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Li M, Shi Z, He S, Hu Q, Cai P, Gan L, Huang J, Zhang Y. Gas barrier coating based on cellulose nanocrystals and its preservation effects on mango. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121317. [PMID: 37739541 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Mango is the "king of tropical fruits" because of its attractive appearance, delicious taste, rich aroma, and high nutritional value. However, mango keeps fast metabolizing after harvest, leading to water loss, starch conversion into sugar, texture softening, and decay. Here, a gas barrier coating based on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is proposed to control the post-harvest metabolism of mango. The results of gas barrier permeability show that CNCs enhance the barrier ability of the chitosan (CS) membrane on mango by 202 % and 63 % for oxygen and water vapor, respectively. The gas-barrier coating reduces the climb in pH and the decrease in firmness by 84.9 % and 45.8 %, respectively, decelerating the conversion process from starch to sugar. Besides, introducing clove essential oil (CEO), the CEO mainly adsorbs and crystalizes on the hydrophobic facets of CNCs, presenting high compatibility, increases the antibacterial rate to nearly 100 %. As a consequence, the preservation period of the mango coated by the CNC-based membrane is at least 7-day longer than the control group. Such a gas-barrier coating based on eco-friendly composites must have excellent potential in the preservation of mango, and even for other tropical fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Li
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhenxu Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shulin He
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qiang Hu
- Beibu Gulf Institute of Marine Advanced Materials, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Ping Cai
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lin Gan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jin Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Srivastav M, Radadiya N, Ramachandra S, Jayaswal PK, Singh N, Singh S, Mahato AK, Tandon G, Gupta A, Devi R, Subrayagowda SH, Kumar G, Prakash P, Singh S, Sharma N, Nagaraja A, Kar A, Rudra SG, Sethi S, Jaiswal S, Iquebal MA, Singh R, Singh SK, Singh NK. High resolution mapping of QTLs for fruit color and firmness in Amrapali/Sensation mango hybrids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1135285. [PMID: 37351213 PMCID: PMC10282835 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1135285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Mango (Mangifera indica L.), acclaimed as the 'king of fruits' in the tropical world, has historical, religious, and economic values. It is grown commercially in more than 100 countries, and fresh mango world trade accounts for ~3,200 million US dollars for the year 2020. Mango is widely cultivated in sub-tropical and tropical regions of the world, with India, China, and Thailand being the top three producers. Mango fruit is adored for its taste, color, flavor, and aroma. Fruit color and firmness are important fruit quality traits for consumer acceptance, but their genetics is poorly understood. Methods For mapping of fruit color and firmness, mango varieties Amrapali and Sensation, having contrasting fruit quality traits, were crossed for the development of a mapping population. Ninety-two bi-parental progenies obtained from this cross were used for the construction of a high-density linkage map and identification of QTLs. Genotyping was carried out using an 80K SNP chip array. Results and discussion Initially, we constructed two high-density linkage maps based on the segregation of female and male parents. A female map with 3,213 SNPs and male map with 1,781 SNPs were distributed on 20 linkages groups covering map lengths of 2,844.39 and 2,684.22cM, respectively. Finally, the integrated map was constructed comprised of 4,361 SNP markers distributed on 20 linkage groups, which consisted of the chromosome haploid number in Mangifera indica (n =20). The integrated genetic map covered the entire genome of Mangifera indica cv. Dashehari, with a total genetic distance of 2,982.75 cM and an average distance between markers of 0.68 cM. The length of LGs varied from 85.78 to 218.28 cM, with a mean size of 149.14 cM. Phenotyping for fruit color and firmness traits was done for two consecutive seasons. We identified important consistent QTLs for 12 out of 20 traits, with integrated genetic linkages having significant LOD scores in at least one season. Important consistent QTLs for fruit peel color are located at Chr 3 and 18, and firmness on Chr 11 and 20. The QTLs mapped in this study would be useful in the marker-assisted breeding of mango for improved efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Srivastav
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Radadiya
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sridhar Ramachandra
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Jayaswal
- Genomics Laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nisha Singh
- Genomics Laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- Genomics Laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Mahato
- Genomics Laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Gitanjali Tandon
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Gupta
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajni Devi
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sreekanth Halli Subrayagowda
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Pragya Prakash
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivani Singh
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Nimisha Sharma
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - A. Nagaraja
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhijit Kar
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Shalini Gaur Rudra
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Shruti Sethi
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarika Jaiswal
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mir Asif Iquebal
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Singh
- Division of Genomic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Nagendra Kumar Singh
- Genomics Laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Yousefi K, Abdullah SNA, Hatta MAM, Ling KL. Genomics and Transcriptomics Reveal Genetic Contribution to Population Diversity and Specific Traits in Coconut. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091913. [PMID: 37176970 PMCID: PMC10181077 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Coconut is an economically important palm species with a long history of human use. It has applications in various food, nutraceuticals, and cosmetic products, and there has been renewed interest in coconut in recent years due to its unique nutritional and medicinal properties. Unfortunately, the sustainable growth of the coconut industry has been hampered due to a shortage of good quality seedlings. Genetic improvement through the traditional breeding approach faced considerable obstacles due to its perennial nature, protracted juvenile period, and high heterozygosity. Molecular biotechnological tools, including molecular markers and next-generation sequencing (NGS), could expedite genetic improvement efforts in coconut. Researchers have employed various molecular markers to reveal genetic diversity among coconut populations and for the construction of a genetic map for exploitation in coconut breeding programs worldwide. Whole genome sequencing and transcriptomics on the different varieties have generated a massive amount of publicly accessible sequence data, substantially improving the ability to analyze and understand molecular mechanisms affecting crop performance. The production of high-yielding and disease-resilient coconuts and the deciphering of the complex coconut genome's structure can profit tremendously from these technologies. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the progress of coconut research, using genomics, transcriptomics, and molecular markers initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Yousefi
