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Li Y, Liu Q, Zhang DX, Zhang ZY, Xu A, Jiang YL, Chen ZC. Metal nutrition and transport in the process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100829. [PMID: 38303509 PMCID: PMC11009365 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) facilitated by the interaction between legumes and rhizobia is a well-documented and eco-friendly alternative to chemical nitrogen fertilizers. Host plants obtain fixed nitrogen from rhizobia by providing carbon and mineral nutrients. These mineral nutrients, which are mostly in the form of metal ions, are implicated in various stages of the SNF process. This review describes the functional roles played by metal ions in nodule formation and nitrogen fixation and specifically addresses their transport mechanisms and associated transporters within root nodules. Future research directions and potential strategies for enhancing SNF efficiency are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dan-Xun Zhang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhuo-Yan Zhang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ao Xu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuan-Long Jiang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhi-Chang Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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2
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Pereira WJ, Boyd J, Conde D, Triozzi PM, Balmant KM, Dervinis C, Schmidt HW, Boaventura-Novaes C, Chakraborty S, Knaack SA, Gao Y, Feltus FA, Roy S, Ané JM, Frugoli J, Kirst M. The single-cell transcriptome program of nodule development cellular lineages in Medicago truncatula. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113747. [PMID: 38329875 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Legumes establish a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia by developing nodules. Nodules are modified lateral roots that undergo changes in their cellular development in response to bacteria, but the transcriptional reprogramming that occurs in these root cells remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we describe the cell-type-specific transcriptome response of Medicago truncatula roots to rhizobia during early nodule development in the wild-type genotype Jemalong A17, complemented with a hypernodulating mutant (sunn-4) to expand the cell population responding to infection and subsequent biological inferences. The analysis identifies epidermal root hair and stele sub-cell types associated with a symbiotic response to infection and regulation of nodule proliferation. Trajectory inference shows cortex-derived cell lineages differentiating to form the nodule primordia and, posteriorly, its meristem, while modulating the regulation of phytohormone-related genes. Gene regulatory analysis of the cell transcriptomes identifies new regulators of nodulation, including STYLISH 4, for which the function is validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell J Pereira
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jade Boyd
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Daniel Conde
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo M Triozzi
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, 56010 Pisa, Italy
| | - Kelly M Balmant
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher Dervinis
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Henry W Schmidt
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Sanhita Chakraborty
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sara A Knaack
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Yueyao Gao
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Frank Alexander Feltus
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Biomedical Data Science and Informatics Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA; Clemson Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Sushmita Roy
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA; Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Julia Frugoli
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Matias Kirst
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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3
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Ferrer-Orgaz S, Tiwari M, Isidra-Arellano MC, Pozas-Rodriguez EA, Vernié T, Rich MK, Mbengue M, Formey D, Delaux PM, Ané JM, Valdés-López O. Early Phosphorylated Protein 1 is required to activate the early rhizobial infection program. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:962-968. [PMID: 38009302 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ferrer-Orgaz
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Mexico
- Department of Plant Pathology, Russell Laboratories, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Manish Tiwari
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Microbial Science Building, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Mariel C Isidra-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Mexico
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Eithan A Pozas-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Mexico
- Department of Plant Pathology, Russell Laboratories, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Tatiana Vernié
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 3126, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Mélanie K Rich
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 3126, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Malick Mbengue
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 3126, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Damien Formey
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, 62210, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 3126, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Microbial Science Building, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Mexico
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4
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Liu Z, Yang J, Long Y, Zhang C, Wang D, Zhang X, Dong W, Zhao L, Liu C, Zhai J, Wang E. Single-nucleus transcriptomes reveal spatiotemporal symbiotic perception and early response in Medicago. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1734-1748. [PMID: 37749242 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Establishing legume-rhizobial symbiosis requires precise coordination of complex responses in a time- and cell type-specific manner. Encountering Rhizobium, rapid changes of gene expression levels in host plants occur in the first few hours, which prepare the plants to turn off defence and form a symbiotic relationship with the microbes. Here, we applied single-nucleus RNA sequencing to characterize the roots of Medicago truncatula at 30 min, 6 h and 24 h after nod factor treatment. We found drastic global gene expression reprogramming at 30 min in the epidermis and cortex and most of these changes were restored at 6 h. Moreover, plant defence response genes are activated at 30 min and subsequently suppressed at 6 h in non-meristem cells. Only in the cortical cells but not in other cell types, we found the flavonoid synthase genes required to recruit rhizobia are highly expressed 30 min after inoculation with nod factors. A gene module enriched for symbiotic nitrogen fixation genes showed that MtFER (MtFERONIA) and LYK3 (LysM domain receptor-like kinase 3) share similar responses to symbiotic signals. We further found that MtFER can be phosphorylated by LYK3 and it participates in rhizobial symbiosis. Our results expand our understanding of dynamic spatiotemporal symbiotic responses at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Liu
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Yang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Long
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Dong
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chengwu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jixian Zhai
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ertao Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Roman A, Montenegro J, Fraile L, Urra M, Buezo J, Cornejo A, Moran JF, Gogorcena Y. Indole-3-acetaldoxime delays root iron-deficiency responses and modify auxin homeostasis in Medicago truncatula. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 332:111718. [PMID: 37105378 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential plant micronutrient, being a major limiting growth factor in calcareous soils. To increase Fe uptake, plants induce lateral roots growth, the expression of a Fe(III)-chelate reductase (FCR), a Fe(II)-transporter and a H+-ATPase and the secretion of flavins. Furthermore, auxin hormone family is involved in the Fe-deficiency responses but the action mechanism remains elusive. In this work, we evaluated the effect of the auxin-precursor indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) on hydroponically grown Medicago truncatula plants under different Fe conditions. Upon 4-days of Fe starvation, the pH of the nutrient solution decreased, while both the FCR activity and the presence of flavins increased. Exogenous IAOx increased lateral roots growth contributing to superroot phenotype, decreased chlorosis, and delayed up to 3-days the pH-decrease, the FCR-activity increase, and the presence of flavins, compared to Fe-deficient plants. Gene expression levels were in concordance with the physiological responses. RESULTS: showed that IAOx was immediately transformed to IAN in roots and shoots to maintain auxin homeostasis. IAOx plays an active role in iron homeostasis delaying symptoms and responses in Fe-deficient plants. We may speculate that IAOx or its derivatives remobilize Fe from root cells to alleviate Fe-deficiency. Overall, these results point out that the IAOx-derived phenotype may have advantages to overcome nutritional stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Roman
- Department of Pomology, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. de Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Montenegro
- Department of Pomology, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. de Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Fraile
- Department of Pomology, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. de Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marina Urra
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Avda. de Pamplona 123, E-31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Javier Buezo
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Avda. de Pamplona 123, E-31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cornejo
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics (INAMAT2), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadía, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Fernando Moran
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Avda. de Pamplona 123, E-31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gogorcena
- Department of Pomology, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. de Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
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6
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Madani I, Peltier JB, Boeglin M, Sentenac H, Véry AA. Plasticity of wheat seedling responses to K + deficiency highlighted by integrated phenotyping of roots and root hairs over the whole root system. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:5. [PMID: 37676444 PMCID: PMC10441938 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The availability in the soil of potassium (K+), a poorly mobile macronutrient required in large quantities for plant growth, is generally suboptimal for crop production in the absence of fertilization, making improvement of the ability of crops to adapt to K+ deficiency stress a major issue. Increasing the uptake capacity of the root system is among the main strategies to achieve this goal. Here, we report an integrative approach to examine the effect of K+ deficiency on the development of young plant entire root system, including root hairs which are known to provide a significant contribution to the uptake of poorly mobile nutrients such as K+, in two genetically distant wheat varieties. A rhizobox-type methodology was developed to obtain highly-resolved images of root and root hairs, allowing to describe global root and root hair traits over the whole root system via image analysis procedures. The two wheat varieties responded differently to the K+ shortage: Escandia, a wheat ancestor, reduced shoot biomass in condition of K+ shortage and substantially increased the surface area of its root system, specifically by increasing the total root hair area. Oued Zenati, a landrace, conversely appeared unresponsive to the K+ shortage but was shown to constitutively express, independently of the external K+ availability, favorable traits to cope with reduced K+ availability, among which a high total root hair area. Thus, valuable information on root system adaptation to K+ deficiency was provided by global analyses including root hairs, which should also be relevant for other nutrient stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Madani
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier, UMR 5004 CNRS- 386 INRAE- Université Montpellier- Institut Agro, Campus SupAgro-INRAE Bat 7, Place Viala, Montpellier, 34060 Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-Benoît Peltier
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier, UMR 5004 CNRS- 386 INRAE- Université Montpellier- Institut Agro, Campus SupAgro-INRAE Bat 7, Place Viala, Montpellier, 34060 Cedex 2, France
| | - Martin Boeglin
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier, UMR 5004 CNRS- 386 INRAE- Université Montpellier- Institut Agro, Campus SupAgro-INRAE Bat 7, Place Viala, Montpellier, 34060 Cedex 2, France
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier, UMR 5004 CNRS- 386 INRAE- Université Montpellier- Institut Agro, Campus SupAgro-INRAE Bat 7, Place Viala, Montpellier, 34060 Cedex 2, France
| | - Anne-Aliénor Véry
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier, UMR 5004 CNRS- 386 INRAE- Université Montpellier- Institut Agro, Campus SupAgro-INRAE Bat 7, Place Viala, Montpellier, 34060 Cedex 2, France.
