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Uemoto K, Mori F, Yamauchi S, Kubota A, Takahashi N, Egashira H, Kunimoto Y, Araki T, Takemiya A, Ito H, Endo M. Root PRR7 Improves the Accuracy of the Shoot Circadian Clock through Nutrient Transport. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:352-362. [PMID: 36631969 PMCID: PMC10016326 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock allows plants to anticipate and adapt to periodic environmental changes. Organ- and tissue-specific properties of the circadian clock and shoot-to-root circadian signaling have been reported. While this long-distance signaling is thought to coordinate physiological functions across tissues, little is known about the feedback regulation of the root clock on the shoot clock in the hierarchical circadian network. Here, we show that the plant circadian clock conveys circadian information between shoots and roots through sucrose and K+. We also demonstrate that K+ transport from roots suppresses the variance of period length in shoots and then improves the accuracy of the shoot circadian clock. Sucrose measurements and qPCR showed that root sucrose accumulation was regulated by the circadian clock. Furthermore, root circadian clock genes, including PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR7 (PRR7), were regulated by sucrose, suggesting the involvement of sucrose from the shoot in the regulation of root clock gene expression. Therefore, we performed time-series measurements of xylem sap and micrografting experiments using prr7 mutants and showed that root PRR7 regulates K+ transport and suppresses variance of period length in the shoot. Our modeling analysis supports the idea that root-to-shoot signaling contributes to the precision of the shoot circadian clock. We performed micrografting experiments that illustrated how root PRR7 plays key roles in maintaining the accuracy of shoot circadian rhythms. We thus present a novel directional signaling pathway for circadian information from roots to shoots and propose that plants modulate physiological events in a timely manner through various timekeeping mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Uemoto
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-Cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Fumito Mori
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540 Japan
| | - Shota Yamauchi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8512 Japan
| | - Akane Kubota
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-Cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Nozomu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-Cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Haruki Egashira
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-Cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Yumi Kunimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-Cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Takashi Araki
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
| | - Atsushi Takemiya
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8512 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540 Japan
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Camalle MD, Pivonia S, Zurgil U, Fait A, Tel-Zur N. Rootstock identity in melon-pumpkin graft combinations determines fruit metabolite profile. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1024588. [PMID: 36762178 PMCID: PMC9907459 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1024588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Grafting has the potential to improve melon fruit yield and quality, but it is currently held that a lack of compatibility between the rootstock and scion compromises such an effect. To throw light on this subject, we studied melon-pumpkin graft combinations with different levels of compatibility to assess to the effect of the rootstock identity on melon fruit yield and quality, including total fruit ortho-diphenols, total flavonoids, and primary fruit metabolites. Melon cv. 'Kiran' (Ki) was grafted onto three pumpkin rootstocks, 'TZ-148' (TZ), 'Shimshon' (Sh), and '53006' (r53), characterized by high, moderate, and low compatibility, respectively. The non-grafted melon cultivar Ki was used as the control. The incompatible combination Ki/r53 gave the lowest fruit yield and the lowest average fruit weight. In that combination, the content of total ortho-diphenols increased vs. Ki and Ki/TZ and that of total flavonoids decreased vs. Ki/Sh. In addition, concentrations of the amino acids, glutamate, methionine, valine, alanine, glycine, and serine, increased in the pulp of the two compatible combinations, i.e., Ki/TZ and Ki/Sh, suggesting that rootstock identity and compatibility with melon Ki scion modulated amino acid synthesis. Our results show an association between rootstock identity (and level of compatibility with the scion) and an enhancement of fruit nutritional values, i.e., high concentrations of organic acids (determined as citrate, malate, fumarate, and succinate) and soluble carbohydrates (sucrose) were recorded in the pulp of the two compatible combinations, i.e., Ki/TZ and Ki/Sh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolores Camalle
- The Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Shimon Pivonia
- Arava Research and Development Center, Yair Experimental Station, Central and Northern Arava, Hazeva, Israel
| | - Udi Zurgil
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Aaron Fait
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Noemi Tel-Zur
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
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Balfagón D, Terán F, de Oliveira TDR, Santa-Catarina C, Gómez-Cadenas A. Citrus rootstocks modify scion antioxidant system under drought and heat stress combination. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:593-602. [PMID: 34232376 PMCID: PMC8989854 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The activation of the antioxidant system under stress combination is a transmissible trait from the rootstock to the scion. Therefore, rootstock selection is key to improve crop performance and a sustainable production under changing climate conditions. Climate change is altering weather conditions such as mean temperatures and precipitation patterns. Rising temperatures, especially in certain regions, accelerates soil water depletion and increases drought risk, which affects agriculture yield. Previously, our research demonstrated that the citrus rootstock Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) is more tolerant than Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni) to drought and heat stress combination, in part, due to a higher activation of the antioxidant system that alleviated damage produced by oxidative stress. Here, by using reciprocal grafts of both genotypes, we studied the importance of the rootstock on scion performance and antioxidant response under this stress combination. Carrizo rootstock, under stress combination, positively influenced Cleopatra scion by reducing H2O2 accumulation, increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymatic activities and inducing SOD1, APX2 and catalase (CAT) protein accumulations. On the contrary, Cleopatra rootstock induced decreases in APX2 expression, CAT activity and SOD1, APX2 and CAT contents on Carrizo scion. Taken together, our findings indicate that the activation of the antioxidant system under stress combination is a transmissible trait from the rootstock to the scion and highlight the importance of the rootstock selection to improve crop performance and maintain citrus yield under the current scenario of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Balfagón
