alleviate Zn toxicity. Our results indicated that A. japonica would maintain Zn tolerance in both summer and winter via Zn immobilization in the cell walls and production of aucubin and citric acid, and that arbuscular mycorrhizal and root-endophytic fungi might play important roles in the Zn tolerance of A. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Doyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamaji
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Toshikatsu Haruma
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishida
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shigeta Mori
- Department of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoko Kurosawa
- Department of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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14
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Hansen CC, Nelson DR, Møller BL, Werck-Reichhart D. Plant cytochrome P450 plasticity and evolution. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1244-1265. [PMID: 34216829 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The superfamily of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes plays key roles in plant evolution and metabolic diversification. This review provides a status on the CYP landscape within green algae and land plants. The 11 conserved CYP clans known from vascular plants are all present in green algae and several green algae-specific clans are recognized. Clan 71, 72, and 85 remain the largest CYP clans and include many taxa-specific CYP (sub)families reflecting emergence of linage-specific pathways. Molecular features and dynamics of CYP plasticity and evolution are discussed and exemplified by selected biosynthetic pathways. High substrate promiscuity is commonly observed for CYPs from large families, favoring retention of gene duplicates and neofunctionalization, thus seeding acquisition of new functions. Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways producing metabolites with sporadic distribution across plant phylogeny reveals multiple examples of convergent evolution where CYPs have been independently recruited from the same or different CYP families, to adapt to similar environmental challenges or ecological niches. Sometimes only a single or a few mutations are required for functional interconversion. A compilation of functionally characterized plant CYPs is provided online through the Plant P450 Database (erda.dk/public/vgrid/PlantP450/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Cetti Hansen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniele Werck-Reichhart
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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15
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Huang H, Kuo YW, Chuang YC, Yang YP, Huang LM, Jeng MF, Chen WH, Chen HH. Terpene Synthase-b and Terpene Synthase-e/f Genes Produce Monoterpenes for Phalaenopsis bellina Floral Scent. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:700958. [PMID: 34335666 PMCID: PMC8318001 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.700958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are the most species-rich plants and highly interactive with pollinators via visual or olfactory cues. Biosynthesis and emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere facilitate the olfactory cues and ensure successful pollination. Phalaenopsis bellina is a scented orchid with monoterpenes as major VOCs, comprising linalool, geraniol, and their derivatives. Comparative transcriptomics analysis identified four terpene synthase-b (TPS-b) genes and two TPS-e/f genes with differential gene expression between scented and scentless Phalaenopsis species. Here, we confirmed their differential expression between scented and scentless Phalaenopsis orchids and excluded one TPS-b candidate. We analyzed the temporal and spatial expression and functionally characterized these TPSs. Both TPS-b and TPS-e/f genes showed an increased expression on blooming day or 3 days post-anthesis (D + 3) before the optimal emission of floral scent on D + 5, with especially high expression of PbTPS5 and PbTPS10. The TPS-b genes are expressed exclusively in reproductive organs, whereas the TPS-e/f genes are expressed in both reproductive and vegetative organs. In planta functional characterization of both PbTPS5 and PbTPS10 in tobacco and scentless Phalaenopsis plants did not produce terpenoids. Further ectopic expression in scented Phalaenopsis cultivar P. I-Hsin Venus showed that linalool was the main product, with PbTPS10 displaying 3-fold higher activity than PbTPS5. On in vitro enzyme assay with purified recombinant TPS-b proteins ectopically expressed in Escherichia coli, geraniol was the product catalyzed by PbTPS5 and PbTPS9. PbTPS3 was a linalool/(β)-cis-ocimene synthase and PbTPS4 a linalool synthase. In conclusion, both TPS-b and TPS-e/f enzymes orchestrated floral monoterpene biosynthesis in P. bellina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Kuo
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fen Jeng
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant and Microbial Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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16
