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Hemara LM, Jayaraman J, Sutherland PW, Montefiori M, Arshed S, Chatterjee A, Chen R, Andersen MT, Mesarich CH, van der Linden O, Yoon M, Schipper MM, Vanneste JL, Brendolise C, Templeton MD. Effector loss drives adaptation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 to Actinidia arguta. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010542. [PMID: 35622878 PMCID: PMC9182610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A pandemic isolate of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa3) has devastated kiwifruit orchards growing cultivars of Actinidia chinensis. In contrast, A. arguta (kiwiberry) is not a host of Psa3. Resistance is mediated via effector-triggered immunity, as demonstrated by induction of the hypersensitive response in infected A. arguta leaves, observed by microscopy and quantified by ion-leakage assays. Isolates of Psa3 that cause disease in A. arguta have been isolated and analyzed, revealing a 51 kb deletion in the exchangeable effector locus (EEL). This natural EEL-mutant isolate and strains with synthetic knockouts of the EEL were more virulent in A. arguta plantlets than wild-type Psa3. Screening of a complete library of Psa3 effector knockout strains identified increased growth in planta for knockouts of four effectors–AvrRpm1a, HopF1c, HopZ5a, and the EEL effector HopAW1a –suggesting a resistance response in A. arguta. Hypersensitive response (HR) assays indicate that three of these effectors trigger a host species-specific HR. A Psa3 strain with all four effectors knocked out escaped host recognition, but a cumulative increase in bacterial pathogenicity and virulence was not observed. These avirulence effectors can be used in turn to identify the first cognate resistance genes in Actinidia for breeding durable resistance into future kiwifruit cultivars. Clonally propagated monoculture crop plants facilitate the emergence and spread of new diseases. Plant pathogens cause disease by the secretion of effectors that function by repressing the host defense response. While the last few decades have seen a huge increase in our understanding of the role effectors play in mediating plant-pathogen interactions, the combinations of effectors required for the establishment of plant disease and that account for host specificity are less well understood. Breeding genetic resistance is often used to protect plants from disease but it is frequently evaded by rapidly evolving pathogens. Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) which causes bacterial canker disease of kiwifruit has spread rapidly throughout the world’s kiwifruit orchards, particularly those growing cultivars of Actinidia chinensis. Other Actinidia species including A. arguta display strong resistance conferred by recognition of effectors delivered by Psa. We explore the depth and dynamics of Psa effector recognition by A. arguta and show that there is a trade-off between losses of effector recognition by A. arguta versus the retention of pathogenicity. Our findings should aid in the understanding of how to breed durable resistance into perennial plants challenged by swiftly evolving pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Hemara
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aoteoroa, New Zealand
| | - Jay Jayaraman
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aoteoroa, New Zealand
| | - Paul W. Sutherland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mirco Montefiori
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Saadiah Arshed
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ronan Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Food Industry Science Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mark T. Andersen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Bioprotection Aoteoroa, New Zealand
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Otto van der Linden
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Minsoo Yoon
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Magan M. Schipper
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Ruakura Campus, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Joel L. Vanneste
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Ruakura Campus, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Cyril Brendolise
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew D. Templeton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aoteoroa, New Zealand
- * E-mail: ,
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2
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Barrett-Manako K, Andersen M, Martínez-Sánchez M, Jenkins H, Hunter S, Reese-George J, Montefiori M, Wohlers M, Rikkerink E, Templeton M, Nardozza S. Real-Time PCR and Droplet Digital PCR Are Accurate and Reliable Methods To Quantify Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Biovar 3 in Kiwifruit Infected Plantlets. Plant Dis 2021; 105:1748-1757. [PMID: 33206018 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-20-1703-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is the etiological agent of kiwifruit canker disease, causing severe economic losses in kiwifruit production areas around the world. Rapid diagnosis, understanding of bacterial virulence, and rate of infection in kiwifruit cultivars are important in applying effective measures of disease control. P. syringae pv. actinidiae load in kiwifruit is currently determined by a labor-intense colony counting method with no high-throughput and specific quantification method being validated. In this work, we used three alternative P. syringae pv. actinidiae quantification methods in two infected kiwifruit cultivars: start of growth time, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Method performance in each case was compared with the colony counting method. Methods were validated using calibration curves obtained with serial dilutions of P. syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa3) inoculum and standard growth curves obtained from kiwifruit samples infected with Psa3 inoculum. All three alternative methods showed high correlation (r > 0.85) with the colony counting method. qPCR and ddPCR were very specific, sensitive (5 × 102 CFU/cm2), highly correlated to each other (r = 0.955), and flexible, allowing for sample storage. The inclusion of a kiwifruit biomass marker increased the methods' accuracy. The qPCR method was efficient and allowed for high-throughput processing, and the ddPCR method showed highly accurate results but was more expensive and time consuming. While not ideal for high-throughput processing, ddPCR was useful in developing accurate standard curves for the qPCR method. The combination of the two methods is high-throughput, specific for Psa3 quantification, and useful for research studies (e.g., disease phenotyping and host-pathogen interactions).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Andersen
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Heather Jenkins
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Shannon Hunter
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Reese-George
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mirco Montefiori
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mark Wohlers
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Erik Rikkerink
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Matt Templeton
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Simona Nardozza
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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3
