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Liu X, Ye J, Zhang X, Yang K, Zheng J, Cheng S, Zhang W, Xu F. Multi-omics explores the potential regulatory role of acetylation modification in flavonoid biosynthesis of Ginkgo biloba. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae051. [PMID: 38728368 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Flavonoids are crucial medicinal active ingredients in Ginkgo biloba L. However, the effect of protein post-translational modifications on flavonoid biosynthesis remains poorly explored. Lysine acetylation, a reversible post-translational modification, plays a crucial role in metabolic regulation. This study aims to investigate the potential role of acetylation in G. biloba flavonoid biosynthesis. Through comprehensive analysis of transcriptomes, metabolomes, proteomes and acetylated proteins in different tissues, a total of 11,788 lysine acetylation sites were identified on 4324 acetylated proteins, including 89 acetylation sites on 23 proteins. Additionally, 128 types of differentially accumulated flavonoids were identified among tissues, and a dataset of differentially expressed genes related to the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was constructed. Twelve (CHI, C3H1, ANR, DFR, CCoAOMT1, F3H1, F3H2, CCoAOMT2, C3H2, HCT, F3'5'H and FG2) acetylated proteins that might be involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were identified. Specifically, we found that the modification levels of CCoAOMT1 and F3'5'H sites correlated with the catalytic production of homoeriodictyol and dihydromyricetin, respectively. Inhibitors of lysine deacetylase (trichostatin A) impacted total flavonoid content in different tissues and increased flavonoid levels in G. biloba roots. Treatment with trichostatin A revealed that expression levels of GbF3'5'H and GbCCoAOMT1 in stems and leaves aligned with total flavonoid content variations, while in roots, expression levels of GbC3H2 and GbFG2 corresponded to total flavonoid content changes. Collectively, these findings reveal for the first time the important role of acetylation in flavonoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Liu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jiabao Ye
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Ke Yang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Jiarui Zheng
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
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Guo J, Wu Y, Guo F, Wang G. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses reveal stage- and tissue- specific flavonoid accumulation in Ginkgo biloba. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wang D, Yang L, Shi C, Li S, Tang H, He C, Cai N, Duan A, Gong H. QTL mapping for growth-related traits by constructing the first genetic linkage map in Simao pine. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:48. [PMID: 35065611 PMCID: PMC8783431 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simao pine is one of the primary economic tree species for resin and timber production in southwest China. The exploitation and utilization of Simao pine are constrained by the relatively lacking of genetic information. Construction a fine genetic linkage map and detecting quantitative trait locis (QTLs) for growth-related traits is a prerequisite section of Simao Pine's molecular breeding program. RESULTS In our study, a high-resolution Simao pine genetic map employed specific locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology and based on an F1 pseudo-testcross population has been constructed. There were 11,544 SNPs assigned to 12 linkage groups (LGs), and the total length of the map was 2,062.85 cM with a mean distance of 0.37 cM between markers. According to the phenotypic variation analysis for three consecutive years, a total of seventeen QTLs for four traits were detected. Among 17 QTLs, there were six for plant height (Dh.16.1, Dh16.2, Dh17.1, Dh18.1-3), five for basal diameter (Dbd.17.1-5), four for needle length (Dnl17.1-3, Dnl18.1) and two for needle diameter (Dnd17.1 and Dnd18.1) respectively. These QTLs individually explained phenotypic variance from 11.0-16.3%, and the logarithm of odds (LOD) value ranged from 2.52 to 3.87. CONCLUSIONS In our study, a fine genetic map of Simao pine applied the technology of SLAF-seq has been constructed for the first time. Based on the map, a total of 17 QTLs for four growth-related traits were identified. It provides helpful information for genomic studies and marker-assisted selection (MAS) in Simao pine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resource Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement & Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resource Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement & Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Chen Shi
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resource Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement & Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Siguang Li
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
| | - Hongyan Tang
- Puer City Institute of Forestry Sciences, Puer, China
| | - Chengzhong He
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resource Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement & Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Nianhui Cai
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resource Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement & Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Anan Duan
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resource Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement & Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Hede Gong
- School of Geography, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China.
