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Morcillo L, Muñoz-Rengifo JC, Torres-Ruiz JM, Delzon S, Moutahir H, Vilagrosa A. Post-drought conditions and hydraulic dysfunction determine tree resilience and mortality across Mediterranean Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) populations after an extreme drought event. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1364-1376. [PMID: 35038335 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought-related tree mortality is a global phenomenon that currently affects a wide range of forests. Key functional variables on plant hydraulics, carbon economy, growth and allocation have been identified and play a role in tree drought responses. However, tree mortality thresholds based on such variables are difficult to identify, especially under field conditions. We studied several Aleppo pine populations differently affected by an extreme drought event in 2014, with mortality rates ranging from no mortality to 90% in the most severely affected population. We hypothesized that mortality is linked with high levels of xylem embolism, i.e., hydraulic dysfunction, which would also lead to lower tree resistance to drought in subsequent years. Despite not finding any differences among populations in the vulnerability curves to xylem embolism, there were large differences in the hydraulic safety margin (HSM) and the hydraulic dysfunction level. High mortality rates were associated with a negative HSM when xylem embolism reached values over 60%. We also found forest weakening and post-drought mortality related to a low hydraulic water transport capacity, reduced plant growth, low carbohydrate contents and high pest infestation rates. Our results highlight the importance of drought severity and the hydraulic dysfunction level on pine mortality, as well as post-drought conditions during recovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Morcillo
- Mediterranean Center for Environmental Studies (CEAM Foundation), Joint Research Unit University of Alicante-CEAM, University of Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
| | - J C Muñoz-Rengifo
- Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
- Department of Earth Science, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Pastaza 160150, Ecuador
| | - J M Torres-Ruiz
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - S Delzon
- Université Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, Pessac 33615, France
| | - H Moutahir
- Mediterranean Center for Environmental Studies (CEAM Foundation), Joint Research Unit University of Alicante-CEAM, University of Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
| | - A Vilagrosa
- Mediterranean Center for Environmental Studies (CEAM Foundation), Joint Research Unit University of Alicante-CEAM, University of Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
- Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
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Kukarskih VV, Devi NM, Bubnov MO, Agafonov LI. Recreation and Radial Growth of Pine Forests of the Natural Monument “Lake Turgoyak”, Southern Urals. RUSS J ECOL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413622030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dendroclimatological Analysis of Fir (A. borisii-regis) in Greece in the frame of Climate Change Investigation. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13060879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The potential correlation between fir tree-ring width (Abies borisii regis Mattf.) variability and the respective variability of the main climatic parameters in the region of University Forest of Pertouli (central Greece) are being analyzed in the current study, taking into consideration a 60-year period (1961–2020). Correlation and response function analyses were applied to examine the climate–tree-growth relationship. Precipitation was found to be the most crucial and driving factor that most intensively influences the tree growth of A. borisii-regis trees under Mediterranean climate conditions. It was evident that this species is characterized by drought sensitivity and even a short and mild drought event could significantly influence adversely its growth and productivity. June, May and July precipitation present the higher and statistically significant correlation of monthly precipitation with tree-ring width, affecting the ring-width variability by 31.2%. Temperature (mean, max or min) does not seem to highly influence the tree growth, despite the obvious and statistically significant trend increase that has been recorded in the last decades within the frame of climate change. June maximum temperature presents a strong negative correlation with tree-ring width, while April maximum temperature is positively correlated with tree-ring width. The combined impact of precipitation and max temperatures on tree-ring growth is 38.5%. Snow did not reveal any statistically significant correlation to tree-ring width, independent of the height of monthly snow accumulation. A. borisii-regis grown in high altitudes in the Mediterranean region demonstrate high adaptability to the recorded temperature increase and could potentially be able to adapt in future to even warmer climate conditions. The constructed tree-ring chronology could be utilized towards the implementation of further dendroclimatological analyses and climate reconstruction.