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Nardozza S, Boldingh HL, Kashuba MP, Feil R, Jones D, Thrimawithana AH, Ireland HS, Philippe M, Wohlers MW, McGhie TK, Montefiori M, Lunn JE, Allan AC, Richardson AC. Carbon starvation reduces carbohydrate and anthocyanin accumulation in red-fleshed fruit via trehalose 6-phosphate and MYB27. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:819-835. [PMID: 31834629 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) is a recently domesticated fruit crop with several novel-coloured cultivars being developed. Achieving uniform fruit flesh pigmentation in red genotypes is challenging. To investigate the cause of colour variation between fruits, we focused on a red-fleshed Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis genotype. It was hypothesized that carbohydrate supply could be responsible for this variation. Early in fruit development, we imposed high or low (carbon starvation) carbohydrate supplies treatments; carbohydrate import or redistribution was controlled by applying a girdle at the shoot base. Carbon starvation affected fruit development as well as anthocyanin and carbohydrate metabolite concentrations, including the signalling molecule trehalose 6-phosphate. RNA-Seq analysis showed down-regulation of both gene-encoding enzymes in the anthocyanin and carbohydrate biosynthetic pathways. The catalytic trehalose 6-phosphate synthase gene TPS1.1a was down-regulated, whereas putative regulatory TPS7 and TPS11 were strongly up-regulated. Unexpectedly, under carbon starvation MYB10, the anthocyanin pathway regulatory activator was slightly up-regulated, whereas MYB27 was also up-regulated and acts as a repressor. To link these two metabolic pathways, we propose a model where trehalose 6-phosphate and the active repressor MYB27 are involved in sensing the carbon starvation status. This signals the plant to save resources and reduce the production of anthocyanin in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Nardozza
- New Cultivar Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen L Boldingh
- Sustainable Production, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - M Peggy Kashuba
- Sustainable Production, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Kerikeri, New Zealand
| | - Regina Feil
- System Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Dan Jones
- New Cultivar Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amali H Thrimawithana
- New Cultivar Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hilary S Ireland
- New Cultivar Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marine Philippe
- New Cultivar Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark W Wohlers
- New Cultivar Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tony K McGhie
- Food Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mirco Montefiori
- New Cultivar Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John E Lunn
- System Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Andrew C Allan
- New Cultivar Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Annette C Richardson
- Sustainable Production, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Kerikeri, New Zealand
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4
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Tahir J, Hoyte S, Bassett H, Brendolise C, Chatterjee A, Templeton K, Deng C, Crowhurst R, Montefiori M, Morgan E, Wotton A, Funnell K, Wiedow C, Knaebel M, Hedderley D, Vanneste J, McCallum J, Hoeata K, Nath A, Chagné D, Gea L, Gardiner SE. Multiple quantitative trait loci contribute to resistance to bacterial canker incited by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis). Hortic Res 2019; 6:101. [PMID: 31645956 PMCID: PMC6804790 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) biovar 3, a virulent, canker-inducing pathogen is an economic threat to the kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) industry worldwide. The commercially grown diploid (2×) A. chinensis var. chinensis is more susceptible to Psa than tetraploid and hexaploid kiwifruit. However information on the genetic loci modulating Psa resistance in kiwifruit is not available. Here we report mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) regulating resistance to Psa in a diploid kiwifruit population, derived from a cross between an elite Psa-susceptible 'Hort16A' and a resistant male breeding parent P1. Using high-density genetic maps and intensive phenotyping, we identified a single QTL for Psa resistance on Linkage Group (LG) 27 of 'Hort16A' revealing 16-19% phenotypic variance and candidate alleles for susceptibility and resistance at this loci. In addition, six minor QTLs were identified in P1 on distinct LGs, exerting 4-9% variance. Resistance in the F1 population is improved by additive effects from 'Hort16A' and P1 QTLs providing evidence that divergent genetic pathways interact to combat the virulent Psa strain. Two different bioassays further identified new QTLs for tissue-specific responses to Psa. The genetic marker at LG27 QTL was further verified for association with Psa resistance in diploid Actinidia chinensis populations. Transcriptome analysis of Psa-resistant and susceptible genotypes in field revealed hallmarks of basal defense and provided candidate RNA-biomarkers for screening for Psa resistance in greenhouse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran Tahir
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Stephen Hoyte
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant Food Research Limited, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Heather Bassett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Cyril Brendolise
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92–169, Auckland, 1025 New Zealand
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92–169, Auckland, 1025 New Zealand
| | - Kerry Templeton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92–169, Auckland, 1025 New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92–169, Auckland, 1025 New Zealand
| | - Ross Crowhurst
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92–169, Auckland, 1025 New Zealand
| | | | - Ed Morgan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Andrew Wotton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Keith Funnell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Claudia Wiedow
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Mareike Knaebel
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Duncan Hedderley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Joel Vanneste
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant Food Research Limited, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - John McCallum
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Kirsten Hoeata
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 412 No 1 Road, RD2, Te Puke, 3182 New Zealand
| | - Amardeep Nath
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 412 No 1 Road, RD2, Te Puke, 3182 New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Luis Gea
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 412 No 1 Road, RD2, Te Puke, 3182 New Zealand
| | - Susan E. Gardiner
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11030, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
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5
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Pilkington SM, Crowhurst R, Hilario E, Nardozza S, Fraser L, Peng Y, Gunaseelan K, Simpson R, Tahir J, Deroles SC, Templeton K, Luo Z, Davy M, Cheng C, McNeilage M, Scaglione D, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Datson P, De Silva N, Gardiner SE, Bassett H, Chagné D, McCallum J, Dzierzon H, Deng C, Wang YY, Barron L, Manako K, Bowen J, Foster TM, Erridge ZA, Tiffin H, Waite CN, Davies KM, Grierson EP, Laing WA, Kirk R, Chen X, Wood M, Montefiori M, Brummell DA, Schwinn KE, Catanach A, Fullerton C, Li D, Meiyalaghan S, Nieuwenhuizen N, Read N, Prakash R, Hunter D, Zhang H, McKenzie M, Knäbel M, Harris A, Allan AC, Gleave A, Chen A, Janssen BJ, Plunkett B, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Voogd C, Leif D, Lafferty D, Souleyre EJF, Varkonyi-Gasic E, Gambi F, Hanley J, Yao JL, Cheung J, David KM, Warren B, Marsh K, Snowden KC, Lin-Wang K, Brian L, Martinez-Sanchez M, Wang M, Ileperuma N, Macnee N, Campin R, McAtee P, Drummond RSM, Espley RV, Ireland HS, Wu R, Atkinson RG, Karunairetnam S, Bulley S, Chunkath S, Hanley Z, Storey R, Thrimawithana AH, Thomson S, David C, Testolin R, Huang H, Hellens RP, Schaffer RJ. A manually annotated Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis (kiwifruit) genome highlights the challenges associated with draft genomes and gene prediction in plants. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:257. [PMID: 29661190 PMCID: PMC5902842 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most published genome sequences are drafts, and most are dominated by computational gene prediction. Draft genomes typically incorporate considerable sequence data that are not assigned to chromosomes, and predicted genes without quality confidence measures. The current Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) ‘Hongyang’ draft genome has 164 Mb of sequences unassigned to pseudo-chromosomes, and omissions have been identified in the gene models. Results A second genome of an A. chinensis (genotype Red5) was fully sequenced. This new sequence resulted in a 554.0 Mb assembly with all but 6 Mb assigned to pseudo-chromosomes. Pseudo-chromosomal comparisons showed a considerable number of translocation events have occurred following a whole genome duplication (WGD) event some consistent with centromeric Robertsonian-like translocations. RNA sequencing data from 12 tissues and ab initio analysis informed a genome-wide manual annotation, using the WebApollo tool. In total, 33,044 gene loci represented by 33,123 isoforms were identified, named and tagged for quality of evidential support. Of these 3114 (9.4%) were identical to a protein within ‘Hongyang’ The Kiwifruit Information Resource (KIR v2). Some proportion of the differences will be varietal polymorphisms. However, as most computationally predicted Red5 models required manual re-annotation this proportion is expected to be small. The quality of the new gene models was tested by fully sequencing 550 cloned ‘Hort16A’ cDNAs and comparing with the predicted protein models for Red5 and both the original ‘Hongyang’ assembly and the revised annotation from KIR v2. Only 48.9% and 63.5% of the cDNAs had a match with 90% identity or better to the original and revised ‘Hongyang’ annotation, respectively, compared with 90.9% to the Red5 models. Conclusions Our study highlights the need to take a cautious approach to draft genomes and computationally predicted genes. Our use of the manual annotation tool WebApollo facilitated manual checking and correction of gene models enabling improvement of computational prediction. This utility was especially relevant for certain types of gene families such as the EXPANSIN like genes. Finally, this high quality gene set will supply the kiwifruit and general plant community with a new tool for genomics and other comparative analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4656-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Pilkington
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ross Crowhurst
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Elena Hilario
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Simona Nardozza
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lena Fraser
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yongyan Peng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kularajathevan Gunaseelan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robert Simpson
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jibran Tahir
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Kerry Templeton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Marcus Davy
- PFR, 412 No 1 Road, Te Puke, Bay of Plenty, 3182, New Zealand
| | - Canhong Cheng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mark McNeilage
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Davide Scaglione
- IGA Technology Services, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico, Udine, Italy
| | - Yifei Liu
- South China Botanic Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Paul Datson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nihal De Silva
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | | | - David Chagné
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - John McCallum
- PFR, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Helge Dzierzon
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yen-Yi Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lorna Barron
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kelvina Manako
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Judith Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Toshi M Foster
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Zoe A Erridge
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Heather Tiffin
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Chethi N Waite
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Kevin M Davies
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Rebecca Kirk
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Xiuyin Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Marion Wood
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mirco Montefiori
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Christina Fullerton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Dawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Niels Nieuwenhuizen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Read
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Roneel Prakash
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Don Hunter
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Huaibi Zhang
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Mareike Knäbel
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Alastair Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Gleave
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Angela Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Bart J Janssen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Blue Plunkett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte Voogd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Davin Leif
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Declan Lafferty
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Edwige J F Souleyre
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Erika Varkonyi-Gasic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Francesco Gambi
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Hanley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Joey Cheung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Karine M David
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ben Warren
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ken Marsh
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kimberley C Snowden
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kui Lin-Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lara Brian
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Marcela Martinez-Sanchez
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mindy Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nadeesha Ileperuma
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nikolai Macnee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robert Campin
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Peter McAtee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Revel S M Drummond
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hilary S Ireland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Rongmei Wu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sakuntala Karunairetnam
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sean Bulley
- PFR, 412 No 1 Road, Te Puke, Bay of Plenty, 3182, New Zealand
| | - Shayhan Chunkath
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Zac Hanley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Roy Storey
- PFR, 412 No 1 Road, Te Puke, Bay of Plenty, 3182, New Zealand
| | - Amali H Thrimawithana
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Susan Thomson
- PFR, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Charles David
- PFR, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Raffaele Testolin
- IGA Technology Services, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico, Udine, Italy.,Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Hongwen Huang
- South China Botanic Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Roger P Hellens
- Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, 4001, Australia
| | - Robert J Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. .,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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6
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Rota P, Papini N, La Rocca P, Montefiori M, Cirillo F, Piccoli M, Scurati R, Olsen L, Allevi P, Anastasia L. Synthesis and chemical characterization of several perfluorinated sialic acid glycals and evaluation of their in vitro antiviral activity against Newcastle disease virus. Medchemcomm 2017; 8:1505-1513. [PMID: 30108862 PMCID: PMC6072510 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00072c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, causes a serious infectious disease in birds, resulting in severe losses in the poultry industry every year. Haemagglutinin neuraminidase glycoprotein (HN) has been recognized as a key protein in the viral infection mechanism, and its inhibition represents an attractive target for the development of new drugs based on sialic acid glycals, with the 2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-d-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac2en) as their backbone. Herein we report the synthesis of several Neu5Ac2en glycals and of their perfluorinated C-5 modified derivatives, including their respective stereoisomers at C-4, together with evaluation of their in vitro antiviral activity. While all synthesized compounds were found to be active HN inhibitors in the micromolar range, we found that their potency was influenced by the chain-length of the C-5 perfluorinated acetamido functionality. Thus, the binding modes of the inhibitors were also investigated by performing a docking study. Moreover, the perfluorinated glycals were found to be more active than the corresponding normal C-5 acylic derivatives. Finally, cell-cell fusion assays on NDV infected cells revealed that the addition of a newly synthesized C-4α heptafluorobutyryl derivative almost completely inhibited NDV-induced syncytium formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rota
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering , IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2 , 20097 San Donato Milanese , Milan , Italy . ; ; Tel: +0252774674
- Department of Biomedical , Surgical and Dental Sciences , University of Milan , Via Saldini 50 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - N Papini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine , University of Milan , Via Fratelli Cervi 93 , 20090 Segrate , Milan , Italy
| | - P La Rocca
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering , IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2 , 20097 San Donato Milanese , Milan , Italy . ; ; Tel: +0252774674
- Department of Biomedical , Surgical and Dental Sciences , University of Milan , Via Saldini 50 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - M Montefiori
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - F Cirillo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering , IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2 , 20097 San Donato Milanese , Milan , Italy . ; ; Tel: +0252774674
| | - M Piccoli
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering , IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2 , 20097 San Donato Milanese , Milan , Italy . ; ; Tel: +0252774674
| | - R Scurati
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - L Olsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - P Allevi
- Department of Biomedical , Surgical and Dental Sciences , University of Milan , Via Saldini 50 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - L Anastasia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering , IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2 , 20097 San Donato Milanese , Milan , Italy . ; ; Tel: +0252774674
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , University of Milan , Via Fratelli Cervi 9 , 20090 Segrate , Milan , Italy
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7
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Venturini A, Cenderello G, Di Biagio A, Giannini B, Ameri M, Giacomini M, Montefiori M, Setti M, Mazzarello G, Merlano C, Orcamo P, Viscoli C, Cassola G. Quality of life in an Italian cohort of people living with HIV in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (Evidence from I.A.N.U.A. study-investigation on antiretroviral therapy). AIDS Care 2017; 29:1373-1377. [PMID: 28150510 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2017.1286286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess the Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) who attend outpatient services in Genoa, Italy, and to evaluate the relationship between HRQoL and clinical factors, primarily: CD4+ cell count, viral load and HIV-Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) coinfection. A cross-sectional study was performed involving a sample of 943 consecutive patients. Firstly the EuroQol-Five Dimensions-Three Level (EQ-5D-3L) self-reported questionnaire was used to evaluate HRQoL, while socio-demographic information was collected using a separate self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analysis was then used to show the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample. Having characterized the sample, Pearson's correlation technique was used to assess the relationship between HRQoL and socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Finally, multivariable linear regression was used to determine factors associated with HRQOL. The median EQ-Visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) score was 75.4 (SD 18.4). We found statistically significant associations between the EQ-VAS score and age, coinfection with HCV+, education, other drugs taken over cART, hospitalization due to HIV and a CD4+ cell count <200 mm3 compared with CD4+ cell count >500 mm3. Factors independently associated with lower HRQoL were: older age, coinfection with HCV+, other drugs used in addition to cART, hospitalization due to HIV and CD4+ cell count <200 mm3 compared with CD4+ cell count >500 mm3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Venturini
- a S.C. Malattie Infettive, E.O. Ospedali Galliera
| | - G Cenderello
- a S.C. Malattie Infettive, E.O. Ospedali Galliera
| | - A Di Biagio
- b Clinica di Malattie Infettive, Università di Genova. IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST
| | - B Giannini
- c Dipartimento di Informatica, Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi , Università di Genova
| | - M Ameri
- d Dipartimento di Economia , Università di Genova
| | - M Giacomini
- c Dipartimento di Informatica, Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi , Università di Genova
| | - M Montefiori
- d Dipartimento di Economia , Università di Genova
| | - M Setti
- e Clinica di Medicina Interna ad Orientamento Immunologico, Università di Genova. IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST
| | - G Mazzarello
- b Clinica di Malattie Infettive, Università di Genova. IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST
| | - C Merlano
- f Agenzia Regionale Sanitaria, Regione Liguria
| | - P Orcamo
- f Agenzia Regionale Sanitaria, Regione Liguria
| | - C Viscoli
- b Clinica di Malattie Infettive, Università di Genova. IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST
| | - G Cassola
- a S.C. Malattie Infettive, E.O. Ospedali Galliera
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8