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Cai H, Wang Q, Gao J, Li C, Du X, Ding B, Yang T. Construction of a high-density genetic linkage map and QTL analysis of morphological traits in an F1 Malusdomestica × Malus baccata hybrid. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1997-2007. [PMID: 34629774 PMCID: PMC8484404 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Apple is considered the most commonly grown fruit crop in temperate regions that brings great economic profits to fruit growers. Dwarfing rootstocks have been extensively used in apple breeding as well as commercial orchards, but the molecular and genetic basis of scion dwarfing and other morphological traits induced by them is still unclear. At present, we report a genetic map of Malusdomestica × Malus baccata with high density. The F1 population was sequenced by a specific length amplified fragment (SLAF). In the genetic map, 5064 SLAF markers spanning 17 linkage groups (LG) were included. Dwarf-related and other phenotypic traits of the scion were evaluated over a 3-year growth period. Based on quantitative trait loci (QTL) evaluation of plant height and trunk diameter, two QTL clusters were found on LG 11, which exhibited remarkable influences on dwarfing of the scion. In this analysis, QTL DW2, which was previously reported as a locus that controls dwarfing, was confirmed. Moreover, three novel QTLs for total flower number and branching flower number were detected on LG2 and LG4, exhibited the phenotypic variation that has been explained by QTL ranging from 8.80% to 34.80%. The findings of the present study are helpful to find scion dwarfing and other phenotypes induced by rootstock in the apple. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01069-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huacheng Cai
- Pomology Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi China
| | - Qian Wang
- Pomology Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi China
| | - Jingdong Gao
- Pomology Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Pomology Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi China
| | - Xuemei Du
- Pomology Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi China
| | - Baopeng Ding
- Pomology Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Tingzhen Yang
- Pomology Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi China
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Liu H, Wang X, Wang G, Cui P, Wu S, Ai C, Hu N, Li A, He B, Shao X, Wu Z, Feng H, Chang Y, Mu D, Hou J, Dai X, Yin T, Ruan J, Cao F. The nearly complete genome of Ginkgo biloba illuminates gymnosperm evolution. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:748-756. [PMID: 34135482 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gymnosperms are a unique lineage of plants that currently lack a high-quality reference genome due to their large genome size and high repetitive sequence content. Here, we report a nearly complete genome assembly for Ginkgo biloba with a genome size of 9.87 Gb, an N50 contig size of 1.58 Mb and an N50 scaffold size of 775 Mb. We were able to accurately annotate 27,832 protein-coding genes in total, superseding the inaccurate annotation of 41,840 genes in a previous draft genome assembly. We found that expansion of the G. biloba genome, accompanied by the notable extension of introns, was mainly caused by the insertion of long terminal repeats rather than the recent occurrence of whole-genome duplication events, in contrast to the findings of a previous report. We also identified candidate genes in the central pair, intraflagellar transport and dynein protein families that are associated with the formation of the spermatophore flagellum, which has been lost in all seed plants except ginkgo and cycads. The newly obtained Ginkgo genome provides new insights into the evolution of the gymnosperm genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Liu
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, the Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Educational Department of China and the Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Silvicultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Guibin Wang
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, the Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Educational Department of China and the Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Silvicultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shigang Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Ai
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nan Hu
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, the Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Educational Department of China and the Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Silvicultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Alun Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bing He
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiujuan Shao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhichao Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hu Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuxiao Chang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Desheng Mu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Hou
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, the Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Educational Department of China and the Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Silvicultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaogang Dai
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, the Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Educational Department of China and the Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Silvicultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongming Yin
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, the Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Educational Department of China and the Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Silvicultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jue Ruan
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Fuliang Cao
- The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, the Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Educational Department of China and the Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Silvicultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
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Wu Y, Wang T, Xin Y, Wang G, Xu LA. Overexpression of GbF3'5'H1 Provides a Potential to Improve the Content of Epicatechin and Gallocatechin. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204836. [PMID: 33092253 PMCID: PMC7594021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba L. (ginkgo) have important medicinal uses due to their antioxidant, antitumor, and blood circulation-promoting effects. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying flavonoid biosynthesis in ginkgo remain elusive. Flavonoid 3′, 5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H) is an important enzyme in flavonoid synthesis. We detected a novel differentially expressed GbF3′5′H1 gene homologous to the F3′5′H enzyme involved in the flavonoid synthesis pathway through transcriptome sequencing. In this study, we characterized this gene, performed an expression analysis, and heterologously overexpressed GbF3′5′H1 in Populus. Our results showed that GbF3′5′H1 is abundant in the leaf and highly expressed during April. We also found four metabolites closely related to flavonoid biosynthesis. Importantly, the contents of 4′,5-dihydroxy-7-glucosyloxyflavanone, epicatechin, and gallocatechin were significantly higher in transgenic plants than in nontransgenic plants. Our findings revealed that the GbF3′5′H1 gene functions in the biosynthesis of flavonoid-related metabolites, suggesting that GbF3′5′H1 represents a prime candidate for future studies (e.g., gene-editing) aiming to optimize ginkgo flavonoid production, especially that of flavan-3-ols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.W.); (Y.X.); (G.W.)