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7
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Luo Z, Wang J, Li F, Lu Y, Fang Z, Fu M, Mysore KS, Wen J, Gong J, Murray JD, Xie F. The small peptide CEP1 and the NIN-like protein NLP1 regulate NRT2.1 to mediate root nodule formation across nitrate concentrations. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:776-794. [PMID: 36440970 PMCID: PMC9940871 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Legumes acquire fixed nitrogen (N) from the soil and through endosymbiotic association with diazotrophic bacteria. However, establishing and maintaining N2-fixing nodules are expensive for the host plant, relative to taking up N from the soil. Therefore, plants suppress symbiosis when N is plentiful and enhance symbiosis when N is sparse. Here, we show that the nitrate transporter MtNRT2.1 is required for optimal nodule establishment in Medicago truncatula under low-nitrate conditions and the repression of nodulation under high-nitrate conditions. The NIN-like protein (NLP) MtNLP1 is required for MtNRT2.1 expression and regulation of nitrate uptake/transport under low- and high-nitrate conditions. Under low nitrate, the gene encoding the C-terminally encoded peptide (CEP) MtCEP1 was more highly expressed, and the exogenous application of MtCEP1 systemically promoted MtNRT2.1 expression in a compact root architecture 2 (MtCRA2)-dependent manner. The enhancement of nodulation by MtCEP1 and nitrate uptake were both impaired in the Mtnrt2.1 mutant under low nitrate. Our study demonstrates that nitrate uptake by MtNRT2.1 differentially affects nodulation at low- and high-nitrate conditions through the actions of MtCEP1 and MtNLP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fuyu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuting Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zijun Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mengdi Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Jiming Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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8
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Cervantes-Pérez SA, Thibivilliers S, Laffont C, Farmer AD, Frugier F, Libault M. Cell-specific pathways recruited for symbiotic nodulation in the Medicago truncatula legume. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1868-1888. [PMID: 36321199 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula is a model legume species that has been studied for decades to understand the symbiotic relationship between legumes and soil bacteria collectively named rhizobia. This symbiosis called nodulation is initiated in roots with the infection of root hair cells by the bacteria, as well as the initiation of nodule primordia from root cortical, endodermal, and pericycle cells, leading to the development of a new root organ, the nodule, where bacteria fix and assimilate the atmospheric dinitrogen for the benefit of the plant. Here, we report the isolation and use of the nuclei from mock and rhizobia-inoculated roots for the single nuclei RNA-seq (sNucRNA-seq) profiling to gain a deeper understanding of early responses to rhizobial infection in Medicago roots. A gene expression map of the Medicago root was generated, comprising 25 clusters, which were annotated as specific cell types using 119 Medicago marker genes and orthologs to Arabidopsis cell-type marker genes. A focus on root hair, cortex, endodermis, and pericycle cell types, showing the strongest differential regulation in response to a short-term (48 h) rhizobium inoculation, revealed not only known genes and functional pathways, validating the sNucRNA-seq approach, but also numerous novel genes and pathways, allowing a comprehensive analysis of early root symbiotic responses at a cell type-specific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Alan Cervantes-Pérez
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA
| | - Sandra Thibivilliers
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA; Single Cell Genomics Core Facility, Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Carole Laffont
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Cité, Université d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Andrew D Farmer
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Cité, Université d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marc Libault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA; Single Cell Genomics Core Facility, Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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9
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Kohli PS, Pazhamala LT, Mani B, Thakur JK, Giri J. Root hair-specific transcriptome reveals response to low phosphorus in Cicer arietinum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:983969. [PMID: 36267945 PMCID: PMC9577374 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.983969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs (RH) are a single-cell extension of root epidermal cells. In low phosphorus (LP) availability, RH length and density increase thus expanding the total root surface area for phosphate (Pi) acquisition. However, details on genes involved in RH development and response to LP are missing in an agronomically important leguminous crop, chickpea. To elucidate this response in chickpea, we performed tissue-specific RNA-sequencing and analyzed the transcriptome modulation for RH and root without RH (Root-RH) under LP. Root hair initiation and cellular differentiation genes like RSL TFs and ROPGEFs are upregulated in Root-RH, explaining denser, and ectopic RH in LP. In RH, genes involved in tip growth processes and phytohormonal biosynthesis like cell wall synthesis and loosening (cellulose synthase A catalytic subunit, CaEXPA2, CaGRP2, and CaXTH2), cytoskeleton/vesicle transport, and ethylene biosynthesis are upregulated. Besides RH development, genes involved in LP responses like lipid and/or pectin P remobilization and acid phosphatases are induced in these tissues summarizing a complete molecular response to LP. Further, RH displayed preferential enrichment of processes involved in symbiotic interactions, which provide an additional benefit during LP. In conclusion, RH shows a multi-faceted response that starts with molecular changes for epidermal cell differentiation and RH initiation in Root-RH and later induction of tip growth and various LP responses in elongated RH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Balaji Mani
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Thakur
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
- International Center of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Jitender Giri
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
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10
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Constitutive activation of a nuclear-localized calcium channel complex in Medicago truncatula. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205920119. [PMID: 35972963 PMCID: PMC9407390 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205920119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Ca2+ oscillations allow symbiosis signaling, facilitating plant recognition of beneficial microsymbionts, nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, and nutrient-capturing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Two classes of channels, DMI1 and CNGC15, in a complex on the nuclear membrane, coordinate symbiotic Ca2+ oscillations. However, the mechanism of Ca2+ signature generation is unknown. Here, we demonstrate spontaneous activation of this channel complex, through gain-of-function mutations in DMI1, leading to spontaneous nuclear Ca2+ oscillations and spontaneous nodulation, in a CNGC15-dependent manner. The mutations destabilize a hydrogen-bond or salt-bridge network between two RCK domains, with the resultant structural changes, alongside DMI1 cation permeability, activating the channel complex. This channel complex was reconstituted in human HEK293T cell lines, with the resultant calcium influx enhanced by autoactivated DMI1 and CNGC15s. Our results demonstrate the mode of activation of this nuclear channel complex, show that DMI1 and CNGC15 are sufficient to create oscillatory Ca2+ signals, and provide insights into its native mode of induction.
