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Kong SG, Yamazaki Y, Shimada A, Kijima ST, Hirose K, Katoh K, Ahn J, Song HG, Han JW, Higa T, Takano A, Nakamura Y, Suetsugu N, Kohda D, Uyeda TQP, Wada M. CHLOROPLAST UNUSUAL POSITIONING 1 is a plant-specific actin polymerization factor regulating chloroplast movement. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1159-1181. [PMID: 38134410 PMCID: PMC10980345 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants have unique responses to fluctuating light conditions. One such response involves chloroplast photorelocation movement, which optimizes photosynthesis under weak light by the accumulation of chloroplasts along the periclinal side of the cell, which prevents photodamage under strong light by avoiding chloroplast positioning toward the anticlinal side of the cell. This light-responsive chloroplast movement relies on the reorganization of chloroplast actin (cp-actin) filaments. Previous studies have suggested that CHLOROPLAST UNUSUAL POSITIONING 1 (CHUP1) is essential for chloroplast photorelocation movement as a regulator of cp-actin filaments. In this study, we conducted comprehensive analyses to understand CHUP1 function. Functional, fluorescently tagged CHUP1 colocalized with and was coordinately reorganized with cp-actin filaments on the chloroplast outer envelope during chloroplast movement in Arabidopsis thaliana. CHUP1 distribution was reversibly regulated in a blue light- and phototropin-dependent manner. X-ray crystallography revealed that the CHUP1-C-terminal domain shares structural homology with the formin homology 2 (FH2) domain, despite lacking sequence similarity. Furthermore, the CHUP1-C-terminal domain promoted actin polymerization in the presence of profilin in vitro. Taken together, our findings indicate that CHUP1 is a plant-specific actin polymerization factor that has convergently evolved to assemble cp-actin filaments and enables chloroplast photorelocation movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam-Geun Kong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Chungnam 32588, Korea
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamazaki
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimada
- Division of Structural Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Saku T Kijima
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Keiko Hirose
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Kaoru Katoh
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Jeongsu Ahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Chungnam 32588, Korea
| | - Hyun-Geun Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Chungnam 32588, Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Chungnam 32588, Korea
| | - Takeshi Higa
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Takano
- Division of Structural Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Division of Structural Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kohda
- Division of Structural Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Taro Q P Uyeda
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Wada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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2
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Zeng Y, Somers J, Bell HS, Dawe RK, Fowler JE, Nelms B, Gent JI. Potent pollen gene regulation by DNA glycosylases in maize. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.580204. [PMID: 38405940 PMCID: PMC10888782 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Although DNA methylation primarily represses transposable elements (TEs) in plants, it also represses select endosperm and pollen genes. These genes, or their cis-regulatory elements, are methylated in plant body tissues but are demethylated by DNA glycosylases (DNGs) in endosperm and pollen, enabling their transcription. Activity of either one of two DNGs, MDR1 or DNG102, is essential for pollen viability in maize. Using single-pollen mRNA sequencing on pollen segregating mutations in both genes, we identified 58 candidate DNG target genes, whose expression is strongly decreased in double mutant pollen (124-fold decrease on average). These genes account for 11.1% of the wild-type pollen polyadenylated transcriptome, but they are silent or barely detectable in the plant body. They are unusual in their tendency to lack introns but even more so in their having TE-like methylation in their coding DNA sequence. Moreover, they are strongly enriched for predicted functions in cell wall modification. While some may support development of the pollen grain cell wall, expansins and pectinases in this set of genes suggest a function in cell wall loosening to support the rapid tip growth characteristic of pollen tubes as they carry the sperm cells through maternal apoplast and extracellular matrix of the pistil. These results suggest a critical role for DNA methylation and demethylation in regulating maize genes with potential for extremely high expression in pollen but constitutive silencing elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Zeng