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Long-Term Tree-Ring Response to Drought and Frost in Two Pinus halepensis Populations Growing under Contrasting Environmental Conditions in Peninsular Italy. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pinus halepensis dominates coastal to mountain areas throughout the Mediterranean Basin. Its growth plasticity, based on polycyclic shoot formation and dynamic cambial activity, and tolerance to extreme drought and exceptional frosts, allows it to colonize a vast array of environments. We used tree-rings from codominant pines to compare lifespan, growth rates, age and size distribution in a typical coastal (i.e., prolonged drought, occasional low-intensity fires) vs. inland hilly (i.e., moister conditions, recurrent frosts) population. BAI trends, growth-limiting climate factors and tree-ring anatomical anomalies were analyzed considering the differences in climate and phenology obtained from multispectral satellite images. The species maximum lifespan was 100–125 years. Mortality was mainly due to fire on the coast, or heart-rot in the inland site. Populations differed in productivity, which was maintained over time despite recent warming. Site conditions affected the growing season dynamics, the control over ring formation by summer drought vs. winter cold and the frequency of anatomical anomalies. Recurrent frost rings, associated with temperatures below −10 °C, occurred only at the inland site. Pinus halepensis confirmed its remarkable growth plasticity to diverse and variable environmental conditions. Its ability to survive extreme events and sustain productivity confirmed its adaptability to climate change in coastal areas as well as on Mediterranean mountains.
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Influence of Soil Moisture vs. Climatic Factors in Pinus Halepensis Growth Variability in Spain: A Study with Remote Sensing and Modeled Data. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13040757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The influence of soil water content on Aleppo pine growth variability is analyzed against climatic variables, using satellite and modeled soil moisture databases. The study was made with a dendrochronological series of 22 forest sites in Spain with different environmental conditions. From the results of the correlation analysis, at both daily and monthly scales, it was observed that soil moisture was the variable that correlated the most with tree growth and the one that better identified the critical periods for this growth. The maximum correlation coefficients obtained with the rest of the variables were less than half of that obtained for soil moisture. Multiple linear regression analysis with all combinations of variables indicated that soil moisture was the most important variable, showing the lowest p-values in all cases. While identifying the role of soil moisture, it was noted that there was appreciable variability between the sites, and that this variability is mainly modulated by water availability, rather than thermal conditions. These results can contribute to new insights into the ecohydrological dynamics of Aleppo pine and a methodological approach to the study of many other species.
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6
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Carnicer J, Domingo-Marimon C, Ninyerola M, Camarero JJ, Bastos A, López-Parages J, Blanquer L, Rodríguez-Fonseca B, Lenton TM, Dakos V, Ribas M, Gutiérrez E, Peñuelas J, Pons X. Regime shifts of Mediterranean forest carbon uptake and reduced resilience driven by multidecadal ocean surface temperatures. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:2825-2840. [PMID: 31012512 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms translating global circulation changes into rapid abrupt shifts in forest carbon capture in semi-arid biomes remain poorly understood. Here, we report unprecedented multidecadal shifts in forest carbon uptake in semi-arid Mediterranean pine forests in Spain over 1950-2012. The averaged carbon sink reduction varies between 31% and 37%, and reaches values in the range of 50% in the most affected forest stands. Regime shifts in forest carbon uptake are associated with climatic early warning signals, decreased forest regional synchrony and reduced long-term carbon sink resilience. We identify the mechanisms linked to ocean multidecadal variability that shape regime shifts in carbon capture. First, we show that low-frequency variations of the surface temperature of the Atlantic Ocean induce shifts in the non-stationary effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on regional forest carbon capture. Modelling evidence supports that the non-stationary effects of ENSO can be propagated from tropical areas to semi-arid Mediterranean biomes through atmospheric wave trains. Second, decadal changes in the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) significantly alter sea-air heat exchanges, modifying in turn ocean vapour transport over land and land surface temperatures, and promoting sustained drought conditions in spring and summer that reduce forest carbon uptake. Third, we show that lagged effects of AMO on the winter North Atlantic Oscillation also contribute to the maintenance of long-term droughts. Finally, we show that the reported strong, negative effects of ocean surface temperature (AMO) on forest carbon uptake in the last decades are unprecedented over the last 150 years. Our results provide new, unreported explanations for carbon uptake shifts in these drought-prone forests and review the expected impacts of global warming on the profiled mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jofre Carnicer
- BEECA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
- GELIFES, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Domingo-Marimon