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11
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Kovács S, Kiss E, Jenei S, Fehér-Juhász E, Kereszt A, Endre G. The Medicago truncatula IEF Gene Is Crucial for the Progression of Bacterial Infection During Symbiosis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:401-415. [PMID: 35171648 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-21-0279-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Legumes are able to meet their nitrogen need by establishing nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with rhizobia. Nitrogen fixation is performed by rhizobia, which has been converted to bacteroids, in newly formed organs, the root nodules. In the model legume Medicago truncatula, nodule cells are invaded by rhizobia through transcellular tubular structures called infection threads (ITs) that are initiated at the root hairs. Here, we describe a novel M. truncatula early symbiotic mutant identified as infection-related epidermal factor (ief), in which the formation of ITs is blocked in the root hair cells and only nodule primordia are formed. We show that the function of MtIEF is crucial for the bacterial infection in the root epidermis but not required for the nodule organogenesis. The IEF gene that appears to have been recruited for a symbiotic function after the duplication of a flower-specific gene is activated by the ERN1-branch of the Nod factor signal transduction pathway and independent of the NIN activity. The expression of MtIEF is induced transiently in the root epidermal cells by the rhizobium partner or Nod factors. Although its expression was not detectable at later stages of symbiosis, complementation experiments indicate that MtIEF is also required for the proper invasion of the nodule cells by rhizobia. The gene encodes an intracellular protein of unknown function possessing a coiled-coil motif and a plant-specific DUF761 domain. The IEF protein interacts with RPG, another symbiotic protein essential for normal IT development, suggesting that combined action of these proteins plays a role in nodule infection.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilárd Kovács
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ernő Kiss
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Jenei
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Fehér-Juhász
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Kereszt
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Endre
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
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12
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Triozzi PM, Irving TB, Schmidt HW, Keyser ZP, Chakraborty S, Balmant K, Pereira WJ, Dervinis C, Mysore KS, Wen J, Ané JM, Kirst M, Conde D. Spatiotemporal cytokinin response imaging and ISOPENTENYLTRANSFERASE 3 function in Medicago nodule development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:560-575. [PMID: 34599592 PMCID: PMC8774767 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most legumes can establish a symbiotic association with soil rhizobia that trigger the development of root nodules. These nodules host the rhizobia and allow them to fix nitrogen efficiently. The perception of bacterial lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) in the epidermis initiates a signaling cascade that allows rhizobial intracellular infection in the root and de-differentiation and activation of cell division that gives rise to the nodule. Thus, nodule organogenesis and rhizobial infection need to be coupled in space and time for successful nodulation. The plant hormone cytokinin (CK) contributes to the coordination of this process, acting as an essential positive regulator of nodule organogenesis. However, the temporal regulation of tissue-specific CK signaling and biosynthesis in response to LCOs or Sinorhizobium meliloti inoculation in Medicago truncatula remains poorly understood. In this study, using a fluorescence-based CK sensor (pTCSn::nls:tGFP), we performed a high-resolution tissue-specific temporal characterization of the sequential activation of CK response during root infection and nodule development in M. truncatula after inoculation with S. meliloti. Loss-of-function mutants of the CK-biosynthetic gene ISOPENTENYLTRANSFERASE 3 (IPT3) showed impairment of nodulation, suggesting that IPT3 is required for nodule development in M. truncatula. Simultaneous live imaging of pIPT3::nls:tdTOMATO and the CK sensor showed that IPT3 induction in the pericycle at the base of nodule primordium contributes to CK biosynthesis, which in turn promotes expression of positive regulators of nodule organogenesis in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo M Triozzi
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Thomas B Irving
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Henry W Schmidt
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Zachary P Keyser
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Sanhita Chakraborty
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Kelly Balmant
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Wendell J Pereira
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Christopher Dervinis
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | | | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Matias Kirst
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Daniel Conde
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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13
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Bovin AD, Pavlova OA, Dolgikh AV, Leppyanen IV, Dolgikh EA. The Role of Heterotrimeric G-Protein Beta Subunits During Nodulation in Medicago truncatula Gaertn and Pisum sativum L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:808573. [PMID: 35095980 PMCID: PMC8790031 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.808573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins regulate plant growth and development as master regulators of signaling pathways. In legumes with indeterminate nodules (e.g., Medicago truncatula and Pisum sativum), the role of heterotrimeric G-proteins in symbiosis development has not been investigated extensively. Here, the involvement of heterotrimeric G-proteins in M. truncatula and P. sativum nodulation was evaluated. A genome-based search for G-protein subunit-coding genes revealed that M. truncatula and P. sativum harbored only one gene each for encoding the canonical heterotrimeric G-protein beta subunits, MtG beta 1 and PsG beta 1, respectively. RNAi-based suppression of MtGbeta1 and PsGbeta1 significantly decreased the number of nodules formed, suggesting the involvement of G-protein beta subunits in symbiosis in both legumes. Analysis of composite M. truncatula plants carrying the pMtGbeta1:GUS construct showed β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining in developing nodule primordia and young nodules, consistent with data on the role of G-proteins in controlling organ development and cell proliferation. In mature nodules, GUS staining was the most intense in the meristem and invasion zone (II), while it was less prominent in the apical part of the nitrogen-fixing zone (III). Thus, MtG beta 1 may be involved in the maintenance of meristem development and regulation of the infection process during symbiosis. Protein-protein interaction studies using co-immunoprecipitation revealed the possible composition of G-protein complexes and interaction of G-protein subunits with phospholipase C (PLC), suggesting a cross-talk between G-protein- and PLC-mediated signaling pathways in these legumes. Our findings provide direct evidence regarding the role of MtG beta 1 and PsG beta 1 in symbiosis development regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey D. Bovin
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga A. Pavlova
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandra V. Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina V. Leppyanen
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena A. Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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14
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Banasiak J, Jamruszka T, Murray JD, Jasiński M. A roadmap of plant membrane transporters in arbuscular mycorrhizal and legume-rhizobium symbioses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2071-2091. [PMID: 34618047 PMCID: PMC8644718 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants live in close contact with beneficial soil microbes: the majority of land plant species establish symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, while most legumes, the third largest plant family, can form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. These microbes contribute to plant nutrition via endosymbiotic processes that require modulating the expression and function of plant transporter systems. The efficient contribution of these symbionts involves precisely controlled integration of transport, which is enabled by the adaptability and plasticity of their transporters. Advances in our understanding of these systems, driven by functional genomics research, are rapidly filling the gap in knowledge about plant membrane transport involved in these plant-microbe interactions. In this review, we synthesize recent findings associated with different stages of these symbioses, from the pre-symbiotic stage to nutrient exchange, and describe the role of host transport systems in both mycorrhizal and legume-rhizobia symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Banasiak
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań 61-704, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jamruszka
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań 61-704, Poland
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular and Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michał Jasiński
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań 61-704, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-632, Poland
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15
