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Li S, Wang X, Wang W, Zhang Z, Wang X, Zhang Q, Wang Y. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the ALDH gene family and functional analysis of PaALDH17 in Prunus avium. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:633-645. [PMID: 38737320 PMCID: PMC11087402 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
ALDH (Aldehyde dehydrogenase), as an enzyme that encodes the dehydroxidization of aldehydes into corresponding carboxylic acids, played an important role inregulating gene expression in response to many kinds of biotic and abiotic stress, including saline-alkali stress. Saline-alkali stress was a common stress that seriously affected plant growth and productivity. Saline-alkali soil contained the characteristics of high salinity and high pH value, which could cause comprehensive damage such as osmotic stress, ion toxicity, high pH, and HCO3-/CO32- stress. In our study, 18 PaALDH genes were identified in sweet cherry genome, and their gene structures, phylogenetic analysis, chromosome localization, and promoter cis-acting elements were analyzed. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed that PaALDH17 exhibited the highest expression compared to other members under saline-alkali stress. Subsequently, it was isolated from Prunus avium, and transgenic A. thaliana was successfully obtained. Compared with wild type, transgenic PaALDH17 plants grew better under saline-alkali stress and showed higher chlorophyll content, Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD) and Catalase (CAT) enzyme activities, which indicated that they had strong resistance to stress. These results indicated that PaALDH17 improved the resistance of sweet cherries to saline-alkali stress, which in turn improved quality and yields. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-024-01444-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitian Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Xiu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Wanxia Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Zhongxing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Xingbin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Qingxia Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang, 745000 China
| | - Yanxiu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
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Lemus-Conejo A, Rivero-Pino F, Montserrat-de la Paz S, Millan-Linares MC. Nutritional composition and biological activity of narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) hydrolysates and seeds. Food Chem 2023; 420:136104. [PMID: 37059020 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Lupins are an interesting source of nutrients, part of the Fabaceae family. More specifically, narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is a legume, largely produced in Australia, which is used both for human food and animal fodder. There is a growing interest in plant proteins-derived products due to benefits for the ecosystem and lower production costs compared to traditional animal sources of protein. This review aimed to summarize major and minor chemical components in Lupinus angustifolius L., and potential health benefits of this plant and product thereof. In particular, the protein fraction of Lupinus and their biological properties are described. L. angustifolius seed and proteins by-products can be used as a valuable source of high value-added compounds for diverse food products with the goal to maximize its economic value.
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Lewis RW, Okubara PA, Sullivan TS, Madden BJ, Johnson KL, Charlesworth MC, Fuerst EP. Proteome-Wide Response of Dormant Caryopses of the Weed, Avena fatua, After Colonization by a Seed-Decay Isolate of Fusarium avenaceum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1103-1117. [PMID: 35365054 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-21-0234-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Promoting seed decay is an ecological approach to reducing weed persistence in the soil seedbank. Previous work demonstrated that Fusarium avenaceum F.a.1 decays dormant Avena fatua (wild oat) caryopses and induces several defense enzyme activities in vitro. The objectives of this study were to obtain a global perspective of proteins expressed after F.a.1-caryopsis colonization by conducting proteomic evaluations on (i) leachates, soluble extrinsic (seed-surface) proteins released upon washing caryopses in buffer and (ii) proteins extracted from whole caryopses; interactions with aluminum (Al) were also evaluated in the latter study because soil acidification and associated metal toxicity are growing problems. Of the 119 leachate proteins classified as defense/stress, 80 were induced or repressed. Defense/stress proteins were far more abundant in A. fatua (35%) than in F.a.1 (12%). Avena defense/stress proteins were also the most highly regulated category, with 30% induced and 35% repressed by F.a.1. Antifungal proteins represented 36% of Avena defense proteins and were the most highly regulated, with 36% induced and 37% repressed by F.a.1. These results implicate selective regulation of Avena defense proteins by F.a.1. Fusarium proteins were also highly abundant in the leachates, with 10% related to pathogenicity, 45% of which were associated with host cell wall degradation. In whole caryopsis extracts, fungal colonization generally resulted in induction of a similar set of Avena proteins in the presence and absence of Al. Results advance the hypothesis that seed decay pathogens elicit intricate and dynamic biochemical responses in dormant seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky W Lewis
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Patricia A Okubara
- Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Tarah S Sullivan
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Benjamin J Madden
- Mayo Clinic Medical Genome Facility, Proteomics Core, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Kenneth L Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Medical Genome Facility, Proteomics Core, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - E Patrick Fuerst
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
- Western Wheat Quality Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
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Thermal Shift Assay as a Tool to Evaluate the Release of Breakdown Peptides from Cowpea β-Vignin during Seed Germination. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27010277. [PMID: 35011509 PMCID: PMC8746429 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed to characterize the molecular relationships between structure and function of the seed storage protein β-vignin, the vicilin storage protein of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata, l. Walp) seeds. The molecular characterization of β-vignin was carried out firstly by assessing its thermal stability, under different conditions of pH and ionic strength, by thermal shift assay (TSA) using SYPRO Orange fluorescent dye. Secondly, its aggregation propensity was evaluated using a combination of chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques. Two forms of β-vignin were considered: the native form purified from mature quiescent seeds, and a stable breakdown intermediate of 27 kDa produced while seeds germinate. TSA is a useful tool for determining and following over time the structural changes that occur to the protein during germination. The main result was the molecular characterization of the 27 kDa intermediate breakdown polypeptide, which, to the best of our knowledge, has never been described before. β-vignin seems to retain its trimeric conformation despite the evident degradation of its polypeptides.
