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Singh D, Ziems L, Chettri M, Dracatos P, Forrest K, Bhavani S, Singh R, Barnes CW, Zapata PJN, Gangwar O, Kumar S, Bhardwaj S, Park RF. Genetic mapping of stripe rust resistance in a geographically diverse barley collection and selected biparental populations. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1352402. [PMID: 39104841 PMCID: PMC11299494 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1352402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Barley stripe or yellow rust (BYR) caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei (Psh) is a significant constraint to barley production. The disease is best controlled by genetic resistance, which is considered the most economical and sustainable component of integrated disease management. In this study, we assessed the diversity of resistance to Psh in a panel of international barley genotypes (n = 266) under multiple disease environments (Ecuador, India, and Mexico) using genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) (three on chromosome 1H and one on 7H) associated with resistance to Psh were identified. The QTLs were validated by mapping resistance to Psh in five biparental populations, which detected key genomic regions on chromosomes 1H (populations Pompadour/Zhoungdamei, Pompadour/Zug161, and CI9214/Baudin), 3H (Ricardo/Gus), and 7H (Fumai8/Baronesse). The QTL RpshQ.GWA.1H.1 detected by GWAS and RpshQ.Bau.1H detected using biparental mapping populations co-located were the most consistent and stable across environments and are likely the same resistance region. RpshQ.Bau.1H was saturated using population CI9214/Baudin by enriching the target region, which placed the resistance locus between 7.9 and 8.1 Mbp (flanked by markers sun_B1H_03, 0.7 cM proximal to Rpsh_1H and sun_B1H_KASP_02, 3.2 cM distal on 1HS) in the Morex reference genome v.2. A Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) marker sun_B1H_KASP_01 that co-segregated for RpshQ.Bau.1H was developed. The marker was validated on 50 Australian barley cultivars, showing well-defined allelic discrimination and presence in six genotypes (Baudin, Fathom, Flagship, Grout, Sakurastar, and Shepherd). This marker can be used for reliable marker-assisted selection and pyramiding of resistance to Psh and in diversifying the genetic base of resistance to stripe rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinder Singh
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura Ziems
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, Australia
| | - Mumta Chettri
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Dracatos
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, Australia
- La Trobe Institute of Sustainable Agriculture & Food (LISAF), Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Kerrie Forrest
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Cobbitty, VIC, Australia
| | - Sridhar Bhavani
- Global Wheat Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Ravi Singh
- Global Wheat Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Charles W. Barnes
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Quito, Ecuador
- Forest Health Protection – Region 5, USDA Forest Service, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | | | - Om Gangwar
- ICAR-Indian Institution of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institution of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla, India
| | - Subhash Bhardwaj
- ICAR-Indian Institution of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla, India
| | - Robert F. Park
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW, Australia
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Klymiuk V, Haile T, Ens J, Wiebe K, N’Diaye A, Fatiukha A, Krugman T, Ben-David R, Hübner S, Cloutier S, Pozniak CJ. Genetic architecture of rust resistance in a wheat ( Triticum turgidum) diversity panel. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1145371. [PMID: 36998679 PMCID: PMC10043469 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1145371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wheat rust diseases are widespread and affect all wheat growing areas around the globe. Breeding strategies focus on incorporating genetic disease resistance. However, pathogens can quickly evolve and overcome the resistance genes deployed in commercial cultivars, creating a constant need for identifying new sources of resistance. METHODS We have assembled a diverse tetraploid wheat panel comprised of 447 accessions of three Triticum turgidum subspecies and performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for resistance to wheat stem, stripe, and leaf rusts. The panel was genotyped with the 90K Wheat iSelect single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and subsequent filtering resulted in a set of 6,410 non-redundant SNP markers with known physical positions. RESULTS Population structure and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the diversity panel could be divided into three subpopulations based on phylogenetic/geographic relatedness. Marker-trait associations (MTAs) were detected for two stem rust, two stripe rust and one leaf rust resistance loci. Of them, three MTAs coincide with the known rust resistance genes Sr13, Yr15 and Yr67, while the other two may harbor undescribed resistance genes. DISCUSSION The tetraploid wheat diversity panel, developed and characterized herein, captures wide geographic origins, genetic diversity, and evolutionary history since domestication making it a useful community resource for mapping of other agronomically important traits and for conducting evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna Klymiuk
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Teketel Haile