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Mamenko TP. Regulation of Legume-Rhizobial Symbiosis: Molecular Genetic Aspects and Participation of Reactive Oxygen Species. CYTOL GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452721050078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Chakraborty S, Driscoll HE, Abrahante JE, Zhang F, Fisher RF, Harris JM. Salt Stress Enhances Early Symbiotic Gene Expression in Medicago truncatula and Induces a Stress-Specific Set of Rhizobium-Responsive Genes. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:904-921. [PMID: 33819071 PMCID: PMC8578154 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-21-0019-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is a major agricultural concern inhibiting not only plant growth but also the symbiotic association between legume roots and the soil bacteria rhizobia. This symbiotic association is initiated by a molecular dialogue between the two partners, leading to the activation of a signaling cascade in the legume host and, ultimately, the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Here, we show that a moderate salt stress increases the responsiveness of early symbiotic genes in Medicago truncatula to its symbiotic partner, Sinorhizobium meliloti while, conversely, inoculation with S. meliloti counteracts salt-regulated gene expression, restoring one-third to control levels. Our analysis of early nodulin 11 (ENOD11) shows that salt-induced expression is dynamic, Nod-factor dependent, and requires the ionic but not the osmotic component of salt. We demonstrate that salt stimulation of rhizobium-induced gene expression requires NSP2, which functions as a node to integrate the abiotic and biotic signals. In addition, our work reveals that inoculation with S. meliloti succinoglycan mutants also hyperinduces ENOD11 expression in the presence or absence of salt, suggesting a possible link between rhizobial exopolysaccharide and the plant response to salt stress. Finally, we identify an accessory set of genes that are induced by rhizobium only under conditions of salt stress and have not been previously identified as being nodulation-related genes. Our data suggest that interplay of core nodulation genes with different accessory sets, specific for different abiotic conditions, functions to establish the symbiosis. Together, our findings reveal a complex and dynamic interaction between plant, microbe, and environment.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Heather E. Driscoll
- Vermont Biomedical Research Network (VBRN), Department of Biology, Norwich University, Northfield, Vermont 05663, USA
| | - Juan E. Abrahante
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute (UMII) (CCRB 1-210C), 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Vermont Biomedical Research Network (VBRN), Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
- Institute for Translational Research and Department of family medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107
| | - Robert F. Fisher
- Stanford University, Department of Biology, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA
| | - Jeanne M. Harris
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Corresponding author: Jeanne M. Harris ()
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17
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Fonseca-García C, Nava N, Lara M, Quinto C. An NADPH oxidase regulates carbon metabolism and the cell cycle during root nodule symbiosis in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:274. [PMID: 34130630 PMCID: PMC8207584 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhizobium-legume symbiosis is a specific, coordinated interaction that results in the formation of a root nodule, where biological nitrogen fixation occurs. NADPH oxidases, or Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs (RBOHs) in plants, are enzymes that generate superoxide (O2 •-). Superoxide produces other reactive oxygen species (ROS); these ROS regulate different stages of mutualistic interactions. For example, changes in ROS levels are thought to induce ROS scavenging, cell wall remodeling, and changes in phytohormone homeostasis during symbiotic interactions. In common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), PvRbohB plays a key role in the early stages of nodulation. RESULTS In this study, to explore the role of PvRbohB in root nodule symbiosis, we analyzed transcriptomic data from the roots of common bean under control conditions (transgenic roots without construction) and roots with downregulated expression of PvRbohB (by RNA interference) non-inoculated and inoculated with R. tropici. Our results suggest that ROS produced by PvRBOHB play a central role in infection thread formation and nodule organogenesis through crosstalk with flavonoids, carbon metabolism, cell cycle regulation, and the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin during the early stages of this process. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide important insight into the multiple roles of ROS in regulating rhizobia-legume symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citlali Fonseca-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Colonia Chamilpa Mexico
| | - Noreide Nava
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Colonia Chamilpa Mexico
| | - Miguel Lara
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Colonia Chamilpa Mexico
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Colonia Chamilpa Mexico
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18
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Mallatt J, Blatt MR, Draguhn A, Robinson DG, Taiz L. Debunking a myth: plant consciousness. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:459-476. [PMID: 33196907 PMCID: PMC8052213 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01579-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Claims that plants have conscious experiences have increased in recent years and have received wide coverage, from the popular media to scientific journals. Such claims are misleading and have the potential to misdirect funding and governmental policy decisions. After defining basic, primary consciousness, we provide new arguments against 12 core claims made by the proponents of plant consciousness. Three important new conclusions of our study are (1) plants have not been shown to perform the proactive, anticipatory behaviors associated with consciousness, but only to sense and follow stimulus trails reactively; (2) electrophysiological signaling in plants serves immediate physiological functions rather than integrative-information processing as in nervous systems of animals, giving no indication of plant consciousness; (3) the controversial claim of classical Pavlovian learning in plants, even if correct, is irrelevant because this type of learning does not require consciousness. Finally, we present our own hypothesis, based on two logical assumptions, concerning which organisms possess consciousness. Our first assumption is that affective (emotional) consciousness is marked by an advanced capacity for operant learning about rewards and punishments. Our second assumption is that image-based conscious experience is marked by demonstrably mapped representations of the external environment within the body. Certain animals fit both of these criteria, but plants fit neither. We conclude that claims for plant consciousness are highly speculative and lack sound scientific support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Mallatt
- The University of Washington WWAMI Medical Education Program at The University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844 USA
| | - Michael R. Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David G. Robinson
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lincoln Taiz
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
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19
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Mallatt J, Blatt MR, Draguhn A, Robinson DG, Taiz L. Debunking a myth: plant consciousness. PROTOPLASMA 2021. [PMID: 33196907 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-026-01579-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Claims that plants have conscious experiences have increased in recent years and have received wide coverage, from the popular media to scientific journals. Such claims are misleading and have the potential to misdirect funding and governmental policy decisions. After defining basic, primary consciousness, we provide new arguments against 12 core claims made by the proponents of plant consciousness. Three important new conclusions of our study are (1) plants have not been shown to perform the proactive, anticipatory behaviors associated with consciousness, but only to sense and follow stimulus trails reactively; (2) electrophysiological signaling in plants serves immediate physiological functions rather than integrative-information processing as in nervous systems of animals, giving no indication of plant consciousness; (3) the controversial claim of classical Pavlovian learning in plants, even if correct, is irrelevant because this type of learning does not require consciousness. Finally, we present our own hypothesis, based on two logical assumptions, concerning which organisms possess consciousness. Our first assumption is that affective (emotional) consciousness is marked by an advanced capacity for operant learning about rewards and punishments. Our second assumption is that image-based conscious experience is marked by demonstrably mapped representations of the external environment within the body. Certain animals fit both of these criteria, but plants fit neither. We conclude that claims for plant consciousness are highly speculative and lack sound scientific support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Mallatt
- The University of Washington WWAMI Medical Education Program at The University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA.
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David G Robinson
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lincoln Taiz
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
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20
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Structure and Development of the Legume-Rhizobial Symbiotic Interface in Infection Threads. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051050. [PMID: 33946779 PMCID: PMC8146911 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular infection thread initiated in a root hair cell is a unique structure associated with Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. It is characterized by inverted tip growth of the plant cell wall, resulting in a tunnel that allows invasion of host cells by bacteria during the formation of the nitrogen-fixing root nodule. Regulation of the plant-microbial interface is essential for infection thread growth. This involves targeted deposition of the cell wall and extracellular matrix and tight control of cell wall remodeling. This review describes the potential role of different actors such as transcription factors, receptors, and enzymes in the rearrangement of the plant-microbial interface and control of polar infection thread growth. It also focuses on the composition of the main polymers of the infection thread wall and matrix and the participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the development of the infection thread. Mutant analysis has helped to gain insight into the development of host defense reactions. The available data raise many new questions about the structure, function, and development of infection threads.