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Brendolise C, Montefiori M, Dinis R, Peeters N, Storey RD, Rikkerink EH. A novel hairpin library-based approach to identify NBS-LRR genes required for effector-triggered hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant Methods 2017; 13:32. [PMID: 28465712 PMCID: PMC5408436 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PTI and ETI are the two major defence mechanisms in plants. ETI is triggered by the detection of pathogen effectors, or their activity, in the plant cell and most of the time involves internal receptors known as resistance (R) genes. An increasing number of R genes responsible for recognition of specific effectors have been characterised over the years; however, methods to identify R genes are often challenging and cannot always be translated to crop plants. RESULTS We present a novel method to identify R genes responsible for the recognition of specific effectors that trigger a hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana. This method is based on the genome-wide identification of most of the potential R genes of N. benthamiana and a systematic silencing of these potential R genes in a simple transient expression assay. A hairpin-RNAi library was constructed covering 345 R gene candidates of N. benthamiana. This library was then validated using several previously described R genes. Our approach indeed confirmed that Prf, NRC2a/b and NRC3 are required for the HR that is mediated in N. benthamiana by Pto/avrPto (prf, NRC2a/b and NRC3) and by Cf4/avr4 (NRC2a/b and NRC3). We also confirmed that NRG1, in association with N, is required for the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)-mediated HR in N. benthamiana. CONCLUSION We present a novel approach combining bioinformatics, multiple-gene silencing and transient expression assay screening to rapidly identify one-to-one relationships between pathogen effectors and host R genes in N. benthamiana. This approach allowed the identification of previously described R genes responsible for detection of avirulence determinants from Pseudomonas, Cladosporium and TMV, demonstrating that the method could be applied to any effectors/proteins originating from a broad range of plant pathogens that trigger an HR in N. benthamiana. Moreover, with the increasing availability of genome sequences from model and crop plants and pathogens, this approach could be implemented in other plants, accelerating the process of identification and characterization of novel resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Brendolise
- Mt Albert Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), 120 Mt Albert Road, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Mirco Montefiori
- Mt Albert Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), 120 Mt Albert Road, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Romain Dinis
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes (LIPM), UMR441, CS52627, Chemin de Borde Rouge, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nemo Peeters
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes (LIPM), UMR441, CS52627, Chemin de Borde Rouge, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Roy D. Storey
- Te Puke Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), 412 No. 1 Road, RD 2, Te Puke, 3182 New Zealand
| | - Erik H. Rikkerink
- Mt Albert Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), 120 Mt Albert Road, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
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9
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Datson P, Nardozza S, Manako K, Herrick J, Martinez-Sanchez M, Curtis C, Montefiori M. MONITORING THE ACTINIDIA GERMPLASM FOR RESISTANCE TO PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE PV. ACTINIDIAE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2015.1095.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Montefiori M, Brendolise C, Dare AP, Lin-Wang K, Davies KM, Hellens RP, Allan AC. In the Solanaceae, a hierarchy of bHLHs confer distinct target specificity to the anthocyanin regulatory complex. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:1427-36. [PMID: 25628328 PMCID: PMC4339601 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway is regulated by a transcription factor complex consisting of an R2R3 MYB, a bHLH, and a WD40. Although R2R3 MYBs belonging to the anthocyanin-activating class have been identified in many plants, and their role well elucidated, the subgroups of bHLH implicated in anthocyanin regulation seem to be more complex. It is not clear whether these potential bHLH partners are biologically interchangeable with redundant functions, or even if heterodimers are involved. In this study, AcMYB110, an R2R3 MYB isolated from kiwifruit (Actinidia sp.) showing a strong activation of the anthocyanin pathway in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) was used to examine the function of interacting endogenous bHLH partners. Constitutive expression of AcMYB110 in tobacco leaves revealed different roles for two bHLHs, NtAN1 and NtJAF13. A hierarchical mechanism is shown to control the regulation of transcription factors and consequently of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. Here, a model is proposed for the regulation of the anthocyanin pathway in Solanaceous plants in which AN1 is directly involved in the activation of the biosynthetic genes, whereas JAF13 is involved in the regulation of AN1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Montefiori
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cyril Brendolise
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew P Dare
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kui Lin-Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin M Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 11 600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Roger P Hellens
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand Biochemistry Department, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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11
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Albert NW, Davies KM, Lewis DH, Zhang H, Montefiori M, Brendolise C, Boase MR, Ngo H, Jameson PE, Schwinn KE. A conserved network of transcriptional activators and repressors regulates anthocyanin pigmentation in eudicots. Plant Cell 2014; 26:962-80. [PMID: 24642943 PMCID: PMC4001404 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.122069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants require sophisticated regulatory mechanisms to ensure the degree of anthocyanin pigmentation is appropriate to myriad developmental and environmental signals. Central to this process are the activity of MYB-bHLH-WD repeat (MBW) complexes that regulate the transcription of anthocyanin genes. In this study, the gene regulatory network that regulates anthocyanin synthesis in petunia (Petunia hybrida) has been characterized. Genetic and molecular evidence show that the R2R3-MYB, MYB27, is an anthocyanin repressor that functions as part of the MBW complex and represses transcription through its C-terminal EAR motif. MYB27 targets both the anthocyanin pathway genes and basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) ANTHOCYANIN1 (AN1), itself an essential component of the MBW activation complex for pigmentation. Other features of the regulatory network identified include inhibition of AN1 activity by the competitive R3-MYB repressor MYBx and the activation of AN1, MYB27, and MYBx by the MBW activation complex, providing for both reinforcement and feedback regulation. We also demonstrate the intercellular movement of the WDR protein (AN11) and R3-repressor (MYBx), which may facilitate anthocyanin pigment pattern formation. The fundamental features of this regulatory network in the Asterid model of petunia are similar to those in the Rosid model of Arabidopsis thaliana and are thus likely to be widespread in the Eudicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick W. Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research
Limited, Private Bag 11-600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University,
Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North
4442, New Zealand
| | - Kevin M. Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research
Limited, Private Bag 11-600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David H. Lewis
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research
Limited, Private Bag 11-600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Huaibi Zhang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research
Limited, Private Bag 11-600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mirco Montefiori