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ens
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Krystalee Wiebe
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Amidou N’Diaye
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrii Fatiukha
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tamar Krugman
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Roi Ben-David
- Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) – The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Sariel Hübner
- Galilee Research Institute (MIGAL), Tel Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Curtis J. Pozniak
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Ziems LA, Singh L, Dracatos PM, Dieters MJ, Sanchez-Garcia M, Amri A, Verma RPS, Park RF, Singh D. Characterization of Leaf Rust Resistance in International Barley Germplasm Using Genome-Wide Association Studies. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:862. [PMID: 36840210 PMCID: PMC9963359 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A panel of 114 genetically diverse barley lines were assessed in the greenhouse and field for resistance to the pathogen Puccinia hordei, the causal agent of barley leaf rust. Multi-pathotype tests revealed that 16.6% of the lines carried the all-stage resistance (ASR) gene Rph3, followed by Rph2 (4.4%), Rph1 (1.7%), Rph12 (1.7%) or Rph19 (1.7%). Five lines (4.4%) were postulated to carry the gene combinations Rph2+9.am, Rph2+19 and Rph8+19. Three lines (2.6%) were postulated to carry Rph15 based on seedling rust tests and genotyping with a marker linked closely to this gene. Based on greenhouse seedling tests and adult-plant field tests, 84 genotypes (73.7%) were identified as carrying APR, and genotyping with molecular markers linked closely to three known APR genes (Rph20, Rph23 and Rph24) revealed that 48 of the 84 genotypes (57.1%) likely carry novel (uncharacterized) sources of APR. Seven lines were found to carry known APR gene combinations (Rph20+Rph23, Rph23+Rph24 and Rph20+Rph24), and these lines had higher levels of field resistance compared to those carrying each of these three APR genes singly. GWAS identified 12 putative QTLs; strongly associated markers located on chromosomes 1H, 2H, 3H, 5H and 7H. Of these, the QTL on chromosome 7H had the largest effect on resistance response to P. hordei. Overall, these studies detected several potentially novel genomic regions associated with resistance. The findings provide useful information for breeders to support the utilization of these sources of resistance to diversify resistance to leaf rust in barley and increase resistance durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Ziems
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Lovepreet Singh
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter M. Dracatos
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Mark J. Dieters
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Miguel Sanchez-Garcia
- International Centre for Agriculture Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat 10170, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Amri
- International Centre for Agriculture Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat 10170, Morocco
| | - Ramesh Pal Singh Verma
- International Centre for Agriculture Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat 10170, Morocco
- Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Robert F. Park
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Davinder Singh
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia
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Karelov A, Kozub N, Sozinova O, Pirko Y, Sozinov I, Yemets A, Blume Y. Wheat Genes Associated with Different Types of Resistance against Stem Rust ( Puccinia graminis Pers.). Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101157. [PMID: 36297214 PMCID: PMC9608978 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem rust is one wheat's most dangerous fungal diseases. Yield losses caused by stem rust have been significant enough to cause famine in the past. Some races of stem rust are considered to be a threat to food security even nowadays. Resistance genes are considered to be the most rational environment-friendly and widely used way to control the spread of stem rust and prevent yield losses. More than 60 genes conferring resistance against stem rust have been discovered so far (so-called Sr genes). The majority of the Sr genes discovered have lost their effectiveness due to the emergence of new races of stem rust. There are some known resistance genes that have been used for over 50 years and are still effective against most known races of stem rust. The goal of this article is to outline the different types of resistance against stem rust as well as the effective and noneffective genes, conferring each type of resistance with a brief overview of their origin and usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatolii Karelov
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 04123 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (Y.B.)
| | - Natalia Kozub
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 04123 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Sozinova
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 04123 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav Pirko
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 04123 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Igor Sozinov
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alla Yemets
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 04123 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav Blume
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 04123 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (Y.B.)