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nor Akmar Abdullah
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Sustainable Agronomy and Crop Protection, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Asyraf Md Hatta
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kong Lih Ling
- Laboratory of Sustainable Agronomy and Crop Protection, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Sharma N, Shivran M, Singh N, Dubey AK, Singh SK, Sharma N, Gupta R, Vittal H, Singh BP, Sevanthi AM, Singh NK. Differential gene expression associated with flower development of mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties with different shelf-life. Gene Expr Patterns 2023; 47:119301. [PMID: 36526239 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2022.119301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important commercial fruit crop grown in many parts of the world. Major challenges affecting mango trade are short shelf-life, high susceptibility to chilling injury, post-harvest diseases and consumer demand for improved fruit quality. The objective of the present study was to reveal the key regulators present in bud and flower tissues during flower development stage, associated with fruit development and affect the shelf-life of the mango fruit. RNA-sequencing of contrasting genotypes having short and long shelf-life, was carried out. Comparative differential expression pathway studies of long shelf-life (Totapuri) and short shelf-life (Bombay Green) mango genotypes revealed a total of 177 highly differentially expressed genes. Out of 177 total genes, 101 genes from endoplasmic reticulum pathway and very few from gibberellins (3) and jasmonic acid (1) pathway were identified. Genes from endoplasmic reticulum pathway like hsp 90, SRC2, DFRA, CHS, BG3 and ASPG1 mainly up regulated in Bombay Green. Uniprotein B9R8D3 also shows up regulation in Bombay Green. Ethylene insensitive pathway gene EIL1 up regulated in Bombay Green. Gene CAD1 from phenylpropanoid pathway mainly up regulated in Bombay Green. A total of 4 SSRs and 227 SNPs were mined from these pathways specific to the shelf-life. Molecular studies of endoplasmic reticulum, phenylpropanoid, ethylene, polygalacturonase and hormone pathways at the time of bud and flower formation revealed key regulators that determine the shelf-life of mango fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Sharma
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Mukesh Shivran
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Narendra Singh
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Anil Kumar Dubey
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- IILM Academy of Higher Learning, College of Engineering and Technology Greater, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- NGB Diagnostics Private Limited, Noida, UP, 201301, India
| | - Hatkari Vittal
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Liu DD, Wang DR, Yang XY, Zhao CH, Li SH, Sha GL, Zhang RF, Ge HJ, Tong XS, You CX. Apomictic Malus plants exhibit abnormal pollen development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1065032. [PMID: 36890893 PMCID: PMC9986266 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1065032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Apomixis is the asexual reproduction through seeds that leads to the production of genetically uniform progeny. It has become an important tool in plant breeding because it facilitates the retention of genotypes with desirable traits and allows seeds to be obtained directly from mother plants. Apomixis is rare in most economically important crops, but it occurs in some Malus species. Here, the apomictic characteristics of Malus were examined using four apomictic and two sexually reproducing Malus plants. Results from transcriptome analysis showed that plant hormone signal transduction was the main factor affecting apomictic reproductive development. Four of the apomictic Malus plants examined were triploid, and pollen was either absent or present in very low densities in the stamen. Variation in the presence of pollen was associated with variation in the apomictic percentage; specifically, pollen was absent in the stamens of tea crabapple plants with the highest apomictic percentage. Furthermore, pollen mother cells failed to progress normally into meiosis and pollen mitosis, a trait mostly observed in apomictic Malus plants. The expression levels of meiosis-related genes were upregulated in apomictic plants. Our findings indicate that our simple method of detecting pollen abortion could be used to identify apple plants that are capable of apomictic reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Liu
- College of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Da-Ru Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, China
| | - Xuan-Yu Yang
- College of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chang-Hui Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shao-Hua Li
- College of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guang-Li Sha
- Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Rui-Fen Zhang
- Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Juan Ge
- Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xian-Song Tong
- Fu-ning Popularizing Agricultural Techniques Center, Fu-ning, Yunnan, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, China
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Song M, Wang H, Fan Z, Huang H, Ma H. Advances in sequencing and key character analysis of mango ( Mangifera indica L.). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhac259. [PMID: 37601702 PMCID: PMC10433700 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical countries associated with many agronomic and horticultural problems, such as susceptibility to pathogens, including powdery mildew and anthracnose, poor yield and quality, and short shelf life. Conventional breeding techniques exhibit significant limitations in improving mango quality due to the characteristics of long ripening, self-incompatibility, and high genetic heterozygosity. In recent years, much emphasis has been placed on identification of key genes controlling a certain trait through genomic association analysis and directly breeding new varieties through transgene or genotype selection of offspring. This paper reviews the latest research progress on the genome and transcriptome sequencing of mango fruit. The rapid development of genome sequencing and bioinformatics provides effective strategies for identifying, labeling, cloning, and manipulating many genes related to economically important traits. Preliminary verification of the functions of mango genes has been conducted, including genes related to flowering regulation, fruit development, and polyphenol biosynthesis. Importantly, modern biotechnology can refine existing mango varieties to meet the market demand with high economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoyu Song