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Gao G, Wu J, Li B, Jiang Q, Wang P, Li J. Transcriptomic analysis of saffron at different flowering stages using RNA sequencing uncovers cytochrome P450 genes involved in crocin biosynthesis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3451-3461. [PMID: 33934248 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Saffron is a well-known Chinese traditional herb, and crocin biosynthesis is related to the yield and quality of saffron. This study aimed to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in saffron at different flowering stages and identify cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes involved in crocin biosynthesis. Saffron samples at different flowering stages were used for RNA sequencing, and DEGs between the samples at three days before the flowering stage (- 3da) and two days after the flowering stage (+ 2da) were screened. Thereafter, significantly differentially expressed CYP genes were identified, and CYP gene expression at different flowering stages and in various tissues of saffron was determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). After sequencing and analysis, 1508 DEGs between the samples at - 3da and + 2da were identified, including 487 upregulated and 1021 downregulated genes, which were enriched in 16 biological processes, 5 cellular components, 3 molecular functions, and 11 KEGG pathways, including protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, estrogen signaling pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. In addition, 12 significantly differentially expressed CYP genes were identified. The RT-qPCR results showed that CYP76C4, CYP72A15, CYP72A219, CYP97B2, CYP714C2, CYP71A1, CYP94C1, and CYP86A8 were all expressed in the pistils, and CYP72A219, CYP72A15, CYP97B2, CYP71A1, and CYP86A8 were highly expressed in the pistils. Our study established a transcriptome library of saffron and found that CYP72A219, CYP72A15, CYP97B2, CYP71A1, and CYP86A8 may be candidates involved crocin biosynthesis in saffron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchun Gao
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhengjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiming Wu
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhengjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai Li
- Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiaxing, 314016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Jiang
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhengjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Li
- Jiaxing Vocational and Technical College, Jiaxing, 314036, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Zeng L, Xiao Y, Zhou X, Yu J, Jian G, Li J, Chen J, Tang J, Yang Z. Uncovering reasons for differential accumulation of linalool in tea cultivars with different leaf area. Food Chem 2020; 345:128752. [PMID: 33302111 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is generally proposed that tea cultivars with larger leaves contain more linalool, an important tea aroma contributor, than ones with smaller leaves. The objective of this study was to confirm the trait and explore the involved reason. Investigation on ten tea cultivars with different leaf areas demonstrated a significant positive correlation between linalool content and leaf area (R2 = 0.739, p = 0.010). Analysis of metabolite and gene expression level showed that the transform ability of linalool into linalool oxides was the key factor. Feeding experiments that supplied tea leaves of different leaf areas with [2H3]linalool under different light conditions revealed that the larger tea leaves receive more light and are less capable of transformation of linalool to linalool oxides, thus leading to linalool accumulation. This information will advance understanding of the variation of linalool content in tea varieties and will provide assistance in breeding and screening of high-linalool tea cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanting Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yangyang Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jizhong Yu
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 261 Zhusi Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Guotai Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, No. 6 Dafeng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinchi Tang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, No. 6 Dafeng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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18
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Goswami AK, Sharma HK, Gogoi N, Gogoi BJ. Network-Pharmacology and DFT Based Approach Towards Identification of Leads from Homalomena aromatica for Multi-Target In-Silico Screening on Entamoeba histolytica Proteins. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666190801102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Entamoeba histolytica is the primary protozoan that causes amoebic dysentery
and is prioritized as the third most prevalent protozoan causing parasitosis. Drug of choice in
amoebic dysentery is metronidazole but it has unpleasant side effects with reports of development
of resistance in certain cases. Homalomena aromatica Schott. is a plant which is used in different
ethnomedicinal practices of South-east Asia to treat stomach ailments against intestinal parasites.
Objective:
the present study, a docking weighted network pharmacology-based approach was
employed to understand the effects of a library of 71 natural molecules reported from Homalomena
aromatica with reference to four proteins of Entamoeba histolytica namely thioredoxin reductase,
cysteine synthase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and ornithine decarboxylase.
Method:
Molecular docking of the phytoconstituents of H. aromatica was performed in Biovia
Discovery Studio 2017 R2 software suite on the selected proteins of E. histolytica. A connection
was established between the proteins and molecules through network pharmacology weighted docking
studies with the help of Cytoscape V3.4.0 software to select three molecules namely HM 7, HM
23 and HM 24 on the basis of the generated network between the molecules and targets. Quantum
mechanics based Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis was performed on the filtered molecules
to ascertain their viability with respect to LUMO-HOMO orbital energies of the filtered molecules.
Results:
On the basis of the docking studies of the natural molecules on the selected protein targets,
a network of molecules was built. DFT based minimum energy gap was analysed to further ascertain
the most potential inhbitors. Three molecules from H. aromatica; 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-
yl acetate, α -methyl-α-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-oriranemethanol, and 7-octadiene-2,6-diol-2,6-
dimethyl were predicted to be potential lead molecules against amoebiasis.