- University of Georgia, Department of Genetics, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Julian Somers
- University of Georgia, Department of Genetics, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Harrison S Bell
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - R Kelly Dawe
- University of Georgia, Department of Genetics, Athens, GA 30602
- University of Georgia, Department of Plant Biology, Athens, GA 30602
| | - John E Fowler
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Brad Nelms
- University of Georgia, Department of Plant Biology, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Jonathan I Gent
- University of Georgia, Department of Plant Biology, Athens, GA 30602
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Won SY, Soundararajan P, Irulappan V, Kim JS. In-silico, evolutionary, and functional analysis of CHUP1 and its related proteins in Bienertia sinuspersici-a comparative study across C 3, C 4, CAM, and SCC 4 model plants. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15696. [PMID: 37456874 PMCID: PMC10348308 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell C4 (SCC4) plants with bienertioid anatomy carry out photosynthesis in a single cell. Chloroplast movement is the underlying phenomenon, where chloroplast unusual positioning 1 (CHUP1) plays a key role. This study aimed to characterize CHUP1 and CHUP1-like proteins in an SCC4 photosynthetic plant, Bienertia sinuspersici. Also, a comparative analysis of SCC4 CHUP1 was made with C3, C4, and CAM model plants including an extant basal angiosperm, Amborella. The CHUP1 gene exists as a single copy from the basal angiosperms to SCC4 plants. Our analysis identified that Chenopodium quinoa, a recently duplicated allotetraploid, has two copies of CHUP1. In addition, the numbers of CHUP1-like and its associated proteins such as CHUP1-like_a, CHUP1-like_b, HPR, TPR, and ABP varied between the species. Hidden Markov Model analysis showed that the gene size of CHUP1-like_a and CHUP1-like_b of SCC4 species, Bienertia, and Suaeda were enlarged than other plants. Also, we identified that CHUP1-like_a and CHUP1-like_b are absent in Arabidopsis and Amborella, respectively. Motif analysis identified several conserved and variable motifs based on the orders (monocot and dicot) as well as photosynthetic pathways. For instance, CAM plants such as pineapple and cactus shared certain motifs of CHUP1-like_a irrespective of their distant phylogenetic relationship. The free ratio model showed that CHUP1 maintained purifying selection, whereas CHUP1-like_a and CHUP1-like_b have adaptive functions between SCC4 plants and quinoa. Similarly, rice and maize branches displayed functional diversification on CHUP1-like_b. Relative gene expression data showed that during the subcellular compartmentalization process of Bienertia, CHUP1 and actin-binding proteins (ABP) genes showed a similar pattern of expression. Altogether, the results of this study provide insight into the evolutionary and functional details of CHUP1 and its associated proteins in the development of the SCC4 system in comparison with other C3, C4, and CAM model plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Youn Won
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
| | - Prabhakaran Soundararajan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
| | - Vadivelmurugan Irulappan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
| | - Jung Sun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
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Zygnematophycean algae: Possible models for cellular and evolutionary biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 134:59-68. [PMID: 35430142 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant terrestrialization was a critical event for our planet. For the study of plant evolution, charophytes have received a great deal of attention because of their phylogenetic position. Among charophytes, the class Zygnematophyceae is the closest lineage to land plants. During sexual reproduction, they show isogamous conjugation by immotile gametes, which is characteristic of zygnematophycean algae. Here, we introduce the genera Mougeotia, Penium, and Closterium, which are representative model organisms of Zygnematophyceae in terms of chloroplast photorelocation movement, the cell wall, and sexual reproduction, respectively.