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haomiao Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiyi Fan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hantang Huang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiqin Ma
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Datir S, Regan S. Advances in Physiological, Transcriptomic, Proteomic, Metabolomic, and Molecular Genetic Approaches for Enhancing Mango Fruit Quality. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20-34. [PMID: 36573879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a nutritionally important fruit of high nutritive value, delicious in taste with an attractive aroma. Due to their antioxidant and therapeutic potential, mango fruits are receiving special attention in biochemical and pharmacognosy-based studies. Fruit quality determines consumer's acceptance, and hence, understanding the physiological, biochemical, and molecular basis of fruit development, maturity, ripening, and storage is essential. Transcriptomic, metabolomic, proteomic, and molecular genetic approaches have led to the identification of key genes, metabolites, protein candidates, and quantitative trait loci that are associated with enhanced mango fruit quality. The major pathways that determine the fruit quality include amino acid metabolism, plant hormone signaling, carbohydrate metabolism and transport, cell wall biosynthesis and degradation, flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis, and carotenoid metabolism. Expression of the polygalacturonase, cutin synthase, pectin methyl esterase, pectate lyase, β-galactosidase, and ethylene biosynthesis enzymes are related to mango fruit ripening, flavor, firmness, softening, and other quality processes, while genes involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, heat shock proteins, hormone signaling, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis are associated with diseases. Metabolomics identified volatiles, organic acids, amino acids, and various other compounds that determine the characteristic flavor and aroma of the mango fruit. Molecular markers differentiate the mango cultivars based on their geographical origins. Genetic linkage maps and quantitative trait loci studies identified regions in the genome that are associated with economically important traits. The review summarizes the applications of omics techniques and their potential applications toward understanding mango fruit physiology and their usefulness in future mango breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Datir
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, CanadaK7L 3N6
- The Naoroji Godrej Centre for Plant Research, Shindewadi, Shirwal, Maharashtra - 412801 India
| | - Sharon Regan
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, CanadaK7L 3N6
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Wilkinson MJ, Yamashita R, James ME, Bally ISE, Dillon NL, Ali A, Hardner CM, Ortiz-Barrientos D. The influence of genetic structure on phenotypic diversity in the Australian mango (Mangifera indica) gene pool. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20614. [PMID: 36450793 PMCID: PMC9712640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24800-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic selection is a promising breeding technique for tree crops to accelerate the development of new cultivars. However, factors such as genetic structure can create spurious associations between genotype and phenotype due to the shared history between populations with different trait values. Genetic structure can therefore reduce the accuracy of the genotype to phenotype map, a fundamental requirement of genomic selection models. Here, we employed 272 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 208 Mangifera indica accessions to explore whether the genetic structure of the Australian mango gene pool explained variation in trunk circumference, fruit blush colour and intensity. Multiple population genetic analyses indicate the presence of four genetic clusters and show that the most genetically differentiated cluster contains accessions imported from Southeast Asia (mainly those from Thailand). We find that genetic structure was strongly associated with three traits: trunk circumference, fruit blush colour and intensity in M. indica. This suggests that the history of these accessions could drive spurious associations between loci and key mango phenotypes in the Australian mango gene pool. Incorporating such genetic structure in associations between genotype and phenotype can improve the accuracy of genomic selection, which can assist the future development of new cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Wilkinson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Risa Yamashita
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Maddie E James
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ian S E Bally
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Mareeba, QLD, 4880, Australia
| | - Natalie L Dillon
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Mareeba, QLD, 4880, Australia
| | - Asjad Ali
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Mareeba, QLD, 4880, Australia
| | - Craig M Hardner
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Ortiz-Barrientos
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Li S, Xu L, Zhang W. First Report of Postharvest Stem End Rot of mango Fruit (Mangifera indica) Caused by Diaporthe pseudomangiferae in China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 107:582. [PMID: 35771106 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0878-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is considered one of the most important tropical or subtropical fruit crops (Nelson et al.2008). China is the second-largest producer of mango (Kuhn et al. 2017). In June 2021, postharvest stem-end rot disease was observed on Narcissus mango (about 20% of the fruits showed similar symptoms of infections) in local agricultural market of Guangzhou, China. Black rot symptomatic lesions were observed on the fruit surface, which initially started from the stem end and progresses into decay, turning brown. To isolate and identify the pathogen, small pieces (3-5 mm2) were excised from the lesion margins of the fruits (n=54), which were surface sterilized by 1% NaOCl (1 min), 70% ethanol (30 s) and then washed twice with sterile distilled water. After sterilization, the tissues were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Three morphologically similar isolates (SXM-1/2/3) were obtained and the representative isolate SXM-1 was analyzed. Colonies surface initially had white-gray moderate aerial mycelia, in reverse umber with patches of pale luteous to luteous. On malt extract agar (MEA) surface dirty white, reverse greyish sepia with patches of sienna. Conidiomata pycnidia, black, erumpent to superficial on PDA, globose with neck, ostiole exuding cream conidial droplets; Conidiophores hyaline, smooth, 1-3-septate, branched, densely aggregated, cylindrical, straight to sinuous, 22-42 × 2.8-3.7 µm. Alpha conidia (n = 50) aseptate, hyaline, smooth, fusiform to somewhat short cylindrical, 3.2-11 ×1.3-3.5 µm. Beta conidia (n = 30) hyaline, smooth, curved or hamate 14.8-33.6 × 1.1-2.6 μm. According to morphological characterization, the representative isolate SXM-1 was similar to Diaporthe pseudomangiferae CBS 101339 (Gomes et al. 2013). For molecular identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, histone H3 (HIS) and β-tubulin (TUB) genes (White et al. 1990; Carbone et al. 1999; Glass et al.1995) were amplified and sequenced, which were deposited in GenBank (ON243823, ON254656, ON254655). BLASTN analysis revealed that DNA