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Fátima Terán
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Tadeu Dos Reis de Oliveira
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Claudete Santa-Catarina
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
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Réthoré E, Jing L, Ali N, Yvin JC, Pluchon S, Hosseini SA. K Deprivation Modulates the Primary Metabolites and Increases Putrescine Concentration in Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:681895. [PMID: 34484256 PMCID: PMC8409508 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.681895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) plays a crucial role in plant growth and development and is involved in different physiological and biochemical functions in plants. Brassica napus needs higher amount of nutrients like nitrogen (N), K, phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and boron (B) than cereal crops. Previous studies in B. napus are mainly focused on the role of N and S or combined deficiencies. Hence, little is known about the response of B. napus to K deficiency. Here, a physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis led us to investigate the response of hydroponically grown B. napus plants to K deficiency. The results showed that B. napus was highly sensitive to the lack of K. The lower uptake and translocation of K induced BnaHAK5 expression and significantly declined the growth of B. napus after 14 days of K starvation. The lower availability of K was associated with a decrease in the concentration of both S and N and modulated the genes involved in their uptake and transport. In addition, the lack of K induced an increase in Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration which led partially to the accumulation of positive charge. Moreover, a decrease in the level of arginine as a positively charged amino acid was observed which was correlated with a substantial increase in the polyamine, putrescine (Put). Furthermore, K deficiency induced the expression of BnaNCED3 as a key gene in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthetic pathway which was associated with an increase in the levels of ABA. Our findings provided a better understanding of the response of B. napus to K starvation and will be useful for considering the importance of K nutrition in this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Réthoré
- Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Agro Innovation International—TIMAC AGRO, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Lun Jing
- Plateformes Analytiques de Recherche, Agro Innovation International—TIMAC AGRO, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Nusrat Ali
- Plateformes Analytiques de Recherche, Agro Innovation International—TIMAC AGRO, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Agro Innovation International—TIMAC AGRO, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Sylvain Pluchon
- Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Agro Innovation International—TIMAC AGRO, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Agro Innovation International—TIMAC AGRO, Saint-Malo, France
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5
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Potassium: A key modulator for cell homeostasis. J Biotechnol 2020; 324:198-210. [PMID: 33080306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) is the most vital and abundant macro element for the overall growth of plants and its deficiency or, excess concentration results in many diseases in plants. It is involved in regulation of many crucial roles in plant development. Depending on soil-root interactions, complex soil dynamics often results in unpredictable availability of the elements. Based on the importance index, K is considered to be the second only to nitrogen for the overall growth of plants. More than 60 enzymes within the plant system depend on K for its activation, in which K act as a key regulator. K helps plants to resist several abiotic and biotic stresses in the environment. We have reviewed the research progress about K's role in plants covering various important considerations of K highlighting the effects of microbes on soil K+; K and its contribution to adsorbed dose in plants; the importance of K+ deficiency; physiological functions of K+ transporters and channels; and interference of abiotic stressor in the regulatory role of K. This review further highlights the scope of future research regarding K.
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Fullana-Pericàs M, Conesa MÀ, Pérez-Alfocea F, Galmés J. The influence of grafting on crops' photosynthetic performance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 295:110250. [PMID: 32534620 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In a near scenario of climate change where stress-derived limitations on crops' yield by affecting plant gas-exchange are expected, grafting may become a cheap and easy technique to improve crops photosynthetic performance and water-use efficiency. Inconsistent data of the effect of rootstocks over gas-exchange can be found in literature, being necessary an integrative analysis of the effect of grafting over photosynthetic parameters. With this aim, we present a compilation of the effect of graft on the net CO2 assimilation rate (AN) and other photosynthetic parameters across different species with agronomic interest. No differences were observed in any photosynthetic parameter between non-grafted and self-grafted plants under non-stress conditions. However, differences were found depending on the used rootstock, particularly for the intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi). We observed that variations in AN induced by rootstocks were related to changes in both diffusive and biochemical parameters. Under drought or salt stress, different photosynthetic performances were observed depending on the rootstock, although the high variability among studies promted to remarkable results. Overall, we observed that grafting can be a useful technique to improve plant photosynthetic performance, and therefore, crop yield and WUE, and that the rootstock selection for a target environment is determinant for the variations in photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateu Fullana-Pericàs
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions-INAGEA, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Miquel À Conesa
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions-INAGEA, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez-Alfocea
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions-INAGEA, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Balearic Islands, Spain.