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Abou-Zeid MA, Mourad AMI. Genomic regions associated with stripe rust resistance against the Egyptian race revealed by genome-wide association study. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:42. [PMID: 33446120 PMCID: PMC7809828 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Tritici), is a major disease that causes huge yield damage. New pathogen races appeared in the last few years and caused a broke down in the resistant genotypes. In Egypt, some of the resistant genotypes began to be susceptible to stripe rust in recent years. This situation increases the need to produce new genotypes with durable resistance. Besides, looking for a new resistant source from the available wheat genotypes all over the world help in enhancing the breeding programs. RESULTS In the recent study, a set of 103-spring wheat genotypes from different fourteen countries were evaluated to their field resistant to stripe rust for two years. These genotypes included 17 Egyptian genotypes from the old and new cultivars. The 103-spring wheat genotypes were reported to be well adapted to the Egyptian environmental conditions. Out of the tested genotypes, eight genotypes from four different countries were found to be resistant in both years. Genotyping was carried out using genotyping-by-sequencing and a set of 26,703 SNPs were used in the genome-wide association study. Five SNP markers, located on chromosomes 2A and 4A, were found to be significantly associated with the resistance in both years. Three gene models associated with disease resistance and underlying these significant SNPs were identified. One immune Iranian genotype, with the highest number of different alleles from the most resistant Egyptian genotypes, was detected. CONCLUSION the high variation among the tested genotypes in their resistance to the Egyptian stripe rust race confirming the possible improvement of stripe rust resistance in the Egyptian wheat genotypes. The identified five SNP markers are stable and could be used in marker-assisted selection after validation in different genetic backgrounds. Crossing between the immune Iranian genotype and the Egyptian genotypes will improve stripe rust resistance in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Abou-Zeid
- Wheat Disease Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amira M. I. Mourad
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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van der Walt ZAP, Prins R, Wessels E, Bender CM, Visser B, Boshoff WH. Accomplishments in wheat rust research in South Africa. S AFR J SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2020/7688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rust diseases, although seasonal, have been severe constraints in wheat production in South Africa for almost 300 years. Rust research gained momentum with the institution of annual surveys in the 1980s, followed by race identification, an understanding of rust epidemiology, and eventually a focused collaboration amongst pathologists, breeders and geneticists. Diversity in South African populations of Puccinia triticina, P. graminis f. sp. tritici and P. striiformis f. sp. tritici has been described and isolates are available to accurately phenotype wheat germplasm and study pathogen populations at national, regional and global levels. Sources of resistance have been, and still are, methodically analysed and molecular marker systems were developed to incorporate, stack and verify complex resistance gene combinations in breeding lines and cultivars. Vigilance, capacity, new technologies, collaboration and sustained funding are critical for maintaining and improving the current research impetus for future management of these important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renée Prins
- CenGen (Pty) Ltd., Worcester, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Cornel M. Bender
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Botma Visser
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Willem H.P. Boshoff
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Leonova IN, Skolotneva ES, Salina EA. Genome-wide association study of leaf rust resistance in Russian spring wheat varieties. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:135. [PMID: 33050873 PMCID: PMC7557001 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) is one of the most dangerous diseases of common wheat worldwide. Three approaches: genome-wide association study (GWAS), marker-assisted selection (MAS) and phytopathological evaluation in field, were used for assessment of the genetic diversity of Russian spring wheat varieties on leaf rust resistance loci and for identification of associated molecular markers. RESULTS The collection, consisting of 100 Russian varieties of spring wheat, was evaluated over three seasons for resistance to the native population of leaf rust specific to the West Siberian region of Russia. The results indicated that most cultivars showed high susceptibility to P. triticina, with severity ratings (SR) of 60S-90S, however some cultivars showed a high level of leaf rust resistance (SR < 20MR-R). Based on the results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) performed using the wheat 15 K genotyping array, 20 SNPs located on chromosomes 6D, 6A, 6B, 5A, 1B, 2A, 2B and 7A were revealed to be associated with leaf rust resistance. Genotyping with markers developed for known leaf rust resistance genes showed that most of the varieties contain genes Lr1, Lr3a, Lr9, Lr10, Lr17a, Lr20, Lr26 and Lr34, which are not currently effective against the pathogen. In the genome of three wheat varieties, gene Lr6Ai = 2 inherited from Th. intermedium was detected, which provides complete protection against the rust pathogen. It has been suggested that the QTL mapped to the chromosome 5AS of wheat cultivar Tulaikovskaya-zolotistaya, Tulaikovskaya-10, Samsar, and Volgouralskaya may be a new, previously undescribed locus conferring resistance to leaf rust. Obtained results also indicate that chromosome 1BL of the varieties Sonata, Otrada-Sibiri, Tertsiya, Omskaya-23, Tulaikovskaya-1, Obskaya-14, and Sirena may contain an unknown locus that provides a resistance response to local population. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights into the genetic basis of resistance to leaf rust in Russian spring wheat varieties. The SNPs significantly associated with leaf rust resistance can be used for the development and application of diagnostic markers in marker-assisted selection schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N. Leonova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Ekaterina S. Skolotneva