sequences of the isolates (SXM-1/2/3) showed 99% identity with those of D. pseudomangiferae (MG576128.1, KC344149, MN329124.1), respectively. A phylogenetic tree analysis based on the concatenated sequences confirmed the isolates as D. pseudomangiferae. Pathogenicity tests were made with the representative isolate SXM-1. Healthy fruits were inoculated with 5 mm mycelial discs of the representative isolate SXM-1 after being wounded with a needle or non-wounded, control fruits were inoculated with sterilized PDA plugs. All inoculated and control fruits were incubated in the dark at 26°C for 7 days post-inoculation. Control fruits remained asymptomatic, whereas inoculated fruits were dark brown necrotic lesions with a roughly circular shape around the inoculation sites. Pathogenicity tests were performed in triplicate. The pathogenic isolates were successfully reisolated, thus confirming Koch's postulates. D. pseudomangiferae was associated with fruit peel of mango in Mexico and the Dominican Republic, and it has also been reported to cause inflorescence rot, rachis canker, and flower abortion in mango (Gomes et al. 2013; Serratodiaz et al. 2014). To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. pseudomangiferae causing postharvest stem-end rot of mango fruits in China. This finding suggests that D. pseudomangiferae is a potential problem for mango fruit production in China, and it is important to establish an adequate and effective control management of this disease. References: Nelson, S. C. 2008.Mango Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes). Publication PD-48. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, U.S.A. Kuhn, D. N., et al. 2017. Front. Plant Sci. 8:577. White, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego. Carbone, I., et al. 1999. Mycologia. 91:553. Glass, N. L., et al. 1995. Appl. Environ. Gomes R. R., et al. 2013. Persoonia. 1:31. Serratodiaz, L. M., et al. 2014. Plant Dis. 98:1004. * These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Keywords: Stem-end rot, Diaporthe pseudomangiferae, Mango, China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Weimin Zhang
- Xianlie middle road 100Yuexiu districtGuagnzhouGuangzhou, China, 510075;
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Mathiazhagan M, Chidambara B, Hunashikatti LR, Ravishankar KV. Genomic Approaches for Improvement of Tropical Fruits: Fruit Quality, Shelf Life and Nutrient Content. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1881. [PMID: 34946829 PMCID: PMC8701245 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The breeding of tropical fruit trees for improving fruit traits is complicated, due to the long juvenile phase, generation cycle, parthenocarpy, polyploidy, polyembryony, heterozygosity and biotic and abiotic factors, as well as a lack of good genomic resources. Many molecular techniques have recently evolved to assist and hasten conventional breeding efforts. Molecular markers linked to fruit development and fruit quality traits such as fruit shape, size, texture, aroma, peel and pulp colour were identified in tropical fruit crops, facilitating Marker-assisted breeding (MAB). An increase in the availability of genome sequences of tropical fruits further aided in the discovery of SNP variants/Indels, QTLs and genes that can ascertain the genetic determinants of fruit characters. Through multi-omics approaches such as genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics, the identification and quantification of transcripts, including non-coding RNAs, involved in sugar metabolism, fruit development and ripening, shelf life, and the biotic and abiotic stress that impacts fruit quality were made possible. Utilizing genomic assisted breeding methods such as genome wide association (GWAS), genomic selection (GS) and genetic modifications using CRISPR/Cas9 and transgenics has paved the way to studying gene function and developing cultivars with desirable fruit traits by overcoming long breeding cycles. Such comprehensive multi-omics approaches related to fruit characters in tropical fruits and their applications in breeding strategies and crop improvement are reviewed, discussed and presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kundapura V. Ravishankar
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru 560089, India; (M.M.); (B.C.); (L.R.H.)
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Ma Y, Ahmad T, Zheng Y, Chengrong N, Liu Y. First Report of Postharvest Stem End Rot of mango fruit (Mangifera indica) caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae in China. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2715. [PMID: 33851869 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-21-0168-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
China is the second largest producer of mango in the world, a fruit has high nutritive value and a rich source of fiber (Kuhn et al., 2017). In late June 2019, a postharvest stem-end rot disease was observed in different local fruit markets (39°48'42.1"N 116°20'17.0"E) of the Fengtai district of Beijing, China. Black rot symptomatic lesions were observed on the fruit surface which initially started from the stem end of the mango fruit (Fig. 1). Approximately 45 % of mango fruits were affected with the disease. Symptomatic portions from collected fruit samples (n=40) were cut into small pieces (2mm2), rinsed with 1% NaClO for 20s and then washed three times with sterilized distilled water (SDW) for surface disinfection. The disinfected pieces were then placed on sterilized filter paper for drying. Later, these pieces were placed on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates and incubated at 28°C for seven days. The resulting fungal colonies were purified by the single spore isolation technique. The isolated fungal colonies were initially greenish to gray in color, later turning olive-black to black. Conidia were dark brown in color, oval-shaped, two-celled and measured 22.4 to 25.7 (24.06 ± 0.15) μm in length and 10.2 to 12.8 (11.3 ± 0.13) μm in width (n=36). Based on the symptoms, culture morphology and microscopic characters, Lasiodiplodia theobromae was suspected as the causal agent, and similar results were reported by Pavlic et al., 2004 and Burgess et al., 2006. For molecular identification, a multi-locus sequence analysis approach was used. The Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) region, elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α) and β-tubulin genes were amplified and sequenced using ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn, 1999), and Bt2a/Bt2b (Glass and Donaldson, 1995) primers respectively. The sequences of isolate MFT9 were deposited to GenBank (MW115977 (ITS), (MW118595 (EF1-α) and MW118596 (β-tubulin). All sequences showed more than 99.5% similarity with reported sequences of Lasiodiplodia theobromae isolate IBL340 with accessions numbers KT247466 (ITS), KT247472 (EF1-α) and KT247475 (β-tubulin). Phylogenetic reconstruction based on Maximum Likelihood, using Mega X (Kumar et al., 2018), grouped isolate MFT9 with isolates representing L. theobromae. Pathogenicity testing was performed on 18 fresh, healthy, medium-sized mango fruits for each treatment to fulfill Koch's postulate. The fruits were disinfested with 1% NaClO and punctured with a sterilized needle to create approximately 2mm2 wounds for inoculation. Fruits were inoculated with 15µL of fresh inoculum (107 spores/mL) from isolate MFT9. Control fruits were inoculated with 15µL of SDW and both the inoculated and control fruits were incubated at 28°C for seven days of post inoculation. The rot lesions appeared at the point of inoculation and gradually spread on the fruit surface. The symptoms were similar to the symptoms observed on the original fruit samples (Fig. 2). This experiment was conducted three times under the same conditions, with control fruits remaining asymptomatic each time. The re-isolated fungus was identified as L. theobromae based on symptoms and morpho-molecular analysis, described above. L. theobromae is also reported as a causal agent responsible for a postharvest stem-end rot on Coconut in China (Zhang, et al., 2019). To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. theobromae causing postharvest stem-end rot of mango fruit in China. This finding suggests that L. theobromae is a potential problem for mango fruit production in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Ma