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Geography, Grumets Research Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miquel Ninyerola
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Grumets Research Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Ana Bastos
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munchen, München, Germany
| | | | - Laura Blanquer
- BEECA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Timothy M Lenton
- Earth System Science group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilis Dakos
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Montserrat Ribas
- BEECA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilia Gutiérrez
- BEECA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Pons
- Department of Geography, Grumets Research Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Balzano A, Čufar K, Battipaglia G, Merela M, Prislan P, Aronne G, De Micco V. Xylogenesis reveals the genesis and ecological signal of IADFs in Pinus pinea L. and Arbutus unedo L. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1231-1242. [PMID: 29415209 PMCID: PMC5946860 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Mediterranean trees have patterns of cambial activity with one or more pauses per year, leading to intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs) in tree rings. We analysed xylogenesis (January 2015-January 2016) in Pinus pinea L. and Arbutus unedo L., co-occurring at a site on Mt. Vesuvius (southern Italy), to identify the cambial productivity and timing of IADF formation. Methods Dendrochronological methods and quantitative wood anatomy were applied and enabled IADF identification and classification. Key Results We showed that cambium in P. pinea was productive throughout the calendar year. From January to March 2015, post-cambial (enlarging) earlywood-like tracheids were observed, which were similar to transition tracheids. The beginning of the tree ring was therefore not marked by a sharp boundary between latewood of the previous year and the new xylem produced. True earlywood tracheids were formed in April. L-IADFs were formed in autumn, with earlywood-like cells in latewood. In A. unedo, a double pause in cell production was observed, in summer and winter, leading to L-IADFs in autumn as well. Moreover, the formation of more than one IADF was observed in A. unedo. Conclusions Despite having completely different wood formation models and different life strategies, the production of earlywood, latewood and IADF cells was strongly controlled by climatic factors in the two species. Such cambial production patterns need to be taken into account in dendroecological studies to interpret climatic signals in wood from Mediterranean trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Balzano
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Portici (Naples), Italy
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Wood Science and Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - K Čufar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Wood Science and Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - G Battipaglia
- University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Caserta, Italy
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (PALECO EPHE), Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution–Montpellier UMR 5554 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - M Merela
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Wood Science and Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P Prislan
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - G Aronne
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - V De Micco
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Portici (Naples), Italy
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Gazol A, Camarero JJ, Vicente-Serrano SM, Sánchez-Salguero R, Gutiérrez E, de Luis M, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Novak K, Rozas V, Tíscar PA, Linares JC, Martín-Hernández N, Martínez Del Castillo E, Ribas M, García-González I, Silla F, Camisón A, Génova M, Olano JM, Longares LA, Hevia A, Tomás-Burguera M, Galván JD. Forest resilience to drought varies across biomes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2143-2158. [PMID: 29488293 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Forecasted increase drought frequency and severity may drive worldwide declines in forest productivity. Species-level responses to a drier world are likely to be influenced by their functional traits. Here, we analyse forest resilience to drought using an extensive network of tree-ring width data and satellite imagery. We compiled proxies of forest growth and productivity (TRWi, absolutely dated ring-width indices; NDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) for 11 tree species and 502 forests in Spain corresponding to Mediterranean, temperate, and continental biomes. Four different components of forest resilience to drought were calculated based on TRWi and NDVI data before, during, and after four major droughts (1986, 1994-1995, 1999, and 2005), and pointed out that TRWi data were more sensitive metrics of forest resilience to drought than NDVI data. Resilience was related to both drought severity and forest composition. Evergreen gymnosperms dominating semi-arid Mediterranean forests showed the lowest resistance to drought, but higher recovery than deciduous angiosperms dominating humid temperate forests. Moreover, semi-arid gymnosperm forests presented a negative temporal trend in the resistance to drought, but this pattern was absent in continental and temperate forests. Although gymnosperms in dry Mediterranean forests showed a faster recovery after drought, their recovery potential could be constrained if droughts become more frequent. Conversely, angiosperms and gymnosperms inhabiting temperate and continental sites might have problems to recover after more intense droughts since they resist drought but are less able to recover afterwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Raúl Sánchez-Salguero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