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Elena A. Salina
- Kurchatov Genomics Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
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Genievskaya Y, Turuspekov Y, Rsaliyev A, Abugalieva S. Genome-wide association mapping for resistance to leaf, stem, and yellow rusts of common wheat under field conditions of South Kazakhstan. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9820. [PMID: 32944423 PMCID: PMC7469934 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Common or bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important cereal crop in the world, including Kazakhstan, where it is a major agricultural commodity. Fungal pathogens producing leaf, stem, and yellow (stripe) rusts of wheat may cause yield losses of up to 50-60%. One of the most effective methods for preventing these losses is to develop resistant cultivars with high yield potential. This goal can be achieved using complex breeding studies, including the identification of key genetic factors controlling rust disease resistance. In this study, a panel consisting of 215 common wheat cultivars and breeding lines from Kazakhstan, Russia, Europe, USA, Canada, Mexico, and Australia, with a wide range of resistance to leaf rust (LR), stem rust (SR), and yellow rust (YR) diseases, was analyzed under field conditions in Southern Kazakhstan. The collection was genotyped using the 20K Illumina iSelect DNA array, where 11,510 informative single-nucleotide polymorphism markers were selected for further genome-wide association study (GWAS). Evaluation of the phenotypic diversity over 2 years showed a mostly mixed reaction to LR, mixed reaction/moderate susceptibility to SR, and moderate resistance to YR among wheat accessions from Kazakhstan. GWAS revealed 45 marker-trait associations (MTAs), including 23 for LR, 14 for SR, and eight for YR resistances. Three MTAs for LR resistance and one for SR resistance appeared to be novel. The MTAs identified in this work can be used for marker-assisted selection of common wheat in Kazakhstan in breeding new cultivars resistant to LR, SR, and YR diseases. These findings can be helpful for pyramiding genes with favorable alleles in promising cultivars and lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Genievskaya
- Plant Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerlan Turuspekov
- Plant Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Biodiversity and Bioresources, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aralbek Rsaliyev
- Laboratory of Phytosanitary Safety, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeisky, Zhambyl Region, Kazakhstan
| | - Saule Abugalieva
- Plant Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Kazakh National Agrarian University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Kosgey ZC, Edae EA, Dill-Macky R, Jin Y, Bulbula WD, Gemechu A, Macharia G, Bhavani S, Randhawa MS, Rouse MN. Mapping and Validation of Stem Rust Resistance Loci in Spring Wheat Line CI 14275. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:609659. [PMID: 33510752 PMCID: PMC7835402 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) remains a constraint to wheat production in East Africa. In this study, we characterized the genetics of stem rust resistance, identified QTLs, and described markers associated with stem rust resistance in the spring wheat line CI 14275. The 113 recombinant inbred lines, together with their parents, were evaluated at the seedling stage against Pgt races TTKSK, TRTTF, TPMKC, TTTTF, and RTQQC. Screening for resistance to Pgt races in the field was undertaken in Kenya, Ethiopia, and the United States in 2016, 2017, and 2018. One gene conferred seedling resistance to race TTTTF, likely Sr7a. Three QTL were identified that conferred field resistance. QTL QSr.cdl-2BS.2, that conferred resistance in Kenya and Ethiopia, was validated, and the marker Excalibur_c7963_1722 was shown to have potential to select for this QTL in marker-assisted selection. The QTL QSr.cdl-3B.2 is likely Sr12, and QSr.cdl-6A appears to be a new QTL. This is the first study to both detect and validate an adult plant stem rust resistance QTL on chromosome arm 2BS. The combination of field QTL QSr.cdl-2BS.2, QSr.cdl-3B.2, and QSr.cdl-6A has the potential to be used in wheat breeding to improve stem rust resistance of wheat varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zennah C. Kosgey
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Zennah C. Kosgey,
| | - Erena A. Edae
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Ruth Dill-Macky
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Yue Jin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Cereal Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Worku Denbel Bulbula
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Gemechu
- Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Godwin Macharia
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Sridhar Bhavani
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico
| | | | - Matthew N. Rouse
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Cereal Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Matthew N. Rouse,
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Boshoff WHP, Prins R, de Klerk C, Krattinger SG, Bender CM, Maree GJ, Rothmann L, Pretorius ZA. Point Inoculation Method for Measuring Adult Plant Response of Wheat to Stripe Rust Infection. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1228-1233. [PMID: 30908125 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-18-1312-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Depending on the pathogenicity of the stripe rust fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the nature of resistance in the wheat host plant, and the environment, a broad range of disease phenotypes can be expressed. Therefore, the phenotyping of partial adult plant stripe rust resistance requires reliable and repeatable procedures, especially under controlled conditions. In this study, the development of a flag leaf point inoculation method, which resulted in a 100% initial infection rate, is reported. Flag leaf inoculations were achieved by placing 6-mm antibiotic test paper discs, dipped into a urediniospore and water suspension and covered with water-proof plastic tape, on the adaxial side of leaves. Results from independent trials allowed for the statistical comparison of stripe rust lesion expansion rate in wheat entries that differ in resistance. The technique is inexpensive, reliable, and applicable to routine screening for adult plant response type, quantitative comparison of stripe rust progress, environmental influences, and pathogenicity of different isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem H P Boshoff