- Foshan University, 47868, School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan, Guangdong, China;
| | - Tanvir Ahmad
- Foshan University, 47868, School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan, Guangdong, China;
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Plant Protection, 243827, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests , Beijing, Beijing, China;
| | - Nie Chengrong
- Foshan University, 47868, School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan, Guangdong, China;
| | - Yang Liu
- Foshan University, 47868, School of Food Science and Engineering, No.33 Guangyun Road, Shishan town, Nanhai District, Foshan, China, 528000;
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Quezada M, Amadeu RR, Vignale B, Cabrera D, Pritsch C, Garcia AAF. Construction of a High-Density Genetic Map of Acca sellowiana (Berg.) Burret, an Outcrossing Species, Based on Two Connected Mapping Populations. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:626811. [PMID: 33708232 PMCID: PMC7940835 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.626811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acca sellowiana, known as feijoa or pineapple guava, is a diploid, (2n = 2x = 22) outcrossing fruit tree species native to Uruguay and Brazil. The species stands out for its highly aromatic fruits, with nutraceutical and therapeutic value. Despite its promising agronomical value, genetic studies on this species are limited. Linkage genetic maps are valuable tools for genetic and genomic studies, and constitute essential tools in breeding programs to support the development of molecular breeding strategies. A high-density composite genetic linkage map of A. sellowiana was constructed using two genetically connected populations: H5 (TCO × BR, N = 160) and H6 (TCO × DP, N = 184). Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) approach was successfully applied for developing single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A total of 4,921 SNP markers were identified using the reference genome of the closely related species Eucalyptus grandis, whereas other 4,656 SNPs were discovered using a de novo pipeline. The individual H5 and H6 maps comprised 1,236 and 1,302 markers distributed over the expected 11 linkage groups, respectively. These two maps spanned a map length of 1,593 and 1,572 cM, with an average inter-marker distance of 1.29 and 1.21 cM, respectively. A large proportion of markers were common to both maps and showed a high degree of collinearity. The composite map consisted of 1,897 SNPs markers with a total map length of 1,314 cM and an average inter-marker distance of 0.69. A novel approach for the construction of composite maps where the meiosis information of individuals of two connected populations is captured in a single estimator is described. A high-density, accurate composite map based on a consensus ordering of markers provides a valuable contribution for future genetic research and breeding efforts in A. sellowiana. A novel mapping approach based on an estimation of multipopulation recombination fraction described here may be applied in the construction of dense composite genetic maps for any other outcrossing diploid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianella Quezada
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rodrigo Rampazo Amadeu
- Laboratório de Genética Estatística, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Vignale
- Mejoramiento Genético, Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Estación Experimental de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Danilo Cabrera
- Programa de Investigación en Producción Fruticola, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental “Wilson Ferreira Aldunate”, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - Clara Pritsch
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Antonio Augusto Franco Garcia
- Laboratório de Genética Estatística, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Bally ISE, Bombarely A, Chambers AH, Cohen Y, Dillon NL, Innes DJ, Islas-Osuna MA, Kuhn DN, Mueller LA, Ophir R, Rambani A, Sherman A, Yan H. The 'Tommy Atkins' mango genome reveals candidate genes for fruit quality. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:108. [PMID: 33618672 PMCID: PMC7898432 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mango, Mangifera indica L., an important tropical fruit crop, is grown for its sweet and aromatic fruits. Past improvement of this species has predominantly relied on chance seedlings derived from over 1000 cultivars in the Indian sub-continent with a large variation for fruit size, yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and fruit quality among other traits. Historically, mango has been an orphan crop with very limited molecular information. Only recently have molecular and genomics-based analyses enabled the creation of linkage maps, transcriptomes, and diversity analysis of large collections. Additionally, the combined analysis of genomic and phenotypic information is poised to improve mango breeding efficiency. RESULTS This study sequenced, de novo assembled, analyzed, and annotated the genome of the monoembryonic mango cultivar 'Tommy Atkins'. The draft genome sequence was generated using NRGene de-novo Magic on high molecular weight DNA of 'Tommy Atkins', supplemented by 10X Genomics long read sequencing to improve the initial assembly. A hybrid population between 'Tommy Atkins' x 'Kensington Pride' was used to generate phased haplotype chromosomes and a highly resolved phased SNP map. The final 'Tommy Atkins' genome assembly was a consensus sequence that included 20 pseudomolecules representing the 20 chromosomes of mango and included ~ 86% of the ~ 439 Mb haploid mango genome. Skim sequencing identified ~ 3.3 M SNPs using the 'Tommy Atkins' x 'Kensington Pride' mapping population. Repeat masking identified 26,616 genes with a median length of 3348 bp. A whole genome duplication analysis revealed an ancestral 65 MYA polyploidization event shared with Anacardium occidentale. Two regions, one on LG4 and one on LG7 containing 28 candidate genes, were associated with the commercially important fruit size characteristic in the mapping population. CONCLUSIONS The availability of the complete 'Tommy Atkins' mango genome will aid global initiatives to study mango genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S E Bally
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Horticulture and Forestry Science, 28 Peters St, Mareeba, QLD, 4880, Australia
| | - Aureliano Bombarely
- Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
- School of Plants and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Alan H Chambers
- Tropical Research and Education Center, Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, 18905 SW 280th St, Homestead, FL, 33031, USA.