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21
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Jarzyniak K, Banasiak J, Jamruszka T, Pawela A, Di Donato M, Novák O, Geisler M, Jasiński M. Early stages of legume-rhizobia symbiosis are controlled by ABCG-mediated transport of active cytokinins. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:428-436. [PMID: 33753904 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has highlighted the essential role of plant hormones, notably, cytokinins (CKs), in nitrogen-fixing symbiosis, both at early and late nodulation stages1,2. Despite numerous studies showing the central role of CK in nodulation, the importance of CK transport in the symbiosis is unknown. Here, we show the role of ABCG56, a full-size ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter in the early stages of the nodulation. MtABCG56 is expressed in roots and nodules and its messenger RNA levels increase upon treatment with symbiotic bacteria, isolated Nod factor and CKs, accumulating within the epidermis and root cortex. MtABCG56 exports bioactive CKs in an ATP-dependent manner over the plasma membrane and its disruption results in an impairment of nodulation. Our data indicate that ABCG-mediated cytokinin transport is important for proper establishment of N-fixing nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jarzyniak
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Banasiak
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jamruszka
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pawela
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Martin Di Donato
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michał Jasiński
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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22
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Sun Y, Wang M, Mur LAJ, Shen Q, Guo S. The cross-kingdom roles of mineral nutrient transporters in plant-microbe relations. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:771-784. [PMID: 33341944 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of plant physiology by plant mineral nutrient transporter (MNT) is well understood. Recently, the extensive characterization of beneficial and pathogenic plant-microbe interactions has defined the roles for MNTs in such relationships. In this review, we summarize the roles of diverse nutrient transporters in the symbiotic or pathogenic relationships between plants and microorganisms. In doing so, we highlight how MNTs of plants and microbes can act in a coordinated manner. In symbiotic relationships, MNTs play key roles in the establishment of the interaction between the host plant and rhizobium or mycorrhizae as well in the subsequent coordinated transport of nutrients. Additionally, MNTs may also regulate the colonization or degeneration of symbiotic microorganisms by reflecting the nutrient status of the plant and soil. This allows the host plant obtain nutrients from the soil in the most optimal manner. With pathogenic-interactions, MNTs influence pathogen proliferation, the efficacy of the host's biochemical defense and related signal transduction mechanisms. We classify the MNT effects in plant-pathogen interactions as either indirect by influencing the nutrient status and fitness of the pathogen, or direct by initiating host defense mechanisms. While such observations indicate the fundamental importance of MNTs in governing the interactions with a range of microorganisms, further work is needed to develop an integrative understanding of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luis Alejandro Jose Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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23
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Fedorova EE, Coba de la Peña T, Lara-Dampier V, Trifonova NA, Kulikova O, Pueyo JJ, Lucas MM. Potassium content diminishes in infected cells of Medicago truncatula nodules due to the mislocation of channels MtAKT1 and MtSKOR/GORK. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1336-1348. [PMID: 33130893 PMCID: PMC7904148 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobia establish a symbiotic relationship with legumes that results in the formation of root nodules, where bacteria encapsulated by a membrane of plant origin (symbiosomes), convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. Nodules are more sensitive to ionic stresses than the host plant itself. We hypothesize that such a high vulnerability might be due to defects in ion balance in the infected tissue. Low temperature SEM (LTSEM) and X-ray microanalysis of Medicago truncatula nodules revealed a potassium (K+) decrease in symbiosomes and vacuoles during the life span of infected cells. To clarify K+ homeostasis in the nodule, we performed phylogenetic and gene expression analyses, and confocal and electron microscopy localization of two key plant Shaker K+ channels, AKT1 and SKOR/GORK. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the genome of some legume species, including the Medicago genus, contained one SKOR/GORK and one AKT1 gene copy, while other species contained more than one copy of each gene. Localization studies revealed mistargeting and partial depletion of both channels from the plasma membrane of M. truncatula mature nodule-infected cells that might compromise ion transport. We propose that root nodule-infected cells have defects in K+ balance due to mislocation of some plant ion channels, as compared with non-infected cells. The putative consequences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Fedorova
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Teodoro Coba de la Peña
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | | | - Natalia A Trifonova
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - José J Pueyo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Rongsawat T, Peltier JB, Boyer JC, Véry AA, Sentenac H. Looking for Root Hairs to Overcome Poor Soils. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:83-94. [PMID: 32980260 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Breeding new cultivars allowing reduced fertilization and irrigation is a major challenge. International efforts towards this goal focus on noninvasive methodologies, platforms for high-throughput phenotyping of large plant populations, and quantitative description of root traits as predictors of crop performance in environments with limited water and nutrient availability. However, these high-throughput analyses ignore one crucial component of the root system: root hairs (RHs). Here, we review current knowledge on RH functions, mainly in the context of plant hydromineral nutrition, and take stock of quantitative genetics data pointing at correlations between RH traits and plant biomass production and yield components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanyakorn Rongsawat
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Jean-Benoît Peltier
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Boyer
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Anne-Aliénor Véry
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier 34060, France.
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25
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Drain A, Thouin J, Wang L, Boeglin M, Pauly N, Nieves-Cordones M, Gaillard I, Véry AA, Sentenac H. Functional characterization and physiological roles of the single Shaker outward K + channel in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:1249-1265. [PMID: 31958173 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The model legume Medicago truncatula possesses a single outward Shaker K+ channel, whereas Arabidopsis thaliana possesses two channels of this type, named AtSKOR and AtGORK, with AtSKOR having been shown to play a major role in K+ secretion into the xylem sap in the root vasculature and with AtGORK being shown to mediate the efflux of K+ across the guard cell membrane, leading to stomatal closure. Here we show that the expression pattern of the single M. truncatula outward Shaker channel, which has been named MtGORK, includes the root vasculature, guard cells and root hairs. As shown by patch-clamp experiments on root hair protoplasts, besides the Shaker-type slowly activating outwardly rectifying K+ conductance encoded by MtGORK, a second K+ -permeable conductance, displaying fast activation and weak rectification, can be expressed by M. truncatula. A knock-out (KO) mutation resulting in an absence of MtGORK activity is shown to weakly reduce K+ translocation to shoots, and only in plants engaged in rhizobial symbiosis, but to strongly affect the control of stomatal aperture and transpirational water loss. In legumes, the early electrical signaling pathway triggered by Nod-factor perception is known to comprise a short transient depolarization of the root hair plasma membrane. In the absence of the functional expression of MtGORK, the rate of the membrane repolarization is found to be decreased by a factor of approximately two. This defect was without any consequence on infection thread development and nodule production in plants grown in vitro, but a decrease in nodule production was observed in plants grown in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Drain
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Julien Thouin
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Limin Wang
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Martin Boeglin
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Nicolas Pauly
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Manuel Nieves-Cordones
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-CSIC, Apartado de Correos 164, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Isabelle Gaillard
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Anne-Aliénor Véry
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