Conclusion:
The present study provides important evidence for the development of new drug molecules
to treat amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Kumar Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India
| | - Hemanta Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India
| | - Neelutpal Gogoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India
| | - Bhaskar Jyoti Gogoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India
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Metabolic Engineering of the Native Monoterpene Pathway in Spearmint for Production of Heterologous Monoterpenes Reveals Complex Metabolism and Pathway Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176164. [PMID: 32859057 PMCID: PMC7504178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spearmint produces and stores large amounts of monoterpenes, mainly limonene and carvone, in glandular trichomes and is the major natural source of these compounds. Towards producing heterologous monoterpenes in spearmint, we first reduced the flux into the native limonene pathway by knocking down the expression of limonene synthase (MsLS) by RNAi method. The MsLS RNAi lines exhibited a huge reduction in the synthesis of limonene and carvone. Detailed GC-MS and LC-MS analysis revealed that MsLS RNAi plants also showed an increase in sesquiterpene, phytosterols, fatty acids, flavonoids, and phenolic metabolites, suggesting an interaction between the MEP, MVA shikimate and fatty acid pathways in spearmint. Three different heterologous monoterpene synthases namely, linalool synthase and myrcene synthase from Picea abies and geraniol synthase from Cananga odorata were cloned and introduced independently into the MsLS RNAi mutant background. The expression of these heterologous terpene synthases resulted mainly in production of monoterpene derivatives. Of all the introduced monoterpenes geraniol showed the maximum number of derivatives. Our results provide new insights into MEP pathway interactions and regulation and reveals the existence of mechanisms for complex metabolism of monoterpenes in spearmint.
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20
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Smitha PK, Vishnupriyan K, Kar AS, Anil Kumar M, Bathula C, Chandrashekara KN, Dhar SK, Das M. Genome wide search to identify reference genes candidates for gene expression analysis in Gossypium hirsutum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:405. [PMID: 31521126 PMCID: PMC6744693 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cotton is one of the most important commercial crops as the source of natural fiber, oil and fodder. To protect it from harmful pest populations number of newer transgenic lines have been developed. For quick expression checks in successful agriculture qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) have become extremely popular. The selection of appropriate reference genes plays a critical role in the outcome of such experiments as the method quantifies expression of the target gene in comparison with the reference. Traditionally most commonly used reference genes are the "house-keeping genes", involved in basic cellular processes. However, expression levels of such genes often vary in response to experimental conditions, forcing the researchers to validate the reference genes for every experimental platform. This study presents a data science driven unbiased genome-wide search for the selection of reference genes by assessing variation of > 50,000 genes in a publicly available RNA-seq dataset of cotton species Gossypium hirsutum. RESULT Five genes (TMN5, TBL6, UTR5B, AT1g65240 and CYP76B6) identified by data-science driven analysis, along with two commonly used reference genes found in literature (PP2A1 and UBQ14) were taken through qPCR in a set of 33 experimental samples consisting of different tissues (leaves, square, stem and root), different stages of leaf (young and mature) and square development (small, medium and large) in both transgenic and non-transgenic plants. Expression stability of the genes was evaluated using four algorithms - geNorm, BestKeeper, NormFinder and RefFinder. CONCLUSION Based on the results we recommend the usage of TMN5 and TBL6 as the optimal candidate reference genes in qPCR experiments with normal and transgenic cotton plant tissues. AT1g65240 and PP2A1 can also be used if expression study includes squares. This study, for the first time successfully displays a data science driven genome-wide search method followed by experimental validation as a method of choice for selection of stable reference genes over the selection based on function alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. K. Smitha
- Department of Biotechnology, Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 046 India
- Beyond Antibody LLP, S-005 Krishna Greens, Krishna Temple Road, Dodda Bomasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 097 India
| | - K. Vishnupriyan
- Tumor Immunology Program, DSRG1, MSCTR, MSMF, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, 8th floor, Narayana Health City, Bommasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 099 India
| | - Ananya S. Kar
- Tumor Immunology Program, DSRG1, MSCTR, MSMF, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, 8th floor, Narayana Health City, Bommasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 099 India
- School of Bio Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 014 India
| | - M. Anil Kumar
- Beyond Antibody LLP, S-005 Krishna Greens, Krishna Temple Road, Dodda Bomasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 097 India
| | - Christopher Bathula
- Tumor Immunology Program, DSRG1, MSCTR, MSMF, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, 8th floor, Narayana Health City, Bommasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 099 India