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Xin GY, Li LP, Wang PT, Li XY, Han YJ, Zhao X. The action of enhancing weak light capture via phototropic growth and chloroplast movement in plants. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:50. [PMID: 37676522 PMCID: PMC10441985 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
To cope with fluctuating light conditions, terrestrial plants have evolved precise regulation mechanisms to help optimize light capture and increase photosynthetic efficiency. Upon blue light-triggered autophosphorylation, activated phototropin (PHOT1 and PHOT2) photoreceptors function solely or redundantly to regulate diverse responses, including phototropism, chloroplast movement, stomatal opening, and leaf positioning and flattening in plants. These responses enhance light capture under low-light conditions and avoid photodamage under high-light conditions. NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3) and ROOT PHOTOTROPISM 2 (RPT2) are signal transducers that function in the PHOT1- and PHOT2-mediated response. NPH3 is required for phototropism, leaf expansion and positioning. RPT2 regulates chloroplast accumulation as well as NPH3-mediated responses. NRL PROTEIN FOR CHLOROPLAST MOVEMENT 1 (NCH1) was recently identified as a PHOT1-interacting protein that functions redundantly with RPT2 to mediate chloroplast accumulation. The PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE (PKS) proteins (PKS1, PKS2, and PKS4) interact with PHOT1 and NPH3 and mediate hypocotyl phototropic bending. This review summarizes advances in phototropic growth and chloroplast movement induced by light. We also focus on how crosstalk in signaling between phototropism and chloroplast movement enhances weak light capture, providing a basis for future studies aiming to delineate the mechanism of light-trapping plants to improve light-use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lu-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Peng-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xin-Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuan-Ji Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
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Savage Z, Duggan C, Toufexi A, Pandey P, Liang Y, Segretin ME, Yuen LH, Gaboriau DCA, Leary AY, Tumtas Y, Khandare V, Ward AD, Botchway SW, Bateman BC, Pan I, Schattat M, Sparkes I, Bozkurt TO. Chloroplasts alter their morphology and accumulate at the pathogen interface during infection by Phytophthora infestans. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1771-1787. [PMID: 34250673 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Upon immune activation, chloroplasts switch off photosynthesis, produce antimicrobial compounds and associate with the nucleus through tubular extensions called stromules. Although it is well established that chloroplasts alter their position in response to light, little is known about the dynamics of chloroplast movement in response to pathogen attack. Here, we report that during infection with the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans, chloroplasts accumulate at the pathogen interface, associating with the specialized membrane that engulfs the pathogen haustorium. The chemical inhibition of actin polymerization reduces the accumulation of chloroplasts at pathogen haustoria, suggesting that this process is partially dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. However, chloroplast accumulation at haustoria does not necessarily rely on movement of the nucleus to this interface and is not affected by light conditions. Stromules are typically induced during infection, embracing haustoria and facilitating chloroplast interactions, to form dynamic organelle clusters. We found that infection-triggered stromule formation relies on BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1)-mediated surface immune signaling, whereas chloroplast repositioning towards haustoria does not. Consistent with the defense-related induction of stromules, effector-mediated suppression of BAK1-mediated immune signaling reduced stromule formation during infection. On the other hand, immune recognition of the same effector stimulated stromules, presumably via a different pathway. These findings implicate chloroplasts in a polarized response upon pathogen attack and point to more complex functions of these organelles in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Savage
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Cian Duggan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexia Toufexi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pooja Pandey
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yuxi Liang
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - María Eugenia Segretin
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular 'Dr Héctor N. Torres' (INGEBI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Lok Him Yuen
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David C A Gaboriau
- Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, South Kensington, SAF building, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexandre Y Leary
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yasin Tumtas
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Virendrasinh Khandare
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew D Ward
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Benji C Bateman
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Indranil Pan
- Centre for Process Systems Engineering and Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, London, NW1 2DB, UK
| | - Martin Schattat
- Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, University of Bristol, St Michael's Hill, Bristol, BS8 8DZ, UK