- Research Center for Pomology, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qian Hu Hou Cun No.1, Nanjing 210014, China
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Tongli Wang
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Yue Xin
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.W.); (Y.X.); (G.W.)
| | - Guibin Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.W.); (Y.X.); (G.W.)
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.W.); (Y.X.); (G.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8542-7882
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Song X, Xu Y, Gao K, Fan G, Zhang F, Deng C, Dai S, Huang H, Xin H, Li Y. High-density genetic map construction and identification of loci controlling flower-type traits in Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:108. [PMID: 32637136 PMCID: PMC7326996 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Flower type is an important and extremely complicated trait of chrysanthemum. The corolla tube merged degree (CTMD) and the relative number of ray florets (RNRF) are the two key factors affecting chrysanthemum flower type. However, few reports have clarified the inheritance of these two complex traits, which limits directed breeding for flower-type improvement. In this study, 305 F1 hybrids were obtained from two parents with obvious differences in CTMD and RNRF performance. Using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology, we constructed a high-density genetic linkage map with an average map distance of 0.76 cM. Three major QTLs controlling CTMD and four major QTLs underlying RNRF were repeatedly detected in the 2 years. Moreover, the synteny between the genetic map and other Compositae species was investigated, and weak collinearity was observed. In QTL regions with a high degree of genomic collinearity, eight annotated genes were probed in the Helianthus annuus L. and Lactuca sativa L. var. ramosa Hort. genomes. Furthermore, 20 and 11 unigenes were identified via BLAST searches between the SNP markers of the QTL regions and the C. vestitum and C. lavandulifolium transcriptomes, respectively. These results lay a foundation for molecular marker-assisted breeding and candidate gene exploration in chrysanthemum without a reference assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083 China
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 Shandong China
| | - Yuhui Xu
- Biomarker Technologies Co., LTD, Beijing, 101300 China
- LC Science Co., LTD., Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Kang Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Guangxun Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Chengyan Deng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - He Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Huaigen Xin
- Biomarker Technologies Co., LTD, Beijing, 101300 China
| | - Yingying Li
- Biomarker Technologies Co., LTD, Beijing, 101300 China
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Li W, Wu H, Li X, Chen Y, Yin T. Fine mapping of the sex locus in Salix triandra confirms a consistent sex determination mechanism in genus Salix. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:64. [PMID: 32377355 PMCID: PMC7193568 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Salix triandra belongs to section Amygdalinae in genus Salix, which is in a different section from the willow species in which sex determination has been well studied. Studying sex determination in distantly related willow species will help to clarify whether the sexes of different willows arise through a common sex determination system. For this purpose, we generated an intraspecific full-sib F1 population for S. triandra and constructed high-density genetic linkage maps for the crossing parents using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing and following a two-way pseudo-testcross strategy. With the established maps, the sex locus was positioned in linkage group XV only in the maternal map, and no sex linkage was detected in the paternal map. Consistent with previous findings in other willow species, our study showed that chromosome XV was the incipient sex chromosome and that females were the heterogametic sex in S. triandra. Therefore, sex in this willow species is also determined through a ZW sex determination system. We further performed fine mapping in the vicinity of the sex locus with SSR markers. By comparing the physical and genetic distances for the target interval encompassing the sex determination gene confined by SSRs, severe recombination repression was revealed in the sex determination region in the female map. The recombination rate in the confined interval encompassing the sex locus was approximately eight-fold lower than the genome-wide average. This study provides critical information relevant to sex determination in S. triandra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- The Key Lab of Cultivar Innovation and Germplasm Improvement of Salicaceae, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Huaitong Wu
- The Key Lab of Cultivar Innovation and Germplasm Improvement of Salicaceae, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- The Key Lab of Cultivar Innovation and Germplasm Improvement of Salicaceae, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Yingnan Chen