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research
Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Cyril Brendolise
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research
Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Murray R. Boase
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research
Limited, Private Bag 11-600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Hanh Ngo
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research
Limited, Private Bag 11-600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paula E. Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury,
Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kathy E. Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research
Limited, Private Bag 11-600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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12
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Taglieri N, Cinti L, Alessi L, Rosmini L, Dall'ara G, Montefiori M, Gallo P, Saia F, Marzocchi A, Rapezzi C. Diagnostic performance of standard electrocardiogram for prediction of site of coronary occlusion in unselected anterior STEMI patients. Eur Heart J 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht310.p5550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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13
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Pilkington SM, Montefiori M, Galer AL, Neil Emery RJ, Allan AC, Jameson PE. Endogenous cytokinin in developing kiwifruit is implicated in maintaining fruit flesh chlorophyll levels. Ann Bot 2013; 112:57-68. [PMID: 23644363 PMCID: PMC3690984 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) retain high concentrations of chlorophyll in the fruit flesh, whereas in gold-fleshed kiwifruit (A. chinensis) chlorophyll is degraded to colourless catabolites during fruit development, leaving yellow carotenoids visible. The plant hormone group the cytokinins has been implicated in the delay of senescence, and so the aim of this work was to investigate the link between cytokinin levels in ripening fruit and chlorophyll de-greening. METHODS The expression of genes related to cytokinin metabolism and signal transduction and the concentration of cytokinin metabolites were measured. The regulation of gene expression was assayed using transient activation of the promoter of STAY-GREEN2 (SGR2) by cytokinin response regulators. KEY RESULTS While the total amount of cytokinin increased in fruit of both species during maturation and ripening, a high level of expression of two cytokinin biosynthetic gene family members, adenylate isopentenyltransferases, was only detected in green kiwifruit fruit during ripening. Additionally, high levels of O-glucosylated cytokinins were detected only in green kiwifruit, as was the expression of the gene for zeatin O-glucosyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for glucosylating cytokinin into a storage form. Season to season variation in gene expression was seen, and some de-greening of the green kiwifruit fruit occurred in the second season, suggesting environmental effects on the chlorophyll degradation pathway. Two cytokinin-related response regulators, RRA17 and RRB120, showed activity against the promoter of kiwifruit SGR2. CONCLUSIONS The results show that in kiwifruit, levels of cytokinin increase markedly during fruit ripening, and that cytokinin metabolism is differentially regulated in the fruit of the green and gold species. However, the causal factor(s) associated with the maintenance or loss of chlorophyll in kiwifruit during ripening remains obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Pilkington
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
- University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Mirco Montefiori
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amy L. Galer
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - R. J. Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paula E. Jameson
- University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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14
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Fraser LG, Seal AG, Montefiori M, McGhie TK, Tsang GK, Datson PM, Hilario E, Marsh HE, Dunn JK, Hellens RP, Davies KM, McNeilage MA, De Silva HN, Allan AC. An R2R3 MYB transcription factor determines red petal colour in an Actinidia (kiwifruit) hybrid population. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:28. [PMID: 23324587 PMCID: PMC3618344 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Red colour in kiwifruit results from the presence of anthocyanin pigments. Their expression, however, is complex, and varies among genotypes, species, tissues and environments. An understanding of the biosynthesis, physiology and genetics of the anthocyanins involved, and the control of their expression in different tissues, is required. A complex, the MBW complex, consisting of R2R3-MYB and bHLH transcription factors together with a WD-repeat protein, activates anthocyanin 3-O-galactosyltransferase (F3GT1) to produce anthocyanins. We examined the expression and genetic control of anthocyanins in flowers of Actinidia hybrid families segregating for red and white petal colour. Results Four inter-related backcross families between Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. chinensis and Actinidia eriantha Benth. were identified that segregated 1:1 for red or white petal colour. Flower pigments consisted of five known anthocyanins (two delphinidin-based and three cyanidin-based) and three unknowns. Intensity and hue differed in red petals from pale pink to deep magenta, and while intensity of colour increased with total concentration of anthocyanin, no association was found between any particular anthocyanin data and hue. Real time qPCR demonstrated that an R2R3 MYB, MYB110a, was expressed at significant levels in red-petalled progeny, but not in individuals with white petals. A microsatellite marker was developed that identified alleles that segregated with red petal colour, but not with ovary, stamen filament, or fruit flesh colour in these families. The marker mapped to chromosome 10 in Actinidia. The white petal phenotype was complemented by syringing Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying Actinidia 35S::MYB110a into the petal tissue. Red pigments developed in white petals both with, and without, co-transformation with Actinidia bHLH partners. MYB110a was shown to directly activate Actinidia F3GT1 in transient assays. Conclusions The transcription factor, MYB110a, regulates anthocyanin production in petals in this hybrid population, but not in other flower tissues or mature fruit. The identification of delphinidin-based anthocyanins in these flowers provides candidates for colour enhancement in novel fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena G Fraser
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, 120 Mt. Albert Road, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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15
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Pilkington SM, Montefiori M, Jameson PE, Allan AC. The control of chlorophyll levels in maturing kiwifruit. Planta 2012; 236:1615-28. [PMID: 22843245 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll is present in many plant organs, including immature fruit where it is usually degraded during ripening. Mature green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) are an exception, with high concentrations of chlorophyll remaining in the fruit flesh. In gold-fleshed kiwifruit (A. chinensis), chlorophyll is degraded to colourless catabolites upon fruit ripening, leaving yellow carotenoids visible. We have identified candidate genes for the control of chlorophyll degradation in kiwifruit and examined the transcript levels of these genes in maturing kiwifruit using quantitative real-time PCR. Results indicate that the biosynthesis and degradation, or turnover, of chlorophyll is transcriptionally regulated in green- and gold-fleshed kiwifruit. Both species of kiwifruit were found to have two homologues of the stay-green gene (SGR), a small protein that is postulated to aid in the dismantling of the light-harvesting complex, allowing free chlorophyll to enter the degradation pathway. However, with the exception of very mature green fruit, where degreening was observed, SGR2 was more highly expressed in gold fruit, indicating a potential regulatory step of chlorophyll degradation. When the SGR genes were over-expressed in tobacco leaves, degreening was observed. Our results show that chlorophyll degradation is differentially regulated in kiwifruit, and suggest that gold kiwifruit transcribe more degradation genes, leading to earlier and more sustained chlorophyll degradation in this fruit than in green kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Pilkington
