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Chen JB, Bao SW, Fang YL, Wei LY, Zhu WS, Peng YL, Fan J. An LRR-only protein promotes NLP-triggered cell death and disease susceptibility by facilitating oligomerization of NLP in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1808-1822. [PMID: 34403491 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) constitute a superfamily of proteins toxic to dicot plants, but the molecular basis of this toxicity remains obscure. Using quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis we investigated the genetic variation underlying ion leakage in Arabidopsis plants elicited with MoNLP1 derived from Magnaporthe oryzae. The QTL conditioning MoNLP1 toxicity was positionally cloned and further characterized to elucidate its mode of action. MoNLP1-triggered cell death varied significantly across > 250 Arabidopsis accessions and three QTLs were identified conferring the observed variation. The QTL on chromosome 4 was uncovered to encode a leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-only protein designated as NTCD4, which shares high sequence identity with a set of nucleotide-binding LRR proteins. NTCD4 was secreted into the apoplast and physically interacted with multiple NLPs. Apoplastic NTCD4 facilitated the oligomerization of NLP, which was closely associated with toxicity in planta. The natural genetic variation causing D3N change in NTCD4 reduced the secretion efficiency of NTCD4 and the infection of Botrytis cinerea on Arabidopsis plants. These observations demonstrate that the plant-derived NTCD4 is recruited by NLPs to promote toxicity via facilitating their oligomerization, which extends our understanding of a key step in the toxic mode of action of NLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Wen Bao
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Li Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Yang Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Wang-Sheng Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
- Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
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Chung PJ, Singh GP, Huang CH, Koyyappurath S, Seo JS, Mao HZ, Diloknawarit P, Ram RJ, Sarojam R, Chua NH. Rapid Detection and Quantification of Plant Innate Immunity Response Using Raman Spectroscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:746586. [PMID: 34745179 PMCID: PMC8566886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.746586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a rapid Raman spectroscopy-based method for the detection and quantification of early innate immunity responses in Arabidopsis and Choy Sum plants. Arabidopsis plants challenged with flg22 and elf18 elicitors could be differentiated from mock-treated plants by their Raman spectral fingerprints. From the difference Raman spectrum and the value of p at each Raman shift, we derived the Elicitor Response Index (ERI) as a quantitative measure of the response whereby a higher ERI value indicates a more significant elicitor-induced immune response. Among various Raman spectral bands contributing toward the ERI value, the most significant changes were observed in those associated with carotenoids and proteins. To validate these results, we investigated several characterized Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) mutants. Compared to wild type (WT), positive regulatory mutants had ERI values close to zero, whereas negative regulatory mutants at early time points had higher ERI values. Similar to elicitor treatments, we derived an analogous Infection Response Index (IRI) as a quantitative measure to detect the early PTI response in Arabidopsis and Choy Sum plants infected with bacterial pathogens. The Raman spectral bands contributing toward a high IRI value were largely identical to the ERI Raman spectral bands. Raman spectroscopy is a convenient tool for rapid screening for Arabidopsis PTI mutants and may be suitable for the noninvasive and early diagnosis of pathogen-infected crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Joong Chung
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gajendra P. Singh
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chung-Hao Huang
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sayuj Koyyappurath
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Sung Seo
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui-Zhu Mao
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Piyarut Diloknawarit
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rajeev J. Ram
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rajani Sarojam
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nam-Hai Chua
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Tahir J, Hoyte S, Bassett H, Brendolise C, Chatterjee A, Templeton K, Deng C, Crowhurst R, Montefiori M, Morgan E, Wotton A, Funnell K, Wiedow C, Knaebel M, Hedderley D, Vanneste J, McCallum J, Hoeata K, Nath A, Chagné D, Gea L, Gardiner SE. Multiple quantitative trait loci contribute to resistance to bacterial canker incited by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:101. [PMID: 31645956 PMCID: PMC6804790 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) biovar 3, a virulent, canker-inducing pathogen is an economic threat to the kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) industry worldwide. The commercially grown diploid (2×) A. chinensis var. chinensis is more susceptible to Psa than tetraploid and hexaploid kiwifruit. However information on the genetic loci modulating Psa resistance in kiwifruit is not available. Here