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Renée Prins
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
- 2 CenGen (Pty.) Ltd., Worcester 6850, South Africa
- 3 Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa; and
| | | | - Simon G Krattinger
- 4 Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cornelia M Bender
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Gerrie J Maree
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Lisa Rothmann
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Zacharias A Pretorius
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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11
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Soko T, Bender CM, Prins R, Pretorius ZA. Yield Loss Associated with Different Levels of Stem Rust Resistance in Bread Wheat. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:2531-2538. [PMID: 30332332 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-18-0307-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race Ug99 (syn. TTKSK) has been identified as a major threat to wheat production based on its broad virulence. Despite its importance, the effect of Ug99 on different types of resistance in wheat has not been thoroughly researched. In field trials conducted with P. graminis f. sp. tritici race PTKST (Ug99 race group) over 2 years, AUDPC differentiated the moderately susceptible variety SC Stallion (515) and susceptible entries SC Nduna (995) and Line 37-07 (1634) from those with adult plant resistance (APR). AUDPC of APR varieties W1406 (256), W6979 (399), and Kingbird (209) was higher than the mean of 25 recorded for the all stage resistant (ASR) variety SC Sky. In fungicide-protected and unprotected plots, race PTKST resulted in a mean yield loss of 21.3%, with susceptible Line 37-03 recording a 47.9% decrease in grain yield. Yield reduction in APR varieties reached 19.5% in W1406, whereas the ASR control SC Sky showed a mean loss of 6.4%. Although APR reduced the effects of stem rust on yield and yield components under conditions of high disease pressure, it did not provide the same protection as effective ASR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegwe Soko
- Seed-Co Zimbabwe Limited, Rattray Arnold Research Station, P.O. Box CH142, Chisipite, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Cornelia M Bender
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Renée Prins
- CenGen (Pty) Ltd., Worcester 6850, South Africa; and Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Zacharias A Pretorius
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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12
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Pinto da Silva GB, Zanella CM, Martinelli JA, Chaves MS, Hiebert CW, McCallum BD, Boyd LA. Quantitative Trait Loci Conferring Leaf Rust Resistance in Hexaploid Wheat. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1344-1354. [PMID: 30211634 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-18-0208-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rust, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina, is a major threat to wheat production in many wheat-growing regions of the world. The introduction of leaf rust resistance genes into elite wheat germplasm is the preferred method of disease control, being environmentally friendly and crucial to sustained wheat production. Consequently, there is considerable value in identifying and characterizing new sources of leaf rust resistance. While many major, qualitative leaf rust resistance genes have been identified in wheat, a growing number of valuable sources of quantitative resistance have been reported. Here we review the progress made in the genetic identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for leaf rust resistance detected primarily in field analyses, i.e., adult plant resistance. Over the past 50 years, leaf rust resistance loci have been assigned to genomic locations through chromosome analyses and genetic mapping in biparental mapping populations, studies that represent 79 different wheat leaf rust resistance donor lines. In addition, seven association mapping studies have identified adult plant and seedling leaf rust resistance marker trait associations in over 4,000 wheat genotypes. Adult plant leaf rust resistance QTL have been found on all 21 chromosomes of hexaploid wheat, with the B genome carrying the greatest number of QTL. The group 2 chromosomes are also particularly rich in leaf rust resistance QTL. The A genome has the lowest number of QTL for leaf rust resistance. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerarda Beatriz Pinto da Silva
- First and third author: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; second and seventh authors: NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK; fourth author: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Embrapa Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR-392, Km 78, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; and fifth and sixth authors: Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Camila Martini Zanella
- First and third author: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; second and seventh authors: NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK; fourth author: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Embrapa Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR-392, Km 78, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; and fifth and sixth authors: Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - José Antônio Martinelli