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Montefiori M, Espley RV, Stevenson D, Cooney J, Datson PM, Saiz A, Atkinson RG, Hellens RP, Allan AC. Identification and characterisation of F3GT1 and F3GGT1, two glycosyltransferases responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis). Plant J 2011; 65:106-118. [PMID: 21175894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Much of the diversity of anthocyanins is due to the action of glycosyltransferases, which add sugar moieties to anthocyanidins. We identified two glycosyltransferases, F3GT1 and F3GGT1, from red-fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) that perform sequential glycosylation steps. Red-fleshed genotypes of kiwifruit accumulate anthocyanins mainly in the form of cyanidin 3-O-xylo-galactoside. Genes in the anthocyanin and flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were identified and shown to be expressed in fruit tissue. However, only the expression of the glycosyltransferase F3GT1 was correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in red tissues. Recombinant enzyme assays in vitro and in vivo RNA interference (RNAi) demonstrated the role of F3GT1 in the production of cyanidin 3-O-galactoside. F3GGT1 was shown to further glycosylate the sugar moiety of the anthocyanins. This second glycosylation can affect the solubility and stability of the pigments and modify their colour. We show that recombinant F3GGT1 can catalyse the addition of UDP-xylose to cyanidin 3-galactoside. While F3GGT1 is responsible for the end-product of the pathway, F3GT1 is likely to be the key enzyme regulating the accumulation of anthocyanin in red-fleshed kiwifruit varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Montefiori
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New ZealandSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New ZealandThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, East Street 3214, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New ZealandSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New ZealandThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, East Street 3214, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - David Stevenson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New ZealandSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New ZealandThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, East Street 3214, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Janine Cooney
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New ZealandSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New ZealandThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, East Street 3214, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Paul M Datson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New ZealandSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New ZealandThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, East Street 3214, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Anna Saiz
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New ZealandSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New ZealandThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, East Street 3214, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New ZealandSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New ZealandThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, East Street 3214, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Roger P Hellens
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New ZealandSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New ZealandThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, East Street 3214, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New ZealandSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New ZealandThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, East Street 3214, Hamilton, New Zealand
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17
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Cremonesi P, Di Bella E, Montefiori M. Cost analysis of emergency department. J Prev Med Hyg 2010; 51:157-163. [PMID: 21553561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper is intended to examine both clinical and economic data concerning the activity of an emergency department of an Italian primary Hospital. Real data referring to arrivals, waiting times, service times, severity (according to triage classification) of patients' condition collected along the whole 2009 are matched up with the relevant accounting and economic information concerning the costs faced. A new methodological approach is implemented in order to identify a "standard production cost" and its variability. We believe that this kind of analysis well fits the federalizing process that Italy is experiencing. In fact the federal reform is driving our Country toward a decentralized provision and funding of local public services. The health care services are "fundamental" under the provisions of the law that in turn implies that a standard cost has to be defined for its funding. The standard cost (as it is defined by the law) relies on the concepts of appropriateness and efficiency in the production of the health care service, assuming a standard quality level as target. The identification and measurement of health care costs is therefore a crucial task propaedeutic to health services economic evaluation. Various guidelines with different amount of details have been set up for costing methods which, however, are defined in simplified frameworks and using fictious data. This study is a first attempt to proceed in the direction of a precise definition of the costs inherent to the emergency department activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cremonesi
- Complex Structure of Medicine and Surgery of Acceptance and Urgency, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
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18
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Montefiori M, Comeskey DJ, Wohlers M, McGhie TK. Characterization and quantification of anthocyanins in red kiwifruit ( Actinidia spp.). J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:6856-61. [PMID: 19572542 DOI: 10.1021/jf900800z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Red-fleshed fruit occur in a small number of distantly related taxa in different sections of the genus Actinidia (kiwifruit). We describe and identify the anthocyanin profile of fruit of several Actinidia species. Differences in the relative amounts of cyanidin- and delphinidin-based anthocyanins determine whether the fruit appear red or purple. Cyanidin derivatives have been found in all Actinidia species that contain anthocyanins, whereas delphinidin derivatives are limited to two taxa: A. melanandra and A. arguta var. purpurea . The fruit of these not only contain a wider range of anthocyanins, but they also have greater concentrations. Anthocyanins of most Actinidia species are usually conjugated with either xylosyl-galactose or galactose, whereas A. deliciosa anthocyanins are conjugated with glucose and galactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Montefiori
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant and Food Research), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand.