| | - Yuval Cohen
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Volcani Research Center, Derech Hamacabim 68, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Le'Zion, Israel
| | - Natalie L Dillon
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Horticulture and Forestry Science, 28 Peters St, Mareeba, QLD, 4880, Australia
| | - David J Innes
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Horticulture and Forestry Science, EcoSciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Rd, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - María A Islas-Osuna
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Col. La Victoria, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - David N Kuhn
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, USDA-ARS, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Coral Gables, FL, 33158, USA
| | - Lukas A Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ron Ophir
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Volcani Research Center, Derech Hamacabim 68, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Le'Zion, Israel
| | - Aditi Rambani
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Amir Sherman
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Volcani Research Center, Derech Hamacabim 68, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Le'Zion, Israel
| | - Haidong Yan
- School of Plants and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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Ahmad T, Wang J, Zheng Y, Mugizi AE, Moosa A, Chengrong N, Liu Y. First record of Colletotrichum alienum Causing postharvest Anthracnose disease of mango fruit in China. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:1852. [PMID: 33496605 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-20-2074-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the world's most significant economic fruit crops, and China is the second-largest producer of mango (Kuhn et al., 2017). Postharvest mango anthracnose is caused by Colletotrichum species and reduce the self-life of mature fruit (Wu et al., 2020). Colletotrichum species also cause postharvest anthracnose and fruit rot disease of Apple, Banana and Avocado (Khodadadi et al., 2020; Vieira et al., 2017; Sharma et al., 2017). In July 2019, mango fruits cv. 'Jin-Hwang' were observed at different fruit markets (39°48'42.1"N 116°20'17.0"E) of the Fengtai district, Beijing, China, exhibiting typical symptoms of anthracnose including brown to black lesions in different size (≤ 2 cm) with identified border on the mango fruit surface. Later, the lesions were coalesced and extensively cover the surface area of the fruit. The lesions were also restricted to peel the fruit and pathogen invaded in the fruit pulp. About 30% of mango fruits were affected by anthracnose disease. The margins of lesions from infected mango fruits (n=56) were cut into 2 × 2 mm pieces, surface disinfected with NaClO (2% v/v) for 30 s, rinsed thrice with distilled water for 60s. These pieces were placed on PDA medium and incubated at 25°C for 7 days. Pure culture of fungal isolates was obtained by single spore isolation technique. Initially, the fungal colony was off white, and colony extended with time, turning light gray at the center. The morphological examination revealed that conidia were hyaline, oblong, and unicellular. The conidia were measured from 10 days old culture and dimensions varied from 13.3 to 15.8 µm in length and 4.6 to 6.1 µm in width. For molecular identification, a multi-locus sequence analysis; the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) region, partial actin (ACT) gene, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene and chitin synthase (CHS-1) gene were amplified by using the primer sets ITS1/4 (White et al. 1990), ACT-512F/ACT-783R (Carbone and Kohn 1999), GDF1/GDR1 (Guerber et al. 2003) and CHS1-79F/CHS-1-354R (Carbone and Kohn 1999) respectively. The partial sequences of MTY21 were deposited to GenBank accessions (MT921666 (ITS), MT936119 (ACT), MT936120 (GAPDH) and MT936118 (CHS-1). All obtained sequences showed 100% similarity with reported sequences of Colletotrichum alienum ICMP.18691 with accessions numbers JX010217 (ITS), JX009580 (ACT), JX010018 (GAPDH) and JX009754 (CHS-1) which represented the isolate MTY21 identified as C. alienum by constructing Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree analysis using Mega X (Kumar et al., 2018). For the confirmation of Koch's postulates, the pathogenicity test was conducted on 36 fresh healthy mango fruits for each treatment. Fruits were punctured with the help of a sterilized needle to create 2mm2 wounds and inoculated with 10µL inoculum (107 spores/mL) of MTY21. Control mango fruits were inoculated with 10µL sterilized distilled water and incubated at 25 °C with 90% relative humidity. The lesions appeared at the point of inoculation and gradually spread on the fruit surface after 7 days post inoculation. The symptoms were similar to the symptoms on original fruit specimens. The re-isolated fungus was identified as C. alienum based on morphological and molecular analysis. Mango anthracnose disease caused by several Colletotrichum species has been reported previously on mango in China (Li et al., 2019). Liu et al. (2020) reported C. alienum as the causal organism of anthracnose disease on Aquilaria sinensis in China. C. alienum has been previously reported causing mango anthracnose disease in Mexico (Tovar-Pedraza et al., 2020) To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. alienum causing postharvest anthracnose of mango in China. The prevalence of C. alienum was 30% on mango fruit which reflects the importance of this pathogen as a potential problem of mango fruit in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Ahmad
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12661, Institute of Food Science and Technology/ Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,, Haidian District, Beijing100193, China;
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Foshan University, 47868, School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan, Guangdong, China;
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Plant Protection, 243827, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests , Beijing, Beijing, China;
| | - Ankwasa Edgar Mugizi
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12661, Institute of Food Science and Technology/ Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haidian District, Beijing100193, China;
| | - Anam Moosa
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 66724, Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Pathology 38040 University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan, 38040;
| | - Nie Chengrong
- Foshan University, 47868, School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan, Guangdong, China;
| | - Yang Liu
- Foshan University, 47868, School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan, China;
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Hajari E, Nonyane D, Cronje R. Sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers – a tool for litchi breeders in Africa. S AFR J SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2020/7461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Litchi represents an economically important crop in South Africa – however, the local industry is based on only five cultivars. In order to expand the gene pool and to extend the harvest season, new cultivars have been imported. Currently, cultivars are identified based on morphological characteristics, but these are not always reliable. Molecular markers provide a tool to supplement morphological characterisation, particularly in cases in which confusion exists. The present study reports on the application of sequencerelated amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers in litchi for assessment of genetic relationships and molecular characterisation. The results provide evidence for separation of cultivars based on maturation period and fruit characteristics. The SRAP markers provide a tool for molecular characterisation that can be readily used by researchers with limited budgets, which is common in many developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliosha Hajari
