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Abdolinejad R, Salmi MS. Indirect regeneration in Ficus lyrata Warb. and metabolite profiles influenced by nitric oxide and Plant growth regulators. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:325. [PMID: 37328837 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To establish an indirect regeneration protocol in Ficus lyrata, a three-phase experiment (callus induction, morphogenic callus induction, and plant regeneration) based on auxin, cytokinin, and nitric oxide interactions was designed and implemented using leaf explants. The metabolite profiles (amino acid profile, total phenolic content, total soluble sugars, and total antioxidant activity) alteration patterns were also investigated to determine the metabolites contributing to the progress of each phase. RESULTS Results demonstrated that 11 out of 48 implemented treatments resulted in morphogenic callus induction (morphogenic treatments), and nitric oxide played a key role in increasing efficiency from 13 to 100%. More importantly, nitric oxide cross-talk with cytokinins was necessary for shoot regeneration from morphogenic calli. Only 4 out of all 48 implemented treatments were capable of shoot regeneration (regenerative treatments), and among them, PR42 treatment led to the highest shoot regeneration rate (86%) and maximum mean number of shoot/explant (10.46). Metabolite analyses revealed that the morphogenic and regenerative treatments followed similar metabolite alterations, which were associated with increased biosynthesis of arginine, lysine, methionine, asparagine, glutamine, histidine, threonine, leucine, glycine, serine amino acids, total soluble sugars content, and total antioxidant activity. On the contrary, non-morphogenic and non-regenerative treatments caused the accumulation of a significantly greater total phenolic content and malondialdehyde in the explant cells, which reflexed the stressful condition of the explants. CONCLUSIONS It could be concluded that the proper interactions of auxin, cytokinins, and nitric oxide could result in metabolite biosynthesis alterations, leading to triggering cell proliferation, morphogenic center formation, and shoot regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhollah Abdolinejad
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Box 65186-71441, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohamadreza Salehi Salmi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, IR 6341773637, Khuzestan, Iran.
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Ali HM, Khan T, Khan MA, Ullah N. The multipotent thidiazuron: A mechanistic overview of its roles in callogenesis and other plant cultures in vitro. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 69:2624-2640. [PMID: 35048414 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thidiazuron (TDZ) is an active substituted phenyl urea compound that has found a significant role as a plant growth regulator. The most exciting aspect of its function is that it can mimic auxins and cytokinin but is chemically different from these two. Many theories have been put forward, and experiments performed to understand the mode of action of TDZ in callogenesis. One suggested mechanism presents that it works by inhibiting the cytokinin degrading enzymes that compete with cytokinin for an active site on the enzyme. An example is the TDZ-induced suppressed expression of gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis genes encoding GA3 and GA20 oxidases. This is entailed with a slightly increased expression of GA catabolism genes encoding GA20 oxidase. Similarly, one of the recommendations is that TDZ induces the expression of specific genes and transcription regulatory sequences that are either responsible directly for callus formation or in turn induce other auxins or cytokinin for callogenesis. There is no concise review available that discusses the details of TDZ-induced callus, specifically and other in vitro cultures in general. This review is an attempt to explore all these pathways and mechanisms involved in callogenesis in plants stimulated by TDZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Muhammad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir Lower, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir Lower, Pakistan
| | - Mubarak Ali Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Chemical Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Nazif Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Chemical Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Cheng X, Gao C, Liu X, Xu D, Pan X, Gao W, Yan S, Yao H, Cao J, Min X, Lu J, Chang C, Zhang H, Ma C. Characterization of the wheat VQ protein family and expression of candidate genes associated with seed dormancy and germination. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:119. [PMID: 35291943 PMCID: PMC8925178 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seed dormancy and germination determine wheat resistance to pre-harvest sprouting and thereby affect grain yield and quality. Arabidopsis VQ genes have been shown to influence seed germination; however, the functions of wheat VQ genes have not been characterized. RESULTS We identified 65 TaVQ genes in common wheat and named them TaVQ1-65. We identified 48 paralogous pairs, 37 of which had Ka/Ks values greater than 1, suggesting that most TaVQ genes have experienced positive selection. Chromosome locations, gene structures, promoter element analysis, and gene ontology annotations of the TaVQs showed that their structures determined their functions and that structural changes reflected functional diversity. Transcriptome-based expression analysis of 62 TaVQ genes and microarray analysis of 11 TaVQ genes indicated that they played important roles in diverse biological processes. We compared TaVQ gene expression and seed germination index values among wheat varieties with contrasting seed dormancy and germination phenotypes and identified 21 TaVQ genes that may be involved in seed dormancy and germination. CONCLUSIONS Sixty-five TaVQ proteins were identified for the first time in common wheat, and bioinformatics analyses were used to investigate their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary divergence. qRT-PCR data showed that 21 TaVQ candidate genes were potentially involved in seed dormancy and germination. These findings provide useful information for further cloning and functional analysis of TaVQ genes and introduce useful candidate genes for the improvement of PHS resistance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Cheng
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chang Gao
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xue Liu
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xu Pan
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Gao
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Shengnan Yan
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Yao
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Jiajia Cao
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyu Min
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Lu
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Haiping Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Chuanxi Ma
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
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