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Schmalstig JG, Jainandan K. Green light attenuates blue-light-induced chloroplast avoidance movement in Arabidopsis and Landoltia punctata. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1525-1539. [PMID: 34458978 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Chloroplast movement to the anticlinal walls in excess light, referred to as chloroplast avoidance movement, is one strategy to prevent high light damage. Chloroplast avoidance movement is mediated by the blue-light photoreceptor phototropin. Since some blue-light effects are reversed by green light, we investigated the effect of green wavelengths on chloroplast avoidance. METHODS Chloroplast position was visualized via microscopy and by transmission of red light through the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana and Landoltia punctata (duckweed). RESULTS Green light reduced blue-light-induced chloroplast avoidance movement but only when green light was presented simultaneously with blue light. Green light alone had no effect on chloroplast position. An action spectrum for green-light attenuation of chloroplast avoidance in duckweed revealed peaks at 510, 550, and 590 nm. Blue-light-induced chloroplast avoidance movement in three Arabidopsis mutants with reduced nonphotochemical quenching, npq1, npq4, and npq7 was not affected by green light. CONCLUSIONS The action spectrum does not conform to any known photoreceptor. The lack of a green-light response in the npq mutants of Arabidopsis suggests a possible role for the xanthophyll cycle or a signal from the chloroplast in control of chloroplast avoidance movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy G Schmalstig
- Department of Biology, 1000 Holt Ave, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL, 32789, USA
| | - Kenneth Jainandan
- Department of Biology, 1000 Holt Ave, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL, 32789, USA
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Kihara M, Ushijima T, Yamagata Y, Tsuruda Y, Higa T, Abiko T, Kubo T, Wada M, Suetsugu N, Gotoh E. Light-induced chloroplast movements in Oryza species. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:525-535. [PMID: 32303870 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01189-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced chloroplast movements control efficient light utilization in leaves, and thus, are essential for leaf photosynthesis and biomass production under fluctuating light conditions. Chloroplast movements have been intensively analyzed using wild-type and mutant plants of Arabidopsis thaliana. The molecular mechanism and the contribution to biomass production were elucidated. However, the knowledge of chloroplast movements is very scarce in other plant species, especially grass species including crop plants. Because chloroplast movements are efficient strategy to optimize light capture in leaves and thus promote leaf photosynthesis and biomass, analysis of chloroplast movements in crops is required for biomass production. Here, we analyzed chloroplast movements in a wide range of cultivated and wild species of genus Oryza. All examined Oryza species showed the blue-light-induced chloroplast movements. However, O. sativa and its ancestral species O. rufipogon, both of which are AA-genome species and usually grown in open condition where plants are exposed to full sunlight, showed the much weaker chloroplast movements than Oryza species that are usually grown under shade or semi-shade conditions, including O. officinalis, O. eichingeri, and O. granulata. Further detailed analyses of different O. officinalis accessions, including sun, semi-shade, and shade accessions, indicated that the difference in chloroplast movement strength between domesticated rice plants and wild species might result from the difference in habitat, and the shape of mesophyll chlorenchyma cells. The findings of this study provide useful information for optimizing Oryza growth conditions, and lay the groundwork for improving growth and yield in staple food crop Oryza sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Kihara
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Ushijima
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamagata
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yukinari Tsuruda
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Higa
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomomi Abiko
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kubo
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Eiji Gotoh
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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9
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Majumdar A, Kar RK. Chloroplast avoidance movement: a novel paradigm of ROS signalling. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 144:109-121. [PMID: 32222888 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The damaging effects of supra-optimal irradiance on plants, often turning to be lethal, may be circumvented by chloroplast avoidance movement which realigns chloroplasts to the anticlinal surfaces of cells (parallel to the incident light), essentially minimizing photon absorption. In angiosperms and many other groups of plants, chloroplast avoidance movement has been identified to be a strong blue light (BL)-dependent process being mediated by actin filaments wherein phototropins are identified as the photoreceptor involved. Studies through the last few decades have identified key molecular mechanisms involving Chloroplast Unusual Positioning 1 (CHUP1) protein and specific chloroplast-actin (cp-actin) filaments. However, the signal transduction pathway from strong BL absorption down to directional re-localization of chloroplasts by actin filaments is complex and ambiguous. Being the immediate cellular products of high irradiance absorption and having properties of remodelling actin as well as phototropin, reactive oxygen species (ROS) deemed to be more able and prompt than any other signalling agent in mediating chloroplast avoidance movement. Although ROS are presently being identified as fundamental component for regulating different plant processes ranging from growth, development and immunity, its role in avoidance movement have hardly been explored in depth. However, few recent reports have demonstrated the direct stimulatory involvement of ROS, especially H2O2, in chloroplast avoidance movement with Ca2+ playing a pivotal role. With this perspective, the present review discusses the mechanisms of ROS-mediated chloroplast avoidance movement involving ROS-Ca2+-actin communication system and NADPH oxidase (NOX)-plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase positive feed-forward loop. A possible working model is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajo Majumdar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
- Department of Botany, City College, 102/1 Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700009, India
| | - Rup Kumar Kar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India.