- The Key Lab of Cultivar Innovation and Germplasm Improvement of Salicaceae, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Tongming Yin
- The Key Lab of Cultivar Innovation and Germplasm Improvement of Salicaceae, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
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De La Torre AR, Wilhite B, Neale DB. Environmental Genome-Wide Association Reveals Climate Adaptation Is Shaped by Subtle to Moderate Allele Frequency Shifts in Loblolly Pine. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 11:2976-2989. [PMID: 31599932 PMCID: PMC6821164 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genomic basis of local adaptation is crucial to determine the potential of long-lived woody species to withstand changes in their natural environment. In the past, efforts to dissect the genomic architecture in gymnosperms species have been limited due to the absence of reference genomes. Recently, the genomes of some commercially important conifers, such as loblolly pine, have become available, allowing whole-genome studies of these species. In this study, we test for associations between 87k SNPs, obtained from whole-genome resequencing of loblolly pine individuals, and 270 environmental variables and combinations of them. We determine the geographic location of significant loci and identify their genomic location using our newly constructed ultradense 26k SNP linkage map. We found that water availability is the main climatic variable shaping local adaptation of the species, and found 821 SNPs showing significant associations with climatic variables or combinations of them based on the consistent results of three different genotype–environment association methods. Our results suggest that adaptation to climate in the species might have occurred by many changes in the frequency of alleles with moderate to small effect sizes, and by the smaller contribution of large effect alleles in genes related to moisture deficit, temperature and precipitation. Genomic regions of low recombination and high population differentiation harbored SNPs associated with groups of environmental variables, suggesting climate adaptation might have evolved as a result of different selection pressures acting on groups of genes associated with an aspect of climate rather than on individual environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David B Neale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California-Davis
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10
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Wu Y, Wang T, Xin Y, Wang G, Xu LA. Overexpression of the GbF3' H1 Gene Enhanced the Epigallocatechin, Gallocatechin, and Catechin Contents in Transgenic Populus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:998-1006. [PMID: 31910001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. leaves are a flavonoid resource for the pharmaceutical industry. The flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) is a key enzyme in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. However, the role of F3'H in flavonoid biosynthesis and metabolism is unclear. In this study, we characterized and functionally analyzed the ginkgo F3'H gene GbF3'H1 that encodes a protein of 520 amino acids. Expression profiling showed that GbF3'H1 was highly expressed in the leaves of ginkgo in September. Subcellular localization showed that GbF3'H1 occurred predominately in the cytoplasm. Transgenic poplars overexpressing GbF3'H1 had more red pigmentation in leaves than did wild-type (WT) plants. Furthermore, the concentrations of epigallocatechin, gallocatechin, and catechin in the downstream products synthesized by flavonoids were significantly higher in the transgenic plants than in the WT plants. These results indicate that the overexpression of GbF3'H1 enhances flavonoid production in transgenic plants and provides new insights into flavonoid biosynthesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China , Nanjing Forestry University , 159 Longpan Road , Nanjing 210037 , China
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver V6T 1Z4 , Canada
| | - Tongli Wang
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver V6T 1Z4 , Canada
| | - Yue Xin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China , Nanjing Forestry University , 159 Longpan Road , Nanjing 210037 , China
| | - Guibin Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China , Nanjing Forestry University , 159 Longpan Road , Nanjing 210037 , China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China , Nanjing Forestry University , 159 Longpan Road , Nanjing 210037 , China
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11