- First and third author: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; second and seventh authors: NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK; fourth author: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Embrapa Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR-392, Km 78, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; and fifth and sixth authors: Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Márcia Soares Chaves
- First and third author: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; second and seventh authors: NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK; fourth author: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Embrapa Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR-392, Km 78, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; and fifth and sixth authors: Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Colin W Hiebert
- First and third author: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; second and seventh authors: NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK; fourth author: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Embrapa Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR-392, Km 78, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; and fifth and sixth authors: Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Brent D McCallum
- First and third author: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; second and seventh authors: NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK; fourth author: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Embrapa Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR-392, Km 78, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; and fifth and sixth authors: Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Lesley Ann Boyd
- First and third author: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; second and seventh authors: NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK; fourth author: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Embrapa Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR-392, Km 78, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; and fifth and sixth authors: Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
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13
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Horler RSP, Turner AS, Fretter P, Ambrose M. SeedStor: A Germplasm Information Management System and Public Database. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:e5. [PMID: 29228298 PMCID: PMC5914401 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
SeedStor (https://www.seedstor.ac.uk) acts as the publicly available database for the seed collections held by the Germplasm Resources Unit (GRU) based at the John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK. The GRU is a national capability supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). The GRU curates germplasm collections of a range of temperate cereal, legume and Brassica crops and their associated wild relatives, as well as precise genetic stocks, near-isogenic lines and mapping populations. With >35,000 accessions, the GRU forms part of the UK's plant conservation contribution to the Multilateral System (MLS) of the International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) for wheat, barley, oat and pea. SeedStor is a fully searchable system that allows our various collections to be browsed species by species through to complicated multipart phenotype criteria-driven queries. The results from these searches can be downloaded for later analysis or used to order germplasm via our shopping cart. The user community for SeedStor is the plant science research community, plant breeders, specialist growers, hobby farmers and amateur gardeners, and educationalists. Furthermore, SeedStor is much more than a database; it has been developed to act internally as a Germplasm Information Management System that allows team members to track and process germplasm requests, determine regeneration priorities, handle cost recovery and Material Transfer Agreement paperwork, manage the Seed Store holdings and easily report on a wide range of the aforementioned tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- RSP Horler
- Germplasm Resources Unit, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Computing Infrastructure for Science, Norwich Bioscience Institutes Partnership, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - AS Turner
- Germplasm Resources Unit, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Norwich Bioscience Institutes Partnership, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - P Fretter
- Computing Infrastructure for Science, Norwich Bioscience Institutes Partnership, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - M Ambrose
- Germplasm Resources Unit, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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14
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Millet E, Steffenson BJ, Prins R, Sela H, Przewieslik-Allen AM, Pretorius ZA. Genome Targeted Introgression of Resistance to African Stem Rust from Aegilops sharonensis into Bread Wheat. THE PLANT GENOME 2017; 10. [PMID: 29293809 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2017.07.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many accessions of the wheat wild relative Sharon goatgrass ( Eig., ) are resistant to African races of the stem rust pathogen (i.e., Ug99 group races), which currently threaten wheat production worldwide. A procedure was designed to introgress the respective resistances to specific bread wheat genomes by producing plants homozygous for the A and B genomes and hemizygous for the D and S genomes or homozygous for the A and D genomes and hemizygous for the B and S genomes. In these genotypes, which lack the allele, homeologous pairing was expected mainly between chromosomes of the D and S genomes or B and S genomes, respectively. An antigametocidal (AG) wheat mutant () was used to overcome gametocidal effects. Wheat lines initially found resistant at the seedling stage were also highly resistant at the adult plant stage in rust nurseries established in the field. DNA of 41 selected homozygous resistant lines, analyzed by the Axiom wheat 820K SNP array, showed alien chromatin mainly in wheat chromosomes 1B, 1D, and 5B. This work suggests that, in most cases, it is possible to target introgressions into the homeologous chromosome of a selected genome of bread wheat.