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Maillet F, Fournier J, Mendis HC, Tadege M, Wen J, Ratet P, Mysore KS, Gough C, Jones KM. Sinorhizobium meliloti succinylated high-molecular-weight succinoglycan and the Medicago truncatula LysM receptor-like kinase MtLYK10 participate independently in symbiotic infection. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:311-326. [PMID: 31782853 PMCID: PMC9327734 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on legume hosts is a finely tuned process involving many components of both symbiotic partners. Production of the exopolysaccharide succinoglycan by the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 is needed for an effective symbiosis with Medicago spp., and the succinyl modification to this polysaccharide is critical. However, it is not known when succinoglycan intervenes in the symbiotic process, and it is not known whether the plant lysin-motif receptor-like kinase MtLYK10 intervenes in recognition of succinoglycan, as might be inferred from work on the Lotus japonicus MtLYK10 ortholog, LjEPR3. We studied the symbiotic infection phenotypes of S. meliloti mutants deficient in succinoglycan production or producing modified succinoglycan, in wild-type Medicago truncatula plants and in Mtlyk10 mutant plants. On wild-type plants, S. meliloti strains producing no succinoglycan or only unsuccinylated succinoglycan still induced nodule primordia and epidermal infections, but further progression of the symbiotic process was blocked. These S. meliloti mutants induced a more severe infection phenotype on Mtlyk10 mutant plants. Nodulation by succinoglycan-defective strains was achieved by in trans rescue with a Nod factor-deficient S. meliloti mutant. While the Nod factor-deficient strain was always more abundant inside nodules, the succinoglycan-deficient strain was more efficient than the strain producing only unsuccinylated succinoglycan. Together, these data show that succinylated succinoglycan is essential for infection thread formation in M. truncatula, and that MtLYK10 plays an important, but different role in this symbiotic process. These data also suggest that succinoglycan is more important than Nod factors for bacterial survival inside nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Maillet
- LIPMUniversité de Toulouse, INRA, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanCS 52627France
| | - Joëlle Fournier
- LIPMUniversité de Toulouse, INRA, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanCS 52627France
| | - Hajeewaka C. Mendis
- Department of Biological ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFL32306USA
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesInstitute for Agricultural BiosciencesOklahoma State UniversityArdmoreOK73401USA
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research InstituteLLC.2510 Sam Noble ParkwayArdmoreOK73401USA
| | - Pascal Ratet
- IPS2Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-SaclayBâtiment 63091405OrsayFrance
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-CitéBâtiment 63091405OrsayFrance
| | | | - Clare Gough
- LIPMUniversité de Toulouse, INRA, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanCS 52627France
| | - Kathryn M. Jones
- Department of Biological ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFL32306USA
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Mergaert P, Kereszt A, Kondorosi E. Gene Expression in Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiotic Nodule Cells in Medicago truncatula and Other Nodulating Plants. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:42-68. [PMID: 31712407 PMCID: PMC6961632 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Root nodules formed by plants of the nitrogen-fixing clade (NFC) are symbiotic organs that function in the maintenance and metabolic integration of large populations of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. These organs feature unique characteristics and processes, including their tissue organization, the presence of specific infection structures called infection threads, endocytotic uptake of bacteria, symbiotic cells carrying thousands of intracellular bacteria without signs of immune responses, and the integration of symbiont and host metabolism. The early stages of nodulation are governed by a few well-defined functions, which together constitute the common symbiosis-signaling pathway (CSSP). The CSSP activates a set of transcription factors (TFs) that orchestrate nodule organogenesis and infection. The later stages of nodule development require the activation of hundreds to thousands of genes, mostly expressed in symbiotic cells. Many of these genes are only active in symbiotic cells, reflecting the unique nature of nodules as plant structures. Although how the nodule-specific transcriptome is activated and connected to early CSSP-signaling is poorly understood, candidate TFs have been identified using transcriptomic approaches, and the importance of epigenetic and chromatin-based regulation has been demonstrated. We discuss how gene regulation analyses have advanced our understanding of nodule organogenesis, the functioning of symbiotic cells, and the evolution of symbiosis in the NFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mergaert
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR 9198, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Attila Kereszt
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eva Kondorosi
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
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28
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Favre-Godal Q, Gourguillon L, Lordel-Madeleine S, Gindro K, Choisy P. Orchids and their mycorrhizal fungi: an insufficiently explored relationship. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:5-22. [PMID: 31982950 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are associated with diverse fungal taxa, including nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi as well as mycorrhizal fungi. The orchid mycorrhizal (OM) symbiosis is an excellent model for investigating the biological interactions between plants and fungi due to their high dependency on these symbionts for growth and survival. To capture the complexity of OM interactions, significant genomic, numerous transcriptomic, and proteomic studies have been performed, unraveling partly the role of each partner. On the other hand, several papers studied the bioactive metabolites from each partner but rarely interpreted their significance in this symbiotic relationship. In this review, we focus from a biochemical viewpoint on the OM dynamics and its molecular interactions. The ecological functions of OM in plant development and stress resistance are described first, summarizing recent literature. Secondly, because only few studies have specifically looked on OM molecular interactions, the signaling pathways and compounds allowing the establishment/maintenance of mycorrhizal association involved in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) are discussed in parallel with OM. Based on mechanistic similarities between OM and AM, and recent findings on orchids' endophytes, a putative model representing the different molecular strategies that OM fungi might employ to establish this association is proposed. It is hypothesized here that (i) orchids would excrete plant molecule signals such as strigolactones and flavonoids but also other secondary metabolites; (ii) in response, OM fungi would secrete mycorrhizal factors (Myc factors) or similar compounds to activate the common symbiosis genes (CSGs); (iii) overcome the defense mechanism by evasion of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-triggered immunity and by secretion of effectors such as small inhibitor proteins; and (iv) finally, secrete phytohormones to help the colonization or disrupt the crosstalk of plant defense phytohormones. To challenge this putative model, targeted and untargeted metabolomics studies with special attention to each partner's contribution are finally encouraged and some technical approaches are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Favre-Godal
- LVMH recherche, Innovation Matériaux Naturels et Développement Durable, 185 avenue de Verdun, 45800, St Jean de Braye, France.
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Chimie analytique des molécules bioactives et pharmacognosie, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Lorène Gourguillon
- LVMH recherche, Innovation Matériaux Naturels et Développement Durable, 185 avenue de Verdun, 45800, St Jean de Braye, France
| | - Sonia Lordel-Madeleine
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Chimie analytique des molécules bioactives et pharmacognosie, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Katia Gindro
- Agroscope, Swiss Federal Research Station, Plant Protection, 60 Route de Duiller, PO Box, 1260, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Choisy
- LVMH recherche, Innovation Matériaux Naturels et Développement Durable, 185 avenue de Verdun, 45800, St Jean de Braye, France
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29
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Sakamoto K, Ogiwara N, Kaji T, Sugimoto Y, Ueno M, Sonoda M, Matsui A, Ishida J, Tanaka M, Totoki Y, Shinozaki K, Seki M. Transcriptome analysis of soybean (Glycine max) root genes differentially expressed in rhizobial, arbuscular mycorrhizal, and dual symbiosis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:541-568. [PMID: 31165947 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) roots establish associations with nodule-inducing rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Both rhizobia and AM fungi have been shown to affect the activity of and colonization by the other, and their interactions can be detected within host plants. Here, we report the transcription profiles of genes differentially expressed in soybean roots in the presence of rhizobial, AM, or rhizobial-AM dual symbiosis, compared with those in control (uninoculated) roots. Following inoculation, soybean plants were grown in a glasshouse for 6 weeks; thereafter their root transcriptomes were analyzed using an oligo DNA microarray. Among the four treatments, the root nodule number and host plant growth were highest in plants with dual symbiosis. We observed that the expression of 187, 441, and 548 host genes was up-regulated and 119, 1,439, and 1,298 host genes were down-regulated during rhizobial, AM, and dual symbiosis, respectively. The expression of 34 host genes was up-regulated in each of the three symbioses. These 34 genes encoded several membrane transporters, type 1 metallothionein, and transcription factors in the MYB and bHLH families. We identified 56 host genes that were specifically up-regulated during dual symbiosis. These genes encoded several nodulin proteins, phenylpropanoid metabolism-related proteins, and carbonic anhydrase. The nodulin genes up-regulated by the AM fungal colonization probably led to the observed increases in root nodule number and host plant growth. Some other nodulin genes were down-regulated specifically during AM symbiosis. Based on the results above, we suggest that the contribution of AM fungal colonization is crucial to biological N2-fixation and host growth in soybean with rhizobial-AM dual symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan.