- Depto. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Emilia Gutiérrez
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin de Luis
- Depto. Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Klemen Novak
- Depto. Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Depto. de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Vicente Rozas
- Depto. Ciencias Agroforestales, EU Ing. Agrarias, iuFOR-Univ., Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pedro A Tíscar
- Centro de Capacitación y Experimentación Forestal, Cazorla, Spain
| | - Juan C Linares
- Depto. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Montse Ribas
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-González
- Depto. Botánica, Escola Politécnica Superior, Campus Terra, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Fernando Silla
- Depto. Biología Animal, Parasitología, Ecología, Edafología y Química Agrícola, Univ. Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alvaro Camisón
- Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Univ. Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
| | - Mar Génova
- Depto. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Univ. Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Olano
- Depto. Ciencias Agroforestales, EU Ing. Agrarias, iuFOR-Univ., Valladolid, Spain
| | - Luis A Longares
- Depto. Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrea Hevia
- Forest and Wood Technology Research Centre (CETEMAS), Grado, Spain
| | - Miquel Tomás-Burguera
- Estación Experimental Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
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Sass-Klaassen U, Fonti P, Cherubini P, Gričar J, Robert EMR, Steppe K, Bräuning A. A Tree-Centered Approach to Assess Impacts of Extreme Climatic Events on Forests. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1069. [PMID: 27493654 PMCID: PMC4954821 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Sass-Klaassen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Landscape Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Cherubini
- Landscape Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Department of Forest Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elisabeth M. R. Robert
- CREAFCerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central AfricaTervuren, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Achim Bräuning
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NurembergErlangen, Germany
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Prislan P, Gričar J, de Luis M, Novak K, Martinez del Castillo E, Schmitt U, Koch G, Štrus J, Mrak P, Žnidarič MT, Čufar K. Annual Cambial Rhythm in Pinus halepensis and Pinus sylvestris as Indicator for Climate Adaptation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1923. [PMID: 28082994 PMCID: PMC5183617 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand better the adaptation strategies of intra-annual radial growth in Pinus halepensis and Pinus sylvestris to local environmental conditions, we examined the seasonal rhythm of cambial activity and cell differentiation at tissue and cellular levels. Two contrasting sites differing in temperature and amount of precipitation were selected for each species, one typical for their growth and the other represented border climatic conditions, where the two species coexisted. Mature P. halepensis trees from Mediterranean (Spain) and sub-Mediterranean (Slovenia) sites, and P. sylvestris from sub-Mediterranean (Slovenia) and temperate (Slovenia) sites were selected. Repeated sampling was performed throughout the year and samples were prepared for examination with light and transmission electron microscopes. We hypothesized that cambial rhythm in trees growing at the sub-Mediterranean site where the two species co-exist will be similar as at typical sites for their growth. Cambium in P. halepensis at the Mediterranean site was active throughout the year and was never truly dormant, whereas at the sub-Mediterranean site it appeared to be dormant during the winter months. In contrast, cambium in P. sylvestris was clearly dormant at both sub-Mediterranean and temperate sites, although the dormant period seemed to be significantly longer at the temperate site. Thus, the hypothesis was only partly confirmed. Different cambial and cell differentiation rhythms of the two species at the site where both species co-exist and typical sites for their growth indicate their high but different adaptation strategies in terms of adjustment of radial growth to environmental heterogeneity, crucial for long-term tree performance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Prislan
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Peter Prislan,
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin de Luis
- Department of Geography and Regional Planning, University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
| | - Klemen Novak
- Department of Geography and Regional Planning, University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
- Department of Ecology, University of AlicanteAlicante, Spain
| | | | - Uwe Schmitt
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute – Thünen Institute of Wood ResearchHamburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Koch
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute – Thünen Institute of Wood ResearchHamburg, Germany
| | - Jasna Štrus
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Mrak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Magda T. Žnidarič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina. Čufar
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
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