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Lin YJ, Chen YC, Tseng KC, Chang WC, Ko SS. Phototropins Mediate Chloroplast Movement in Phalaenopsis aphrodite (Moth Orchid). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2243-2254. [PMID: 31198960 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast movement is important for plants to avoid photodamage and to perform efficient photosynthesis. Phototropins are blue light receptors in plants that function in chloroplast movement, phototropism, stomatal opening, and they also affect plant growth and development. In this study, full-length cDNAs of two PHOTOTROPIN genes, PaPHOT1 and PaPHOT2, were cloned from a moth orchid Phalaenopsis aphrodite, and their functions in chloroplast movement were investigated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PaPHOT1 and PaPHOT2 orthologs were highly similar to PHOT1 and PHOT2 of the close relative Phalaenopsis equestris, respectively, and clustered with monocots PHOT1 and PHOT2 orthologs, respectively. Phalaenopsis aphrodite expressed a moderate level of PaPHOT1 under low blue light of 5 μmol�m-2�s-1 (BL5) and a high levels of PaPHOT1 at >BL100. However, PaPHOT2 was expressed at low levels at <BL50 but expressed at high levels at > BL100. Analysis of light-induced chloroplast movements using the SPAD method indicated that orchid accumulated chloroplasts at <BL10. The chloroplast avoidance response was detectable at >BL25 and significant chloroplast avoidance movement was observed at >BL100. Virus-induced gene silencing of PaPHOTs in orchids showed decreased gene expression of PaPHOTs and reduced both chloroplast accumulation and avoidance responses. Heterologous expression of PaPHOT1 in Arabidopsis phot1phot2 double mutant recovered chloroplast accumulation response at BL5, but neither PaPHOT1 nor PaPHOT2 was able to restore mutant chloroplast avoidance at BL100. Overall, this study showed that phototropins mediate chloroplast movement in Phalaenopsis orchid is blue light-dependent but their function is slightly different from Arabidopsis which might be due to gene evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jyun Lin
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Chen
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chieh Tseng
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Chang
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Swee-Suak Ko
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Christie JM, Suetsugu N, Sullivan S, Wada M. Shining Light on the Function of NPH3/RPT2-Like Proteins in Phototropin Signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1015-1024. [PMID: 28720608 PMCID: PMC5813532 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
NRL proteins coordinate different aspects of phototropin signaling through signaling processes that are conserved in land plants and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Christie
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Stuart Sullivan
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Masamitsu Wada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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12
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Plants are sessile and require diverse strategies to adapt to fluctuations in the surrounding light conditions. Consequently, the photorelocation movement of chloroplasts is essential to prevent damages that are induced by intense light (avoidance response) and to ensure efficient photosynthetic activities under weak light conditions (accumulation response). The mechanisms that underlie chloroplast movements have been revealed through analysis of the behavior of individual chloroplasts and it has been found that these organelles can move in any direction without turning. This implies that any part of the chloroplast periphery can function as the leading or trailing edge during movement. This ability is mediated by a special structure, which consists of short actin filaments that are polymerized at the leading edge of moving chloroplasts and are specifically localized in the space between the chloroplast and the plasma membrane, and is called chloroplast-actin. In addition, several of the genes that encode proteins that are involved in chloroplast-actin polymerization or maintenance have been identified. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms that regulate chloroplast movements through polymerization of the chloroplast-actin and propose a model for actin-driven chloroplast photorelocation movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Sam-Geun Kong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, 56 Gongjudaehak-ro Gongju-si, Chungcheongnam-do 32588, Republic of Korea
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13