| | - K. N. Chandrashekara
- Division of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, UPASI Tea Research Foundation, Tea Research Institute, Nirar Dam, Valparai, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 642 127 India
| | - Sujan K. Dhar
- Beyond Antibody LLP, S-005 Krishna Greens, Krishna Temple Road, Dodda Bomasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 097 India
| | - Manjula Das
- Tumor Immunology Program, DSRG1, MSCTR, MSMF, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, 8th floor, Narayana Health City, Bommasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 099 India
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Abstract
Urgent guidelines of modern chemistry have directed researchers' attention to the use of biomass not only as a source of food, feed, medicinal drugs, fragrances and energy, but also as fine chemicals. Certain easily isolable biomass components are now used as chemical reagents in the synthesis of novel products with a higher added value, replacing existing chemicals based on petroleum sources. Among these biomass components, the essential oils stand out as a valuable source of diverse terpenoid and phenylpropanoid compounds with many bio-medical applications. The aim of this work is to review existing materials in the utilization of the synthetic potential of essential oils extracted from some tropical plants towards their conversion in new functionalized heterocyclic compounds, which could be useful as a pharmacological model in drug research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Kouznetsov
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, CMN, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, Km 2 Vía Refugio, Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia
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22
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Linalool bioactive properties and potential applicability in drug delivery systems. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 171:566-578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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23
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Singulani JL, Pedroso RS, Ribeiro AB, Nicolella HD, Freitas KS, Damasceno JL, Vieira TM, Crotti AEM, Tavares DC, Martins CHG, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Pires RH. Geraniol and linalool anticandidal activity, genotoxic potential and embryotoxic effect on zebrafish. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1637-1646. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Geraniol and linalool are major constituents of the essential oils of medicinal plants. Materials & methods: Antifungal activity of geraniol and linalool were evaluated against five Candida species. The genotoxicity of these compounds was evaluated by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test, and the embryotoxic assays use zebrafish model. Results: Geraniol and linalool inhibited Candida growth, but geraniol was more effective. The geraniol at concentration of 800 μg/ml and the linalool at concentration of 125 μg/ml significantly increased chromosome damage. Geraniol was more toxic to zebrafish embryo than linalool: LC50 values were 31.3 and 193.3 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Geraniol and linalool have anticandidal activity, but they also exert genotoxic and embryotoxic effects at the highest tested concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya L Singulani
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo S Pedroso
- Universidade de Franca, 14404-600, Franca, SP, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia,38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Tatiana M Vieira
- Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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24
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Abstract
The successful implementation of synthetic biology for chemicals biosynthesis relies on the availability of large libraries of well-characterized enzymatic building blocks. Here we present a scalable pipeline that applies the methodology of synthetic biology itself to bootstrap the creation of such a library. By designing and building a cytochrome P450 enzyme collection and testing it in a custom-made untargeted GC/MS-metabolomics-based approach, we were able to rapidly create and characterize a comprehensive enzyme library for the controlled oxyfunctionalisation of terpene scaffolds with a wide range of activities and selectivities towards several monoterpenes. This novel resource can now be used to access the extensive chemical diversity of terpenoids by pathway engineering and the assembly of biocatalytic cascades to subsequently produce libraries of oxygenated terpenoids and their derivatives for diverse applications, including drug discovery.
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Abstract
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The
year 2017 marks the twentieth anniversary of terpenoid cyclase
structural biology: a trio of terpenoid cyclase structures reported
together in 1997 were the first to set the foundation for understanding
the enzymes largely responsible for the exquisite chemodiversity of
more than 80000 terpenoid natural products. Terpenoid cyclases catalyze
the most complex chemical reactions in biology, in that more than
half of the substrate carbon atoms undergo changes in bonding and
hybridization during a single enzyme-catalyzed cyclization reaction.
The past two decades have witnessed structural, functional, and computational
studies illuminating the modes of substrate activation that initiate
the cyclization cascade, the management and manipulation of high-energy
carbocation intermediates that propagate the cyclization cascade,
and the chemical strategies that terminate the cyclization cascade.