- Agricultural Research Council – Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Nelspruit, South Africa
| | - Dzunisani Nonyane
- Agricultural Research Council – Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Nelspruit, South Africa
| | - Regina Cronje
- Agricultural Research Council – Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Nelspruit, South Africa
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Improving the Red Color and Fruit Quality of ‘Kent’ Mango Fruit by Pruning and Preharvest Spraying of Prohydrojasmon or Abscisic Acid. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10070944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pre-harvest application of prohydrojasmon (PDJ) or abscisic acid (ABA) induces the red color in fruits that were exposed to sunlight at the orchard. In this large-scale work, we evaluated the effect of two different pruning techniques of ‘Kent’ mango orchards, one leading to opening the orchard canopy to expose as much fruit as possible to sunlight, while the second pruning leads to square-shaped trees and subsequently reduces the amount of sunlight reaching the fruit. These two pruning methods were combined with preharvest spraying with prohydrojasmon (PDJ) or abscisic acid (ABA) using two different types of sprayers, i.e., regular and air-jet sprayer. Pruning the canopy of the orchards to open and closed trees exposed 80% or 30% of fruits to sunlight, respectively. Both of the application with air-jet and regular sprayers effectively covered the fruit without causing fruit detachment and damage to yield. Both the phytohormones (PDJ and ABA) application treatments induced red blush skin, red intensity, anthocyanin, and flavonoids, particularly in fruit grown outside the tree canopy in both open and closed trees. PDJ and ABA treatments exhibited marginally reduced acidity than the untreated control, while the brix was not affected much by any of the treatments. Besides these, exposure to sunlight and PDJ treatment also reduced postharvest decay and increased chlorophyll degradation and yellowing in comparison to the controls. This study promoted applicative evidence about the positive effects of exposure to sunlight, prohydrojasmon (PDJ), and abscisic acid (ABA) on red color development without compromising the mango fruit’s quality.
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Wang P, Luo Y, Huang J, Gao S, Zhu G, Dang Z, Gai J, Yang M, Zhu M, Zhang H, Ye X, Gao A, Tan X, Wang S, Wu S, Cahoon EB, Bai B, Zhao Z, Li Q, Wei J, Chen H, Luo R, Gong D, Tang K, Zhang B, Ni Z, Huang G, Hu S, Chen Y. The genome evolution and domestication of tropical fruit mango. Genome Biol 2020; 21:60. [PMID: 32143734 PMCID: PMC7059373 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-01959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mango is one of the world’s most important tropical fruits. It belongs to the family Anacardiaceae, which includes several other economically important species, notably cashew, sumac and pistachio from other genera. Many species in this family produce family-specific urushiols and related phenols, which can induce contact dermatitis. Results We generate a chromosome-scale genome assembly of mango, providing a reference genome for the Anacardiaceae family. Our results indicate the occurrence of a recent whole-genome duplication (WGD) event in mango. Duplicated genes preferentially retained include photosynthetic, photorespiration, and lipid metabolic genes that may have provided adaptive advantages to sharp historical decreases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperatures. A notable example of an extended gene family is the chalcone synthase (CHS) family of genes, and particular genes in this family show universally higher expression in peels than in flesh, likely for the biosynthesis of urushiols and related phenols. Genome resequencing reveals two distinct groups of mango varieties, with commercial varieties clustered with India germplasms and demonstrating allelic admixture, and indigenous varieties from Southeast Asia in the second group. Landraces indigenous in China formed distinct clades, and some showed admixture in genomes. Conclusions Analysis of chromosome-scale mango genome sequences reveals photosynthesis and lipid metabolism are preferentially retained after a recent WGD event, and expansion of CHS genes is likely associated with urushiol biosynthesis in mango. Genome resequencing clarifies two groups of mango varieties, discovers allelic admixture in commercial varieties, and shows distinct genetic background of landraces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, No. 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571100, Hainan, China.
| | - Yingfeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-3 West Beichen Road, Beijing, 100101, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, No. 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571100, Hainan, China
| | - Shenghan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-3 West Beichen Road, Beijing, 100101, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guopeng Zhu
- School of Landscape and Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570208, Hainan, China
| | - Zhiguo Dang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, No. 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571100, Hainan, China
| | - Jiangtao Gai
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, No. 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571100, Hainan, China
| | - Meng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, No. 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571100, Hainan, China
| | - Huangkai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuxu Ye
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, No. 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571100, Hainan, China
| | - Aiping Gao
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, No. 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571100, Hainan, China
| | - Xinyu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-3 West Beichen Road, Beijing, 100101, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangyang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Beibei Bai
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, No. 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571100, Hainan, China.,School of Landscape and Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570208, Hainan, China
| | - Zhichang Zhao
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, No. 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571100, Hainan, China
| | - Qian Li
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, No. 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571100, Hainan, China
| | - Junya Wei
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, No. 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571100, Hainan, China
| | - Huarui Chen
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, No. 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571100, Hainan, China
| | - Ruixiong Luo
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, No. 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571100, Hainan, China
| | - Deyong Gong
- Guizhou Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Xingyi, Qianxinan, Guzhou, 562400, China
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Core Genomic Facility and CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences & Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangguang Ni
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, 678005, Yunnan, China
| | - Guodi Huang
- Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Songnian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-3 West Beichen Road, Beijing, 100101, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yeyuan Chen
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, No. 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou, 571100, Hainan, China. .,School of Landscape and Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570208, Hainan, China.