we report mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) regulating resistance to Psa in a diploid kiwifruit population, derived from a cross between an elite Psa-susceptible 'Hort16A' and a resistant male breeding parent P1. Using high-density genetic maps and intensive phenotyping, we identified a single QTL for Psa resistance on Linkage Group (LG) 27 of 'Hort16A' revealing 16-19% phenotypic variance and candidate alleles for susceptibility and resistance at this loci. In addition, six minor QTLs were identified in P1 on distinct LGs, exerting 4-9% variance. Resistance in the F1 population is improved by additive effects from 'Hort16A' and P1 QTLs providing evidence that divergent genetic pathways interact to combat the virulent Psa strain. Two different bioassays further identified new QTLs for tissue-specific responses to Psa. The genetic marker at LG27 QTL was further verified for association with Psa resistance in diploid Actinidia chinensis populations. Transcriptome analysis of Psa-resistant and susceptible genotypes in field revealed hallmarks of basal defense and provided candidate RNA-biomarkers for screening for Psa resistance in greenhouse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran Tahir
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Stephen Hoyte
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant Food Research Limited, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Heather Bassett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Cyril Brendolise
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92–169, Auckland, 1025 New Zealand
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92–169, Auckland, 1025 New Zealand
| | - Kerry Templeton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92–169, Auckland, 1025 New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92–169, Auckland, 1025 New Zealand
| | - Ross Crowhurst
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92–169, Auckland, 1025 New Zealand
| | | | - Ed Morgan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Andrew Wotton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Keith Funnell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Claudia Wiedow
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Mareike Knaebel
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Duncan Hedderley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Joel Vanneste
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant Food Research Limited, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - John McCallum
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Kirsten Hoeata
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 412 No 1 Road, RD2, Te Puke, 3182 New Zealand
| | - Amardeep Nath
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 412 No 1 Road, RD2, Te Puke, 3182 New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Luis Gea
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 412 No 1 Road, RD2, Te Puke, 3182 New Zealand
| | - Susan E. Gardiner
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
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4
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Gimenez-Ibanez S, Hann DR, Chang JH, Segonzac C, Boller T, Rathjen JP. Differential Suppression of Nicotiana benthamiana Innate Immune Responses by Transiently Expressed Pseudomonas syringae Type III Effectors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:688. [PMID: 29875790 PMCID: PMC5974120 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae injects about 30 different virulence proteins, so-called effectors, via a type III secretion system into plant cells to promote disease. Although some of these effectors are known to suppress either pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) or effector-triggered immunity (ETI), the mode of action of most of them remains unknown. Here, we used transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, to test the abilities of type III effectors of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (Pta) 11528 to interfere with plant immunity. We monitored the sequential and rapid bursts of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS), the subsequent induction of defense gene expression, and promotion of cell death. We found that several effector proteins caused cell death, but independently of the known plant immune regulator NbSGT1, a gene essential for ETI. Furthermore, many effectors delayed or blocked the cell death-promoting activity of other effectors, thereby potentially contributing to pathogenesis. Secondly, a large number of effectors were able to suppress PAMP-induced defense responses. In the majority of cases, this resulted in suppression of all studied PAMP responses, suggesting that these effectors target common elements of PTI. However, effectors also targeted different steps within defense pathways and could be divided into three major groups based on their suppressive activities. Finally, the abilities of effectors of both Pto DC3000 and Pta 11528 to suppress plant immunity was conserved in most but not all cases. Overall, our data present a comprehensive picture of the mode of action of these effectors and indicate that most of them suppress plant defenses in various ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dagmar R Hann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeff H Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Thomas Boller
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John P Rathjen
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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