The role of the terpenoid cyclase as a template for catalysis is paramount
to its function, and protein engineering can be used to reprogram
the cyclization cascade to generate alternative and commercially important
products. Here, I review key advances in terpenoid cyclase structural
and chemical biology, focusing mainly on terpenoid cyclases and related
prenyltransferases for which X-ray crystal structures have informed
and advanced our understanding of enzyme structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Costantini L, Kappel CD, Trenti M, Battilana J, Emanuelli F, Sordo M, Moretto M, Camps C, Larcher R, Delrot S, Grando MS. Drawing Links from Transcriptome to Metabolites: The Evolution of Aroma in the Ripening Berry of Moscato Bianco ( Vitis vinifera L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:780. [PMID: 28559906 PMCID: PMC5432621 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenes confer typical floral notes to "Muscat" grapevine varieties and, to a lesser extent, to other aromatic non-Muscat varieties. Previous studies have led to the identification and functional characterization of some enzymes and genes in this pathway. However, the underlying genetic map is still far from being complete. For example, the specific steps of monoterpene metabolism and its regulation are largely unknown. With the aim of identifying new candidates for the missing links, we applied an integrative functional genomics approach based on the targeted metabolic and genome-wide transcript profiling of Moscato Bianco ripening berries. In particular, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of free and bound terpenoid compounds was combined with microarray analysis in the skins of berries collected at five developmental stages from pre-veraison to over-ripening. Differentially expressed metabolites and probes were identified in the pairwise comparison between time points by using the early stage as a reference. Metabolic and transcriptomic data were integrated through pairwise correlation and clustering approaches to discover genes linked with particular metabolites or groups of metabolites. These candidate transcripts were further checked for co-localization with quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting aromatic compounds. Our findings provide insights into the biological networks of grapevine secondary metabolism, both at the catalytic and regulatory levels. Examples include a nudix hydrolase as component of a terpene synthase-independent pathway for monoterpene biosynthesis, genes potentially involved in monoterpene metabolism (cytochrome P450 hydroxylases, epoxide hydrolases, glucosyltransferases), transport (vesicle-associated proteins, ABCG transporters, glutathione S-transferases, amino acid permeases), and transcriptional control (transcription factors of the ERF, MYB and NAC families, intermediates in light- and circadian cycle-mediated regulation with supporting evidence from the literature and additional regulatory genes with a previously unreported association to monoterpene accumulation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Costantini
- Grapevine Genetics and Breeding Unit, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Christian D. Kappel
- UMR Ecophysiology and Grape Functional Genomics, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, University of BordeauxVillenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Massimiliano Trenti
- Grapevine Genetics and Breeding Unit, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Juri Battilana
- Grapevine Genetics and Breeding Unit, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Francesco Emanuelli
- Grapevine Genetics and Breeding Unit, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Maddalena Sordo
- Grapevine Genetics and Breeding Unit, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Computational Biology Platform, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Céline Camps
- UMR Ecophysiology and Grape Functional Genomics, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, University of BordeauxVillenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Roberto Larcher
- Experiment and Technological Services Department, Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Serge Delrot
- UMR Ecophysiology and Grape Functional Genomics, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, University of BordeauxVillenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Maria S. Grando
- Grapevine Genetics and Breeding Unit, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of TrentoSan Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Ilc T, Werck-Reichhart D, Navrot N. Meta-Analysis of the Core Aroma Components of Grape and Wine Aroma. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1472. [PMID: 27746799 PMCID: PMC5042961 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wine aroma strongly influences wine quality, yet its composition and its evolution during the winemaking process are poorly understood. Volatile compounds that constitute wine aroma are traditionally divided into three classes according to their origin: grape, fermentation, and maturation aroma. We challenge this view with meta-analysis and review of grape and wine volatiles and their precursors from 82 profiling experiments. We compiled a list of 141 common grape and wine volatiles and quantitatively compared 43 of them. Our work offers insight into complex relationships between biosynthesis of aroma in grapes and the changes during the winemaking process. Monoterpenes are one of the largest and most researched wine aroma compounds. We show that their diversity in wines is mainly due to the oxidative metabolism of linalool in grapes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that most of the linalool produced in grapes is converted to these oxidized derivatives.
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