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18
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Colletotrichum species associated with mango in southern China. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18891. [PMID: 31827115 PMCID: PMC6906457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an economically significant fruit crop in provinces of southern China including Hainan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangdong and Fujian. The objective of this study was to examine the diversity of Colletotrichum species infecting mango cultivars in major growing areas in China, using morphological and molecular techniques together with pathogenicity tests on detached leaves and fruits. Over 200 Colletotrichum isolates were obtained across all mango orchards investigated, and 128 of them were selected for sequencing and analyses of actin (ACT), chitin synthase (CHS-1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, β-tubulin (TUB2) genomic regions. Our results showed that the most common fungal isolates associated with mango in southern China involved 13 species: Colletotrichum asianum, C. cliviicola, C. cordylinicola, C. endophytica, C. fructicola, C. gigasporum, C. gloeosporioides, C. karstii, C. liaoningense, C. musae, C. scovillei, C. siamense and C. tropicale. The dominant species were C. asianum and C. siamense each accounting for 30%, and C. fructicola for 25%. Only C. asianum, C. fructicola, C. scovillei and C. siamense have previously been reported on mango, while the other nine Colletotrichum species listed above were first reports associated with mango in China. From this study, five Colletotrichum species, namely C. cordylinicola, C. endophytica, C. gigasporum, C. liaoningense and C. musae were the first report on mango worldwide. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all 13 species caused symptoms on artificially wounded mango fruit and leaves (cv. Tainong). There was no obvious relationship between aggressiveness and the geographic origin of the isolates. These findings will help in mango disease management and future disease resistance breeding.
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19
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Yamanaka S, Hosaka F, Matsumura M, Onoue-Makishi Y, Nashima K, Urasaki N, Ogata T, Shoda M, Yamamoto T. Genetic diversity and relatedness of mango cultivars assessed by SSR markers. BREEDING SCIENCE 2019; 69:332-344. [PMID: 31481843 PMCID: PMC6711724 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.18204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of genetic diversity and relatedness is an essential component of germplasm characterization and use. We analyzed 120 mango (Mangifera indica L.) genetic resources in Japan for their parentage, cultivar identification, genetic relatedness, and genetic diversity, using 46 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Ten sets of three SSR markers could successfully distinguish 83 genotypes with the exception of synonymous and identical accessions. We successfully assessed parentage, newly identifying or reconfirming both parents of 11 accessions, and revealing over 30 cultivars as offspring of 'Haden'. Genetic relatedness and diversity analyses revealed three distinct clusters. Two clusters correspond to the groups of USA and India, which are closely related. The other includes accessions from Southeast and East Asia. The results agree with the previous identification of genetically distinct Indian and Southeast Asian types, and suggest that the Florida accessions, which originated from hybrids between those two types, are more closely related to the Indian type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Yamanaka
- Tropical Agriculture Research Front, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences,
1091-1 Maezato-Kawarabaru, Ishigaki, Okinawa 907-0002,
Japan
| | - Fumiko Hosaka
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO,
2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605,
Japan
| | - Masato Matsumura
- Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center Nago Branch,
4605-3 Nago, Nago, Okinawa 905-0012,
Japan
| | - Yuko Onoue-Makishi
- Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center Nago Branch,
4605-3 Nago, Nago, Okinawa 905-0012,
Japan
| | - Kenji Nashima
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO,
2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605,
Japan
| | - Naoya Urasaki
- Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center,
820 Makabe, Itoman, Okinawa 901-0336,
Japan
| | - Tatsushi Ogata
- Tropical Agriculture Research Front, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences,
1091-1 Maezato-Kawarabaru, Ishigaki, Okinawa 907-0002,
Japan
| | - Moriyuki Shoda
- Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center,
820 Makabe, Itoman, Okinawa 901-0336,
Japan
| | - Toshiya Yamamoto
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO,
2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605,
Japan
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20
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Warschefsky EJ, von Wettberg EJB. Population genomic analysis of mango (Mangifera indica) suggests a complex history of domestication. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:2023-2037. [PMID: 30730057 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Humans have domesticated diverse species from across the plant kingdom, yet much of our foundational knowledge of domestication has come from studies investigating relatively few of the most important annual food crops. Here, we examine the impacts of domestication on genetic diversity in a tropical perennial fruit species, mango (Mangifera indica). We used restriction site associated DNA sequencing to generate genomic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from 106 mango cultivars from seven geographical regions along with 52 samples of closely related species and unidentified cultivars to identify centers of mango genetic diversity and examine how post-domestication dispersal shaped the geographical distribution of diversity. We identify two gene pools of cultivated mango, representing Indian and Southeast Asian germplasm. We found no significant genetic bottleneck associated with the introduction of mango into new regions of the world. By contrast, we show that mango populations in introduced regions have elevated levels of diversity. Our results suggest that mango has a more complex history of domestication than previously supposed, perhaps including multiple domestication events, hybridization and regional selection. Our work has direct implications for mango breeding and genebank management, and also builds on recent efforts to understand how woody perennial crops respond to domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Warschefsky
- Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Eric J B von Wettberg
- Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Plant and Soil Science, The University of Vermont, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, USA
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21
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Ahmad R, Anjum MA, Malik W. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Characterization and Evaluation of Mango Germplasm Through Morphological, Biochemical, and Molecular Markers Focusing on Fruit Production: An Overview. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 61:631. [PMID: 30315501 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Riaz Ahmad
- Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akbar Anjum
- Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Waqas Malik
- Genomics Lab, Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
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