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19
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Comeskey DJ, Montefiori M, Edwards PJB, McGhie TK. Isolation and structural identification of the anthocyanin components of red kiwifruit. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:2035-9. [PMID: 19203266 DOI: 10.1021/jf803287d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The anthocyanins responsible for the red color of red kiwifruit were extracted in acidified ethanol and isolated by solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by preparative HPLC. Five anthocyanins were obtained and subsequently identified as delphinidin 3-[2-(xylosyl)galactoside], delphinidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-[2-(xylosyl)galactoside], cyanidin 3-galactoside, and cyanidin 3-glucoside by a combination of LC-MS/MS, GC-MS, and 2D NMR. Delphinidin 3-[2-(xylosyl)galactoside] and delphinidin 3-galactoside have not previously been reported in the genus Actinidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Comeskey
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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20
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Ampomah-Dwamena C, McGhie T, Wibisono R, Montefiori M, Hellens RP, Allan AC. The kiwifruit lycopene beta-cyclase plays a significant role in carotenoid accumulation in fruit. J Exp Bot 2009; 60:3765-79. [PMID: 19574250 PMCID: PMC2736891 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The composition of carotenoids, along with anthocyanins and chlorophyll, accounts for the distinctive range of colour found in the Actinidia (kiwifruit) species. Lutein and beta-carotene are the most abundant carotenoids found during fruit development, with beta-carotene concentration increasing rapidly during fruit maturation and ripening. In addition, the accumulation of beta-carotene and lutein is influenced by the temperature at which harvested fruit are stored. Expression analysis of carotenoid biosynthetic genes among different genotypes and fruit developmental stages identified Actinidia lycopene beta-cyclase (LCY-beta) as the gene whose expression pattern appeared to be associated with both total carotenoid and beta-carotene accumulation. Phytoene desaturase (PDS) expression was the least variable among the different genotypes, while zeta carotene desaturase (ZDS), beta-carotene hydroxylase (CRH-beta), and epsilon carotene hydroxylase (CRH-epsilon) showed some variation in gene expression. The LCY-beta gene was functionally tested in bacteria and shown to convert lycopene and delta-carotene to beta-carotene and alpha-carotene respectively. This indicates that the accumulation of beta-carotene, the major carotenoid in these kiwifruit species, appears to be controlled by the level of expression of LCY-beta gene.
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21
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Crowhurst RN, Gleave AP, MacRae EA, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Atkinson RG, Beuning LL, Bulley SM, Chagne D, Marsh KB, Matich AJ, Montefiori M, Newcomb RD, Schaffer RJ, Usadel B, Allan AC, Boldingh HL, Bowen JH, Davy MW, Eckloff R, Ferguson AR, Fraser LG, Gera E, Hellens RP, Janssen BJ, Klages K, Lo KR, MacDiarmid RM, Nain B, McNeilage MA, Rassam M, Richardson AC, Rikkerink EH, Ross GS, Schröder R, Snowden KC, Souleyre EJF, Templeton MD, Walton EF, Wang D, Wang MY, Wang YY, Wood M, Wu R, Yauk YK, Laing WA. Analysis of expressed sequence tags from Actinidia: applications of a cross species EST database for gene discovery in the areas of flavor, health, color and ripening. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:351. [PMID: 18655731 PMCID: PMC2515324 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) are a relatively new, but economically important crop grown in many different parts of the world. Commercial success is driven by the development of new cultivars with novel consumer traits including flavor, appearance, healthful components and convenience. To increase our understanding of the genetic diversity and gene-based control of these key traits in Actinidia, we have produced a collection of 132,577 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Results The ESTs were derived mainly from four Actinidia species (A. chinensis, A. deliciosa, A. arguta and A. eriantha) and fell into 41,858 non redundant clusters (18,070 tentative consensus sequences and 23,788 EST singletons). Analysis of flavor and fragrance-related gene families (acyltransferases and carboxylesterases) and pathways (terpenoid biosynthesis) is presented in comparison with a chemical analysis of the compounds present in Actinidia including esters, acids, alcohols and terpenes. ESTs are identified for most genes in color pathways controlling chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis. In the health area, data are presented on the ESTs involved in ascorbic acid and quinic acid biosynthesis showing not only that genes for many of the steps in these pathways are represented in the database, but that genes encoding some critical steps are absent. In the convenience area, genes related to different stages of fruit softening are identified. Conclusion This large EST resource will allow researchers to undertake the tremendous challenge of understanding the molecular basis of genetic diversity in the Actinidia genus as well as provide an EST resource for comparative fruit genomics. The various bioinformatics analyses we have undertaken demonstrates the extent of coverage of ESTs for genes encoding different biochemical pathways in Actinidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross N Crowhurst
- The Horticultural and Food Research Institute of New Zealand, PB 92169, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Montefiori M, McGhie TK, Costa G, Ferguson AR. Pigments in the fruit of red-fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia deliciosa). J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53:9526-30. [PMID: 16302772 DOI: 10.1021/jf051629u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruit cultivars (Actinidia chinensis and A. deliciosa) generally have fruit with yellow or green flesh when ripe. A small number of genotypes also have red pigments, usually restricted to the inner pericarp but varying in intensity and in distribution within the fruit. Carotenoids, chorophylls, and anthocyanins were extracted from the fruit pericarp of such red-fleshed kiwifruit selections. Pigments were analyzed by HPLC and identified by comparison with authentic standards and by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy to obtain a tentative identification of the major anthocyanins in red-fleshed kiwifruit. The yellow and green colors of the outer fruit pericarp are due to different concentrations and proportions of carotenoids and chlorophylls. The red color found mainly in the inner pericarp is due to anthocyanins. In the A. chinensis genotypes tested the major anthocyanin was cyanidin 3-O-xylo(1-2)-galactoside, with smaller amounts of cyanidin 3-O-galactoside. In the A. deliciosa genotypes analyzed, cyanidin 3-O-xylo(1-2)-galactoside was not detected; instead, the major anthocyanins identified were cyanidin 3-O-galactoside and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. However, the two species did not differ consistently in anthocyanin composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Montefiori
- Dipartimento di Colture Arboree, Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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