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Kumar AS, Park E, Nedo A, Alqarni A, Ren L, Hoban K, Modla S, McDonald JH, Kambhamettu C, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Caplan JL. Stromule extension along microtubules coordinated with actin-mediated anchoring guides perinuclear chloroplast movement during innate immunity. eLife 2018; 7:e23625. [PMID: 29338837 PMCID: PMC5815851 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic tubular extensions from chloroplasts called stromules have recently been shown to connect with nuclei and function during innate immunity. We demonstrate that stromules extend along microtubules (MTs) and MT organization directly affects stromule dynamics since stabilization of MTs chemically or genetically increases stromule numbers and length. Although actin filaments (AFs) are not required for stromule extension, they provide anchor points for stromules. Interestingly, there is a strong correlation between the direction of stromules from chloroplasts and the direction of chloroplast movement. Stromule-directed chloroplast movement was observed in steady-state conditions without immune induction, suggesting it is a general function of stromules in epidermal cells. Our results show that MTs and AFs may facilitate perinuclear clustering of chloroplasts during an innate immune response. We propose a model in which stromules extend along MTs and connect to AF anchor points surrounding nuclei, facilitating stromule-directed movement of chloroplasts to nuclei during innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eunsook Park
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
- The Genome Center, College of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Alexander Nedo
- Delaware Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - Ali Alqarni
- Delaware Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - Kyle Hoban
- Delaware Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - Shannon Modla
- Delaware Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - John H McDonald
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - Chandra Kambhamettu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, College of EngineeringUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
- The Genome Center, College of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Jeffrey Lewis Caplan
- Delaware Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesUniversity of DelawareNewarkUnited States
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14
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Suetsugu N, Higa T, Wada M. Ferns, mosses and liverworts as model systems for light-mediated chloroplast movements. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2447-2456. [PMID: 27859339 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced chloroplast movement is found in most plant species, including algae and land plants. In land plants with multiple small chloroplasts, under weak light conditions, the chloroplasts move towards the light and accumulate on the periclinal cell walls to efficiently perceive light for photosynthesis (the accumulation response). Under strong light conditions, chloroplasts escape from light to avoid photodamage (the avoidance response). In most plant species, blue light induces chloroplast movement, and phototropin receptor kinases are the blue light receptors. Molecular mechanisms for photoreceptors, signal transduction and chloroplast motility systems are being studied using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. However, to further understand the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary history of chloroplast movement in green plants, analyses using other plant systems are required. Here, we review recent works on chloroplast movement in green algae, liverwort, mosses and ferns that provide new insights on chloroplast movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takeshi Higa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
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15
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Wilde A, Mullineaux CW. Light-controlled motility in prokaryotes and the problem of directional light perception. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:900-922. [PMID: 29077840 PMCID: PMC5812497 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural light environment is important to many prokaryotes. Most obviously, phototrophic prokaryotes need to acclimate their photosynthetic apparatus to the prevailing light conditions, and such acclimation is frequently complemented by motility to enable cells to relocate in search of more favorable illumination conditions. Non-phototrophic prokaryotes may also seek to avoid light at damaging intensities and wavelengths, and many prokaryotes with diverse lifestyles could potentially exploit light signals as a rich source of information about their surroundings and a cue for acclimation and behavior. Here we discuss our current understanding of the ways in which bacteria can perceive the intensity, wavelength and direction of illumination, and the signal transduction networks that link light perception to the control of motile behavior. We discuss the problems of light perception at the prokaryotic scale, and the challenge of directional light perception in small bacterial cells. We explain the peculiarities and the common features of light-controlled motility systems in prokaryotes as diverse as cyanobacteria, purple photosynthetic bacteria, chemoheterotrophic bacteria and haloarchaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Wilde
- Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Conrad W. Mullineaux
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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16