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5
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Gómez-Pérez D, Kemen E. Predicting Lifestyle from Positive Selection Data and Genome Properties in Oomycetes. Pathogens 2021; 10:807. [PMID: 34202069 PMCID: PMC8308905 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As evidenced in parasitism, host and niche shifts are a source of genomic and phenotypic diversification. Exemplary is a reduction in the core metabolism as parasites adapt to a particular host, while the accessory genome often maintains a high degree of diversification. However, selective pressures acting on the genome of organisms that have undergone recent lifestyle or host changes have not been fully investigated. Here, we developed a comparative genomics approach to study underlying adaptive trends in oomycetes, a eukaryotic phylum with a wide and diverse range of economically important plant and animal parasitic lifestyles. Our analysis reveals converging evolution on biological processes for oomycetes that have similar lifestyles. Moreover, we find that certain functions, in particular carbohydrate metabolism, transport, and signaling, are important for host and environmental adaptation in oomycetes. Given the high correlation between lifestyle and genome properties in our oomycete dataset, together with the known convergent evolution of fungal and oomycete genomes, we developed a model that predicts plant pathogenic lifestyles with high accuracy based on functional annotations. These insights into how selective pressures correlate with lifestyle may be crucial to better understand host/lifestyle shifts and their impact on the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Kemen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;
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Irrigation-Induced Changes in Chemical Composition and Quality of Seeds of Yellow Lupine ( Lupinus luteus L.). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225521. [PMID: 31698683 PMCID: PMC6888426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality and amount of yellow lupine yield depend on water availability. Water scarcity negatively affects germination, flowering, and pod formation, and thus introduction of an artificial irrigation system is needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of irrigation on the quality of yellow lupine seeds. Raining was applied with a semi-solid device with sprinklers during periods of greatest water demand. It was shown that watered plants produced seeds of lesser quality, having smaller size and weight. To find out why seeds of irrigated plants were of poor quality, interdisciplinary research at the cellular level was carried out. DNA cytophotometry evidenced the presence of nuclei with lower polyploidy in the apical zone of mature seeds. This may lead to formation of smaller cells and reduce depositing of storage materials. The electrophoretic and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses revealed differences in protein and cuticular wax profiles, while scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed, among various chemical elements, decreased calcium content in one of seed zones (near plumule). Seeds from irrigated plants showed slightly higher germination dynamics but growth rate of seedlings was slightly lower. The studies showed that irrigation of lupine affected seed features and their chemical composition, an ability to germination and seedlings growth.