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15
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Dwivedi SL, Scheben A, Edwards D, Spillane C, Ortiz R. Assessing and Exploiting Functional Diversity in Germplasm Pools to Enhance Abiotic Stress Adaptation and Yield in Cereals and Food Legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1461. [PMID: 28900432 PMCID: PMC5581882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to accelerate crop improvement by introducing alleles conferring host plant resistance, abiotic stress adaptation, and high yield potential. Elite cultivars, landraces and wild relatives harbor useful genetic variation that needs to be more easily utilized in plant breeding. We review genome-wide approaches for assessing and identifying alleles associated with desirable agronomic traits in diverse germplasm pools of cereals and legumes. Major quantitative trait loci and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with desirable agronomic traits have been deployed to enhance crop productivity and resilience. These include alleles associated with variation conferring enhanced photoperiod and flowering traits. Genetic variants in the florigen pathway can provide both environmental flexibility and improved yields. SNPs associated with length of growing season and tolerance to abiotic stresses (precipitation, high temperature) are valuable resources for accelerating breeding for drought-prone environments. Both genomic selection and genome editing can also harness allelic diversity and increase productivity by improving multiple traits, including phenology, plant architecture, yield potential and adaptation to abiotic stresses. Discovering rare alleles and useful haplotypes also provides opportunities to enhance abiotic stress adaptation, while epigenetic variation has potential to enhance abiotic stress adaptation and productivity in crops. By reviewing current knowledge on specific traits and their genetic basis, we highlight recent developments in the understanding of crop functional diversity and identify potential candidate genes for future use. The storage and integration of genetic, genomic and phenotypic information will play an important role in ensuring broad and rapid application of novel genetic discoveries by the plant breeding community. Exploiting alleles for yield-related traits would allow improvement of selection efficiency and overall genetic gain of multigenic traits. An integrated approach involving multiple stakeholders specializing in management and utilization of genetic resources, crop breeding, molecular biology and genomics, agronomy, stress tolerance, and reproductive/seed biology will help to address the global challenge of ensuring food security in the face of growing resource demands and climate change induced stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Armin Scheben
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, PerthWA, Australia
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, PerthWA, Australia
| | - Charles Spillane
- Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Rodomiro Ortiz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarp, Sweden
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16
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N’Diaye A, Haile JK, Cory AT, Clarke FR, Clarke JM, Knox RE, Pozniak CJ. Single Marker and Haplotype-Based Association Analysis of Semolina and Pasta Colour in Elite Durum Wheat Breeding Lines Using a High-Density Consensus Map. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170941. [PMID: 28135299 PMCID: PMC5279799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Association mapping is usually performed by testing the correlation between a single marker and phenotypes. However, because patterns of variation within genomes are inherited as blocks, clustering markers into haplotypes for genome-wide scans could be a worthwhile approach to improve statistical power to detect associations. The availability of high-density molecular data allows the possibility to assess the potential of both approaches to identify marker-trait associations in durum wheat. In the present study, we used single marker- and haplotype-based approaches to identify loci associated with semolina and pasta colour in durum wheat, the main objective being to evaluate the potential benefits of haplotype-based analysis for identifying quantitative trait loci. One hundred sixty-nine durum lines were genotyped using the Illumina 90K Infinium iSelect assay, and 12,234 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were generated and used to assess the population structure and the linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns. A total of 8,581 SNPs previously localized to a high-density consensus map were clustered into 406 haplotype blocks based on the average LD distance of 5.3 cM. Combining multiple SNPs into haplotype blocks increased the average polymorphism information content (PIC) from 0.27 per SNP to 0.50 per haplotype. The haplotype-based analysis identified 12 loci associated with grain pigment colour traits, including the five loci identified by the single marker-based analysis. Furthermore, the haplotype-based analysis resulted in an increase of the phenotypic variance explained (50.4% on average) and the allelic effect (33.7% on average) when compared to single marker analysis. The presence of multiple allelic combinations within each haplotype locus offers potential for screening the most favorable haplotype series and may facilitate marker-assisted selection of grain pigment colour in durum wheat. These results suggest a benefit of haplotype-based analysis over single marker analysis to detect loci associated with colour traits in durum wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amidou N’Diaye
- Department of Plant Sciences and Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jemanesh K. Haile
- Department of Plant Sciences and Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Aron T. Cory
- Department of Plant Sciences and Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Fran R. Clarke
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John M. Clarke
- Department of Plant Sciences and Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ron E. Knox
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Curtis J. Pozniak
- Department of Plant Sciences and Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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