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Two Coiled-Coil Proteins, WEB1 and PMI2, Suppress the Signaling Pathway of Chloroplast Accumulation Response that Is Mediated by Two Phototropin-Interacting Proteins, RPT2 and NCH1, in Seed Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071469. [PMID: 28698471 PMCID: PMC5535960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast movement is induced by blue light in a broad range of plant species. Weak light induces the chloroplast accumulation response and strong light induces the chloroplast avoidance response. Both responses are essential for efficient photosynthesis and are mediated by phototropin blue-light receptors. J-DOMAIN PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR CHLOROPLAST ACCUMULATION RESPONSE 1 (JAC1) and two coiled-coil domain proteins WEAK CHLOROPLAST MOVEMENT UNDER BLUE LIGHT 1 (WEB1) and PLASTID MOVEMENT IMPAIRED 2 (PMI2) are required for phototropin-mediated chloroplast movement. Genetic analysis suggests that JAC1 is essential for the accumulation response and WEB1/PMI2 inhibit the accumulation response through the suppression of JAC1 activity under the strong light. We recently identified two phototropin-interacting proteins, ROOT PHOTOTROPISM 2 (RPT2) and NPH3/RPT2-like (NRL) PROTEIN FOR CHLOROPLAST MOVEMENT 1 (NCH1) as the signaling components involved in chloroplast accumulation response. However, the relationship between RPT2/NCH1, JAC1 and WEB1/PMI2 remained to be determined. Here, we performed genetic analysis between RPT2/NCH1, JAC1, and WEB1/PMI2 to elucidate the signal transduction pathway.
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17
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Kimura S, Kodama Y. Actin-dependence of the chloroplast cold positioning response in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2513. [PMID: 27703856 PMCID: PMC5045877 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The subcellular positioning of chloroplasts can be changed by alterations in the environment such as light and temperature. For example, in leaf mesophyll cells, chloroplasts localize along anticlinal cell walls under high-intensity light, and along periclinal cell walls under low-intensity light. These types of positioning responses are involved in photosynthetic optimization. In light-mediated chloroplast positioning responses, chloroplasts move to the appropriate positions in an actin-dependent manner, although some exceptions also depend on microtubule. Even under low-intensity light, at low temperature (e.g., 5°C), chloroplasts localize along anticlinal cell walls; this phenomenon is termed chloroplast cold positioning. In this study, we analyzed whether chloroplast cold positioning is dependent on actin filaments and/or microtubules in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. When liverwort cells were treated with drugs for the de-polymerization of actin filaments, chloroplast cold positioning was completely inhibited. In contrast, chloroplast cold positioning was not affected by treatment with a drug for the de-polymerization of microtubules. These observations indicate the actin-dependence of chloroplast cold positioning in M. polymorpha. Actin filaments during the chloroplast cold positioning response were visualized by using fluorescent probes based on fluorescent proteins in living liverwort cells, and thus, their behavior during the chloroplast cold positioning response was documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kimura
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University , Utsunomiya , Tochigi , Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University , Utsunomiya , Tochigi , Japan
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18
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RPT2/NCH1 subfamily of NPH3-like proteins is essential for the chloroplast accumulation response in land plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10424-9. [PMID: 27578868 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602151113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In green plants, the blue light receptor kinase phototropin mediates various photomovements and developmental responses, such as phototropism, chloroplast photorelocation movements (accumulation and avoidance), stomatal opening, and leaf flattening, which facilitate photosynthesis. In Arabidopsis, two phototropins (phot1 and phot2) redundantly mediate these responses. Two phototropin-interacting proteins, NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3) and ROOT PHOTOTROPISM 2 (RPT2), which belong to the NPH3/RPT2-like (NRL) family of BTB (broad complex, tramtrack, and bric à brac) domain proteins, mediate phototropism and leaf flattening. However, the roles of NRL proteins in chloroplast photorelocation movement remain to be determined. Here, we show that another phototropin-interacting NRL protein, NRL PROTEIN FOR CHLOROPLAST MOVEMENT 1 (NCH1), and RPT2 redundantly mediate the chloroplast accumulation response but not the avoidance response. NPH3, RPT2, and NCH1 are not involved in the chloroplast avoidance response or stomatal opening. In the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, the NCH1 ortholog, MpNCH1, is essential for the chloroplast accumulation response but not the avoidance response, indicating that the regulation of the phototropin-mediated chloroplast accumulation response by RPT2/NCH1 is conserved in land plants. Thus, the NRL protein combination could determine the specificity of diverse phototropin-mediated responses.