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Lima-Cabello E, Alché JD, Jimenez-Lopez JC. Narrow-Leafed Lupin Main Allergen β-Conglutin (Lup an 1) Detection and Quantification Assessment in Natural and Processed Foods. Foods 2019; 8:foods8100513. [PMID: 31635336 PMCID: PMC6835513 DOI: 10.3390/foods8100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of lupin allergy as a consequence to the functional characteristics of a growing number of sweet lupin-derived foods consumption makes the imperious necessity to develop analytical tools for the detection of allergen proteins in foodstuffs. The current study developed a new highly specific, sensitive and accurate ELISA method to detect, identify and quantify the lupin main allergen β-conglutin (Lup an 1) protein in natural and processed food. The implementation of accurate standards made with recombinant conglutin β1, and an anti-Lup an 1 antibody made from a synthetic peptide commonly shared among β-conglutin isoforms from sweet lupin species was able to detect up to 8.1250 ± 0.1701 ng (0.0406 ± 0.0009 ppm) of Lup an 1. This identified even lupin traces present in food samples which might elicit allergic reactions in sensitized consumers, such as β-conglutin proteins detection and quantification in processed (roasted, fermented, boiled, cooked, pickled, toasted, pasteurized) food, while avoiding cross-reactivity (false positive) with other legumes as peanut, chickpea, lentils, faba bean, and cereals. This study demonstrated that this new ELISA method constitutes a highly sensitive and reliable molecular tool able to detect, identify and quantify Lup an 1. This contributes to a more efficient management of allergens by the food industry, the regulatory agencies and clinicians, thus helping to keep the health safety of the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lima-Cabello
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology of Plants, Estacion Experimental del Zaidin, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan D Alché
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology of Plants, Estacion Experimental del Zaidin, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain.
| | - Jose C Jimenez-Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology of Plants, Estacion Experimental del Zaidin, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain.
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6019, Australia.
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Winnicki K, Ciereszko I, Leśniewska J, Dubis AT, Basa A, Żabka A, Hołota M, Sobiech Ł, Faligowska A, Skrzypczak G, Maszewski J, Polit JT. Irrigation affects characteristics of narrow-leaved lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) seeds. PLANTA 2019; 249:1731-1746. [PMID: 30684036 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While plant irrigation usually increases yield, irrigation also affects seed characteristics with respect to endoreplication level, chemical composition, number of carbonyl bands, and cuticular wax profiles. Seeds of sweet varieties of the narrow-leaved lupin have good nutritional properties; however, these plants are sensitive to water deficit. Irrigation improves lupin yield, but can affect seed characteristics. The purpose of the study was to evaluate irrigation influence on lupin seed features and their chemical composition. Morphological analyses showed worse quality of seeds from the irrigated plants, with regard to their size and weight. This was confirmed by cytophotometric analyses which revealed a lower DNA content in the nuclei of cells from the apical and basal regions of the irrigated seeds. The lower degree of polyploidy of the nuclei entails lower cell sizes and limited space for storage components. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis demonstrated that protein and cuticular wax profiles of the irrigated seeds were different from the control. The electrophoretic analyses indicated differences in protein profiles including changes in the proportion of lupin storage proteins. Among the various studied elements, only the nitrogen content decreased in the embryo axis of irrigated plants. Although germination dynamics of the irrigated seeds was higher, the seedlings' development rate was slightly lower than in the control. The hydrogen peroxide level in root meristem cells was higher during germination in the control suggesting its regulatory role in seed metabolism/signaling. Our study indicated that irrigation of lupin plant affected seed features and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Winnicki
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Ciereszko
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego1J, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Leśniewska
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego1J, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Alina T Dubis
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego1K, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Basa
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego1K, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Aneta Żabka
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Hołota
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sobiech
- Agronomy Department, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Faligowska
- Agronomy Department, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznan, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Skrzypczak
- Agronomy Department, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznan, Poland
| | - Janusz Maszewski
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna T Polit
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
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Analysis of genes encoding seed storage proteins (SSPs) in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) reveals co-expressing transcription factors and a seed-specific promoter. Funct Integr Genomics 2018; 19:373-390. [PMID: 30560463 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-018-0650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Improvement of the quality and quantity of chickpea seed protein can be greatly facilitated by an understanding of the genic organization and the genetic architecture of the genes encoding seed storage proteins (SSPs). The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of the chickpea SSP genes, putative co-expressing transcription factors (TFs), and to identify a seed-specific SSP gene promoter. A genome-wide identification of SSP genes in chickpea led to the identification of 21 non-redundant SSP encoding genes located on 6 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis grouped SSP genes into 3 subgroups where members within the same clade demonstrated similar motif composition and intron-exon organization. Tandem duplications were identified to be the major contributors to the expansion of the SSP gene family in chickpea. Co-expression analysis revealed 14 TFs having expression profiles similar to the SSP genes that included members of important TF families that are known to regulate seed development. Expression analysis of SSP genes and TFs revealed significantly higher expression in late stages of seed development as well as in high seed protein content (HPC) genotypes. In silico analysis of the promoter regions of the SSP encoding genes revealed several seed-specific cis-regulatory elements such as RY repeats, ACGT motifs, CAANTG, and GCN4. A candidate promoter was analyzed for seed specificity by generating stable transgenics in Arabidopsis. Overall, this study provides a useful resource to explore the regulatory networks involved in SSP synthesis and/or accumulation for utilization in developing nutritionally improved chickpea genotypes.