| | - Natsuko Ogiwara
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Kaji
- JA ZEN-NOH Research and Development Center, 4-18-1 Higashiyawata, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 254-0016, Japan
| | - Yurie Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ueno
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Sonoda
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Junko Ishida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Maho Tanaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasushi Totoki
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan
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Wang L, Guo MY, Thibaud JB, Véry AA, Sentenac H. A repertoire of cationic and anionic conductances at the plasma membrane of Medicago truncatula root hairs. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:418-433. [PMID: 30673148 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs, as lateral extensions of epidermal cells, provide large absorptive surfaces to the root and are major actors in plant hydromineral nutrition. In contact with the soil they also constitute a site of interactions between the plant and rhizospheric microorganisms. In legumes, initiation of symbiotic interactions with N2 -fixing rhizobia is often triggered at the root hair cell membrane in response to nodulation factors secreted by rhizobia, and involves early signaling events with changes in H+ , Ca2+ , K+ and Cl- fluxes inducing transient depolarization of the cell membrane. Here, we aimed to build a functional repertoire of the major root hair conductances to cations and anions in the sequenced legume model Medicago truncatula. Five root hair conductances were characterized through patch-clamp experiments on enzymatically recovered root hair protoplasts. These conductances displayed varying properties of voltage dependence, kinetics and ion selectivity. They consisted of hyperpolarization- and depolarization-activated conductances for K+ , cations or Cl- . Among these, one weakly outwardly rectifying cationic conductance and one hyperpolarization-activated slowly inactivating anionic conductance were not known as active in root hairs. All five conductances were detected in apical regions of young growing root hairs using membrane spheroplasts obtained by laser-assisted cell-wall microdissection. Combined with recent root hair transcriptomes of M. truncatula, this functional repertoire of conductances is expected to help the identification of candidate genes for reverse genetics studies to investigate the possible role of each conductance in root hair growth and interaction with the biotic and abiotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Man-Yuan Guo
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Thibaud
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, F34093, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Anne-Aliénor Véry
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
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Liu CW, Breakspear A, Guan D, Cerri MR, Jackson K, Jiang S, Robson F, Radhakrishnan GV, Roy S, Bone C, Stacey N, Rogers C, Trick M, Niebel A, Oldroyd GED, de Carvalho-Niebel F, Murray JD. NIN Acts as a Network Hub Controlling a Growth Module Required for Rhizobial Infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1704-1722. [PMID: 30710053 PMCID: PMC6446755 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic infection of root cells by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia during nodulation requires the transcription factor Nodule Inception (NIN). Our root hair transcriptomic study extends NIN's regulon to include Rhizobium Polar Growth and genes involved in cell wall modification, gibberellin biosynthesis, and a comprehensive group of nutrient (N, P, and S) uptake and assimilation genes, suggesting that NIN's recruitment to nodulation was based on its role as a growth module, a role shared with other NIN-Like Proteins. The expression of jasmonic acid genes in nin suggests the involvement of NIN in the resolution of growth versus defense outcomes. We find that the regulation of the growth module component Nodulation Pectate Lyase by NIN, and its function in rhizobial infection, are conserved in hologalegina legumes, highlighting its recruitment as a major event in the evolution of nodulation. We find that Nodulation Pectate Lyase is secreted to the infection chamber and the lumen of the infection thread. Gene network analysis using the transcription factor mutants for ERF Required for Nodulation1 and Nuclear Factor-Y Subunit A1 confirms hierarchical control of NIN over Nuclear Factor-Y Subunit A1 and shows that ERF Required for Nodulation1 acts independently to control infection. We conclude that while NIN shares functions with other NIN-Like Proteins, the conscription of key infection genes to NIN's control has made it a central regulatory hub for rhizobial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wu Liu
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Breakspear
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Dian Guan
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Marion R Cerri
- Laboratory of Plant Microbe Interactions, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Kirsty Jackson
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Suyu Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fran Robson
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Guru V Radhakrishnan
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sonali Roy
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin Bone
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Stacey
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Rogers
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Trick
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Niebel
- Laboratory of Plant Microbe Interactions, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Giles E D Oldroyd
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda de Carvalho-Niebel
- Laboratory of Plant Microbe Interactions, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Valdés-López O, Jayaraman D, Maeda J, Delaux PM, Venkateshwaran M, Isidra-Arellano MC, Reyero-Saavedra MDR, Sánchez-Correa MDS, Verastegui-Vidal MA, Delgado-Buenrostro N, Van Ness L, Mysore KS, Wen J, Sussman MR, Ané JM. A Novel Positive Regulator of the Early Stages of Root Nodule Symbiosis Identified by Phosphoproteomics. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:575-586. [PMID: 30476329 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Signals and signaling pathways underlying the symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia have been studied extensively over the past decades. In a previous phosphoproteomic study on the Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis, we identified plant proteins that are differentially phosphorylated upon the perception of rhizobial signals, called Nod factors. In this study, we provide experimental evidence that one of these proteins, Early Phosphorylated Protein 1 (EPP1), is required for the initiation of this symbiosis. Upon inoculation with rhizobia, MtEPP1 expression was induced in curled root hairs. Down-regulation of MtEPP1 in M. truncatula roots almost abolished calcium spiking, reduced the expression of essential symbiosis-related genes (MtNIN, MtNF-YB1, MtERN1 and MtENOD40) and strongly decreased nodule development. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that orthologs of MtEPP1 are present in legumes and specifically in plant species able to host arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, suggesting a possible role in this association too. Short chitin oligomers induced the phosphorylation of MtEPP1 like Nod factors. However, the down-regulation of MtEPP1 affected the colonization of M. truncatula roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi only moderately. Altogether, these findings indicate that MtEPP1 is essential for the establishment of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis but might plays a limited role in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dhileepkumar Jayaraman
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Junko Maeda
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Muthusubramanian Venkateshwaran
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mariel C Isidra-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María del Rocío Reyero-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - María del Socorro Sánchez-Correa
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Miguel A Verastegui-Vidal
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Norma Delgado-Buenrostro
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Lori Van Ness
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Michael R Sussman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Libault M. Transcriptional Reprogramming of Legume Genomes: Perspective and Challenges Associated With Single-Cell and Single Cell-Type Approaches During Nodule Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1600. [PMID: 30467509 PMCID: PMC6237103 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomic approaches revealed thousands of genes differentially or specifically expressed during nodulation, a biological process resulting from the symbiosis between leguminous plant roots and rhizobia, atmospheric nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria. Ultimately, nodulation will lead to the development of a new root organ, the nodule. Through functional genomic studies, plant transcriptomes have been used by scientists to reveal plant genes potentially controlling nodulation. However, it is important to acknowledge that the physiology, transcriptomic programs, and biochemical properties of the plant cells involved in nodulation are continuously regulated. They also differ between the different cell-types composing the nodules. To generate a more accurate picture of the transcriptome, epigenome, proteome, and metabolome of the cells infected by rhizobia and cells composing the nodule, there is a need to implement plant single-cell and single cell-types strategies and methods. Accessing such information would allow a better understanding of the infection of plant cells by rhizobia and will help understanding the complex interactions existing between rhizobia and the plant cells. In this mini-review, we are reporting the current knowledge on legume nodulation gained by plant scientists at the level of single cell-types, and provide perspectives on single cell/single cell-type approaches when applied to legume nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Libault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Centre for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Center for Root and Rhizobiome Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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OxyR-Dependent Transcription Response of Sinorhizobium meliloti to Oxidative Stress. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00622-17. [PMID: 29358497 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00622-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species such as peroxides play an important role in plant development, cell wall maturation, and defense responses. During nodulation with the host plant Medicago sativa, Sinorhizobium meliloti cells are exposed to H2O2 in infection threads and developing nodules (R. Santos, D. Hérouart, S. Sigaud, D. Touati, and A. Puppo, Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14:86-89, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.1.86). S. meliloti cells likely also experience oxidative stress, from both internal and external sources, during life in the soil. Here, we present microarray transcription data for S. meliloti wild-type cells compared to a mutant deficient in the key oxidative regulatory protein OxyR, each in response to H2O2 treatment. Several alternative sigma factor genes are upregulated in the response to H2O2; the stress sigma gene rpoE2 shows OxyR-dependent induction by H2O2, while rpoH1 expression is induced by H2O2 irrespective of the oxyR genotype. The activity of the RpoE2 sigma factor in turn causes increased expression of two more sigma factor genes, rpoE5 and rpoH2 Strains with deletions of rpoH1 showed improved survival in H2O2 as well as increased levels of oxyR and total catalase expression. These results imply that ΔrpoH1 strains are primed to deal with oxidative stress. This work presents a global view of S. meliloti gene expression changes, and of regulation of those changes, in response to H2O2IMPORTANCE Like all aerobic organisms, the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti experiences oxidative stress throughout its complex life cycle. This report describes the global transcriptional changes that S. meliloti makes in response to H2O2 and the roles of the OxyR transcriptional regulator and the RpoH1 sigma factor in regulating those changes. By understanding the complex regulatory response of S. meliloti to oxidative stress, we may further understand the role that reactive oxygen species play as both stressors and potential signals during symbiosis.