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19
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Suetsugu N, Higa T, Gotoh E, Wada M. Light-Induced Movements of Chloroplasts and Nuclei Are Regulated in Both Cp-Actin-Filament-Dependent and -Independent Manners in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157429. [PMID: 27310016 PMCID: PMC4911103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-induced chloroplast movement and attachment to the plasma membrane are dependent on actin filaments. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the short actin filaments on the chloroplast envelope, cp-actin filaments, are essential for chloroplast movement and positioning. Furthermore, cp-actin-filament-mediated chloroplast movement is necessary for the strong-light-induced nuclear avoidance response. The proteins CHLOROPLAST UNUSUAL POSITIONING 1 (CHUP1), KINESIN-LIKE PROTEIN FOR ACTIN-BASED CHLOROPLAST MOVEMENT 1 (KAC1) and KAC2 are required for the generation and/or maintenance of cp-actin filaments in Arabidopsis. In land plants, CHUP1 and KAC family proteins play pivotal roles in the proper movement of chloroplasts and their attachment to the plasma membrane. Here, we report similar but distinct phenotypes in chloroplast and nuclear photorelocation movements between chup1 and kac1kac2 mutants. Measurement of chloroplast photorelocation movement indicated that kac1kac2, but not chup1, exhibited a clear strong-light-induced increase in leaf transmittance changes. The chloroplast movement in kac1kac2 depended on phototropin 2, CHUP1 and two other regulators for cp-actin filaments, PLASTID MOVEMENT IMPAIRED 1 and THRUMIN 1. Furthermore, kac1kac2 retained a weak but significant nuclear avoidance response although chup1 displayed a severe defect in the nuclear avoidance response. The kac1kac2chup1 triple mutant was completely defective in both chloroplast and nuclear avoidance responses. These results indicate that CHUP1 and the KACs function somewhat independently, but interdependently mediate both chloroplast and nuclear photorelocation movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Higa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Gotoh
- Department of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Wada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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WADA M. Chloroplast and nuclear photorelocation movements. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2016; 92:387-411. [PMID: 27840388 PMCID: PMC5328789 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.92.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts move toward weak light to increase photosynthetic efficiency, and migrate away from strong light to protect chloroplasts from photodamage and eventual cell death. These chloroplast behaviors were first observed more than 100 years ago, but the underlying mechanism has only recently been identified. Ideal plant materials, such as fern gametophytes for photobiological and cell biological approaches, and Arabidopsis thaliana for genetic analyses, have been used along with sophisticated methods, such as partial cell irradiation and time-lapse video recording under infrared light to study chloroplast movement. These studies have revealed precise chloroplast behavior, and identified photoreceptors, other relevant protein components, and novel actin filament structures required for chloroplast movement. In this review, our findings regarding chloroplast and nuclear movements are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu WADA
- Department Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa, Tokyo, Japan
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