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Lima-Cabello E, Morales-Santana S, León J, Alché V, Clemente A, Alché JD, Jimenez-Lopez JC. Narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifoliusL.) seed β-conglutins reverse the induced insulin resistance in pancreatic cells. Food Funct 2018; 9:5176-5188. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01164h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Narrow-leafed lupin β-conglutin proteins may help to prevent and treat insulin resistance through pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lima-Cabello
- Department of Biochemistry
- Cell & Molecular Biology of Plants; Estacion Experimental del Zaidín
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
- Granada E-18008
- Spain
| | - Sonia Morales-Santana
- CIBER of Fragility and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES)
- Endocrinology Unit
- Endocrinology Division
- Biomedical Research Institute of Granada – “IBS.Granada”
- University Hospital San Cecilio
| | - Josefa León
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive System
- San Cecilio University Hospital
- Biomedical Research Institute of Granada – “IBS.Granada”
- University Hospital San Cecilio
- Granada E-18012
| | - Victor Alché
- Andalusian Health System
- Health Center “Villanueva de las Torres”
- Granada E-18539
- Spain
| | - Alfonso Clemente
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition; Estacion Experimental del Zaidin
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
- Granada E-18100
- Spain
| | - Juan D. Alché
- Department of Biochemistry
- Cell & Molecular Biology of Plants; Estacion Experimental del Zaidín
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
- Granada E-18008
- Spain
| | - Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry
- Cell & Molecular Biology of Plants; Estacion Experimental del Zaidín
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
- Granada E-18008
- Spain
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Lima-Cabello E, Morales-Santana S, Foley RC, Melser S, Alché V, Siddique KH, Singh KB, Alché JD, Jimenez-Lopez JC. Ex vivo and in vitro assessment of anti-inflammatory activity of seed β-conglutin proteins from Lupinus angustifolius. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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12
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Dobiesz M, Piotrowicz-Cieślak AI. Proteins in Relation to Vigor and Viability of White Lupin ( Lupinus albus L.) Seed Stored for 26 Years. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1392. [PMID: 28848591 PMCID: PMC5554512 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the vigor and viability as well as to determine and compare the contents of selected protein fractions of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) seeds stored for 26 years at temperatures of -14°C and +20°C. The seeds stored at -14°C germinated in 86.3%, while the seeds stored at +20°C did not germinate at all. The viability evaluation was confirmed by the measuring electroconductivity of seed exudates. In seeds stored at -14°C the contents of γ, δ, and β conglutin were 14, 4 and 69 mg g-1 fresh mass, respectively, while in seed stored at +20°C they were 15.5, 3, 65 mg g-1 fresh mass, respectively. One-dimensional electrophoresis of γ and δ conglutin fractions indicated the presence of several intense polypeptide bands with molecular weights from 23.0 to 10.3 kDa. Polypeptide bands with a molecular weight of 22.4 and 19.8 kDa exhibited almost two times higher expression in the seeds stored at -14°C compared to the seeds stored at +20°C. Electrophoresis revealed 310 protein spots on the maps generated for seeds stored at -14°C, and 228 spots for seeds stored at +20°C. In seeds stored at +20°C most polypeptide subunits had a pI ranging from 4.5 to 7 and a molecular weight of 10-97 kDa. The greatest differences in the contents of polypeptides between the analyzed variants was observed within the range of 20-45 kDa (-14°C: 175, +20°C: 115 protein spots) and within the range of 65-97 kDa (-14°C: 103, +20°C: 75 protein spots). In seeds stored at +20°C, a clear decline in basic (8-10 pI) polypeptides was observed. The study demonstrated that the polypeptides identified as γ and δ conglutins are probably closely related to vigor and viability of seeds.
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