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Basu D, Haswell ES. Plant mechanosensitive ion channels: an ocean of possibilities. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 40:43-48. [PMID: 28750206 PMCID: PMC5714682 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive ion channels, transmembrane proteins that directly couple mechanical stimuli to ion flux, serve to sense and respond to changes in membrane tension in all branches of life. In plants, mechanosensitive channels have been implicated in the perception of important mechanical stimuli such as osmotic pressure, touch, gravity, and pathogenic invasion. Indeed, three established families of plant mechanosensitive ion channels play roles in cell and organelle osmoregulation and root mechanosensing - and it is likely that many other channels and functions await discovery. Inspired by recent discoveries in bacterial and animal systems, we are beginning to establish the conserved and the unique ways in which mechanosensitive channels function in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Basu
- Department of Biology, Mailcode 1137, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Haswell
- Department of Biology, Mailcode 1137, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Zhang HM, Wheeler SL, Xia X, Colyvas K, Offler CE, Patrick JW. Transcript Profiling Identifies Gene Cohorts Controlled by Each Signal Regulating Trans-Differentiation of Epidermal Cells of Vicia faba Cotyledons to a Transfer Cell Phenotype. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2021. [PMID: 29234338 PMCID: PMC5712318 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells (TCs) support high rates of membrane transport of nutrients conferred by a plasma membrane area amplified by lining a wall labyrinth comprised of an uniform wall layer (UWL) upon which intricate wall ingrowth (WI) papillae are deposited. A signal cascade of auxin, ethylene, extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and cytosolic Ca2+ regulates wall labyrinth assembly. To identify gene cohorts regulated by each signal, a RNA- sequencing study was undertaken using Vicia faba cotyledons. When cotyledons are placed in culture, their adaxial epidermal cells spontaneously undergo trans-differentiation to epidermal TCs (ETCs). Expressed genes encoding proteins central to wall labyrinth formation (signaling, intracellular organization, cell wall) and TC function of nutrient transport were assembled. Transcriptional profiles identified 9,742 annotated ETC-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs; Log2fold change > 1; FDR p ≤ 0.05) of which 1,371 belonged to signaling (50%), intracellular organization (27%), cell wall (15%) and nutrient transporters (9%) functional categories. Expression levels of 941 ETC-specific DEGs were found to be sensitive to the known signals regulating ETC trans-differentiation. Significantly, signals acting alone, or in various combinations, impacted similar numbers of ETC-specific DEGs across the four functional gene categories. Amongst the signals acting alone, H2O2 exerted most influence affecting expression levels of 56% of the ETC-specific DEGs followed by Ca2+ (21%), auxin (18%) and ethylene (5%). The dominance by H2O2 was evident across all functional categories, but became more attenuated once trans-differentiation transitioned into WI papillae formation. Amongst the eleven signal combinations, H2O2/Ca2+ elicited the greatest impact across all functional categories accounting for 20% of the ETC-specific DEG cohort. The relative influence of the other signals acting alone, or in various combinations, varied across the four functional categories and two phases of wall labyrinth construction. These transcriptome data provide a powerful information platform from which to examine signal transduction pathways and how these regulate expression of genes encoding proteins engaged in intracellular organization, cell wall construction and nutrient transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Zhang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon L. Wheeler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Xue Xia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim Colyvas
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina E. Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - John W. Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Pellizzaro A, Alibert B, Planchet E, Limami AM, Morère-Le Paven MC. Nitrate transporters: an overview in legumes. PLANTA 2017; 246:585-595. [PMID: 28653185 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The nitrate transporters, belonging to NPF and NRT2 families, play critical roles in nitrate signaling, root growth and nodule development in legumes. Nitrate plays an essential role during plant development as nutrient and also as signal molecule, in both cases working via the activity of nitrate transporters. To date, few studies on NRT2 or NPF nitrate transporters in legumes have been reported, and most of those concern Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula. A molecular characterization led to the identification of 4 putative LjNRT2 and 37 putative LjNPF gene sequences in L. japonicus. In M. truncatula, the NRT2 family is composed of 3 putative members. Using the new genome annotation of M. truncatula (Mt4.0), we identified, for this review, 97 putative MtNPF sequences, including 32 new sequences relative to previous studies. Functional characterization has been published for only two MtNPF genes, encoding nitrate transporters of M. truncatula. Both transporters have a role in root system development via abscisic acid signaling: MtNPF6.8 acts as a nitrate sensor during the cell elongation of the primary root, while MtNPF1.7 contributes to the cellular organization of the root tip and nodule formation. An in silico expression study of MtNPF genes confirmed that NPF genes are expressed in nodules, as previously shown for L. japonicus, suggesting a role for the corresponding proteins in nitrate transport, or signal perception in nodules. This review summarizes our knowledge of legume nitrate transporters and discusses new roles for these proteins based on recent discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthoni Pellizzaro
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Bénédicte Alibert
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Elisabeth Planchet
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Anis M Limami
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
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Gamas P, Brault M, Jardinaud MF, Frugier F. Cytokinins in Symbiotic Nodulation: When, Where, What For? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:792-802. [PMID: 28739135 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in the understanding of early stages of the symbiotic interaction between legume plants and rhizobium bacteria. Those include the specific recognition of symbiotic partners, the initiation of bacterial infection in root hair cells, and the inception of a specific organ in the root cortex, the nodule. Increasingly complex regulatory networks have been uncovered in which cytokinin (CK) phytohormones play essential roles in different aspects of early symbiotic stages. Intriguingly, these roles can be either positive or negative, cell autonomous or non-cell autonomous, and vary, depending on time, root tissues, and possibly legume species. Recent developments on CK symbiotic functions and interconnections with other signaling pathways during nodule initiation are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gamas
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Mathias Brault
- IPS2 (Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Jardinaud
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France; INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- IPS2 (Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Rehman HM, Nawaz MA, Shah ZH, Daur I, Khatoon S, Yang SH, Chung G. In-Depth Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Five K + Transporter Gene Families in Soybean Confirm Their Differential Expression for Nodulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:804. [PMID: 28588592 PMCID: PMC5440519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated network of K+ transport systems to regulate growth and development. Limited K+ resources are now forcing us to investigate how plant demand can be satisfied. To answer this complex question, we must understand the genomic and transcriptomic portfolio of K+ transporters in plants. Here, we have identified 70 putative K+ transporter genes from soybean, including 29 HAK/KT/KUP genes, 16 genes encoding voltage-gated K+ channels, 9 TPK/KCO genes, 4 HKT genes, and 12 KEA genes. To clarify the molecular evolution of each family in soybean, we analyzed their phylogeny, mode of duplication, exon structures and splice sites, and paralogs. Additionally, ortholog clustering and syntenic analysis across five other dicots further explored the evolution of these gene families and indicated that the soybean data is suitable as a model for all other legumes. Available microarray data sets from Genevestigator about nodulation was evaluated and further confirmed with the RNA sequencing data available by a web server. For each family, expression models were designed based on Transcripts Per Kilobase Million (TPM) values; the outcomes indicated differential expression linked to nodulation and confirmed the genes' putative roles. In-depth studies such as ours provides the basis for understanding K+ inventories in all other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz M. Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National UniversityYeosu, South Korea
| | - Muhammad A. Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National UniversityYeosu, South Korea
| | - Zahid Hussain Shah
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdul-Aziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ihsanullah Daur
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdul-Aziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadia Khatoon
- Department of Biosciences, University of WahWah Cantt, Pakistan
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National UniversityYeosu, South Korea
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National UniversityYeosu, South Korea
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