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Gautier AT, Chambaud C, Brocard L, Ollat N, Gambetta GA, Delrot S, Cookson SJ. Merging genotypes: graft union formation and scion-rootstock interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:747-755. [PMID: 30481315 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Grafting has been utilised for at least the past 7000 years. Historically, grafting has been developed by growers without particular interest beyond the agronomical and ornamental effects, and thus knowledge about grafting has remained largely empirical. Much of the commercial production of fruit, and increasingly vegetables, relies upon grafting with rootstocks to provide resistance to soil-borne pathogens and abiotic stresses as well as to influence scion growth and performance. Although there is considerable agronomic knowledge about the use and selection of rootstocks for many species, we know little of the molecular mechanisms underlying rootstock adaptation to different soil environments and rootstock-conferred modifications of scion phenotypes. Furthermore, the processes involved in the formation of the graft union and graft compatibility are poorly understood despite over a hundred years of scientific study. In this paper, we provide an overview of what is known about grafting and the mechanisms underlying rootstock-scion interactions. We highlight recent studies that have advanced our understanding of graft union formation and outline subjects that require further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine T Gautier
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Clément Chambaud
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, UMS, INRA, Bordeaux Imaging Center, Plant Imaging Plateform, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Ollat
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Serge Delrot
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sarah J Cookson
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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De Zio E, Trupiano D, Karady M, Antoniadi I, Montagnoli A, Terzaghi M, Chiatante D, Ljung K, Scippa GS. Tissue-specific hormone profiles from woody poplar roots under bending stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:101-113. [PMID: 30187489 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Zio
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy
| | - Dalila Trupiano
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy
| | - Michal Karady
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ioanna Antoniadi
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Antonio Montagnoli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Mattia Terzaghi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Donato Chiatante
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gabriella S Scippa
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy
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Ruffel S. Nutrient-Related Long-Distance Signals: Common Players and Possible Cross-Talk. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1723-1732. [PMID: 30085239 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient fluctuations are more a rule rather than an exception in the life of sessile organisms such as plants. Despite this constraint that adds up to abiotic and biotic stresses, plants are able to accomplish their life cycle thanks to an efficient signaling network that reciprocally controls nutrient acquisition and use with growth and development. The majority of nutrients are acquired by the root system where multiple local signaling pathways that rely on nutrient-sensing systems are implemented to direct root growth toward soil resources. Moreover, long-distance signaling plays an essential role in integrating nutrient availability at the whole-plant level and adjusting nutrient acquisition to plant growth requirements. By studying the signaling network for single mineral nutrients, several long-distance signals traveling between roots and shoots and taking a diversity of forms have been identified and are summarized here. However, the nutritional environment is multifactorial, adding a tremendous complexity for our understanding of the nutrient signaling network as a unique system. For instance, long-distance signals are expected to support this nutrient cross-talk in part, but the mechanisms are still largely unknown. Therefore, the involvement of possible long-distance signals as conveyers of nutrient cross-talk is discussed here together with approaches and strategies that are now considered to build a picture from the nutrient signaling puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Ruffel
- BPMP, INRA, CNRS, Universit� de Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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Martínez-Andújar C, Ruiz-Lozano JM, Dodd IC, Albacete A, Pérez-Alfocea F. Hormonal and Nutritional Features in Contrasting Rootstock-mediated Tomato Growth under Low-phosphorus Nutrition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:533. [PMID: 28443121 PMCID: PMC5386964 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Grafting provides a tool aimed to increase low-P stress tolerance of crops, however, little is known about the mechanism (s) by which rootstocks can confer resistance to P deprivation. In this study, 4 contrasting groups of rootstocks from different genetic backgrounds (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme and introgression and recombinant inbred lines derived from the wild relatives S. pennellii and S. pimpinellifolium) were grafted to a commercial F1 hybrid scion and cultivated under control (1 mM, c) and P deficient (0.1 mM, p) conditions for 30 days, to analyze rootstocks-mediated traits that impart low (L, low shoot dry weight, SDW) or high (H, high SDW) vigor. Xylem sap ionic and hormonal anlyses leaf nutritional status suggested that some physiological traits can explain rootstocks impacts on shoot growth. Although xylem P concentration increased with root biomass under both growing conditions, shoot biomass under low-P was explained by neither changes in root growth nor P transport and assimilation. Indeed, decreased root P export only explained the sensitivity of the HcLp rootstocks, while leaf P status was similarly affected in all graft combinations. Interestingly, most of the nutrients analyzed in the xylem sap correlated with root biomass under standard fertilization but only Ca was consistently related to shoot biomass under both control and low-P, suggesting an important role for this nutrient in rootstock-mediated vigor. Moreover, foliar Ca, S, and Mn concentrations were (i) specifically correlated with shoot growth under low-P and (ii) positively and negatively associated to the root-to-shoot transport of the cytokinin trans-zeatin (t-Z) and the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), respectively. Indeed, those hormones seem to play an antagonistic positive (t-Z) and negative (ACC) role in the rootstock-mediated regulation of shoot growth in response to P nutrition. The use of Hp-type rootstocks seems to enhance P use efficiency of a commercial scion variety, therefore could potentially be used for increasing yield and agronomic stability under low P availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan M. Ruiz-Lozano
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)Granada, Spain
| | - Ian C. Dodd
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster UniversityLancaster, UK
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