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Dong M, He Q, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Yuan D, Zhang AJ. Genetic Mapping of Prince Rupprecht's Larch ( Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr) by Specific-Locus Amplified Fragment Sequencing. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10080583. [PMID: 31370324 PMCID: PMC6723236 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-density genetic linkage map is essential for plant genetics and genomics research. However, due to the deficiency of genomic data and high-quality molecular markers, no genetic map has been published for Prince Rupprecht’s larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr), a conifer species with high ecological and commercial value in northern China. In this study, 145 F1 progeny individuals from an intraspecific cross between two elite clones of L. principis-rupprechtii and their parents were employed to construct the first genetic map in this important tree species using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq). After preprocessing, the procedure yielded 300.20 Gb of raw data containing 1501.22 M pair-end reads. A total of 324,352 SNP markers were detected and 122,785 of them were polymorphic, with a polymorphism rate of 37.86%. Ultimately, 6099 SNPs were organized into a genetic map containing 12 linkage groups, consistent with the haploid chromosome number of larch and most other species in the Pinaceae family. The linkage map spanned 2415.58 cM and covered 99.6% of the L. principis-rupprechtii genome with an average of 0.4 cM between adjacent markers. To the best of our knowledge, this map is the first reference map for L. principis-rupprechtii, as well as the densest one obtained in larch species thus far. The genome-wide SNPs and the high-resolution genetic map will provide a foundation for future quantitative trait loci mapping, map-based cloning, marker-assisted selection, comparative genomics, and genome sequence assembly for larch trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qingwei He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Deshui Yuan
- National Key Seed Base of Larch, Weichang, Chengde 068450, China
| | - And Jinfeng Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants Biological Engineering of State Forestry Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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12
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Mariotti R, Fornasiero A, Mousavi S, Cultrera NG, Brizioli F, Pandolfi S, Passeri V, Rossi M, Magris G, Scalabrin S, Scaglione D, Di Gaspero G, Saumitou-Laprade P, Vernet P, Alagna F, Morgante M, Baldoni L. Genetic Mapping of the Incompatibility Locus in Olive and Development of a Linked Sequence-Tagged Site Marker. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1760. [PMID: 32117338 PMCID: PMC7025539 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The genetic control of self-incompatibility (SI) has been recently disclosed in olive. Inter-varietal crossing confirmed the presence of only two incompatibility groups (G1 and G2), suggesting a simple Mendelian inheritance of the trait. A double digest restriction associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing of a biparental population segregating for incompatibility groups has been performed and high-density linkage maps were constructed in order to map the SI locus and identify gene candidates and linked markers. The progeny consisted of a full-sib family of 229 individuals derived from the cross 'Leccino' (G1) × 'Dolce Agogia' (G2) varieties, segregating 1:1 (G1:G2), in accordance with a diallelic self-incompatibility (DSI) model. A total of 16,743 single nucleotide polymorphisms was identified, 7,006 in the female parent 'Leccino' and 9,737 in the male parent 'Dolce Agogia.' Each parental map consisted of 23 linkage groups and showed an unusual large size (5,680 cM in 'Leccino' and 3,538 cM in 'Dolce Agogia'). Recombination was decreased across all linkage groups in pollen mother cells of 'Dolce Agogia,' the parent with higher heterozygosity, compared to megaspore mother cells of 'Leccino,' in a context of a species that showed exceptionally high recombination rates. A subset of 109 adult plants was assigned to either incompatibility group by a stigma test and the diallelic self-incompatibility (DSI) locus was mapped to an interval of 5.4 cM on linkage group 18. This region spanned a size of approximately 300 Kb in the olive genome assembly. We developed a sequence-tagged site marker in the DSI locus and identified five haplotypes in 57 cultivars with known incompatibility group assignment. A combination of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was sufficient to predict G1 or G2 phenotypes in olive cultivars, enabling early marker-assisted selection of compatible genotypes and allowing for a rapid screening of inter-compatibility among cultivars in order to guarantee effective fertilization and increase olive production. The construction of high-density linkage maps has led to the development of the first functional marker in olive and provided positional candidate genes in the SI locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mariotti
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Fornasiero
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Udine, Italy
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Federico Brizioli
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
| | - Saverio Pandolfi
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Passeri
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Rossi
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Magris
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Udine, Italy
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Vernet
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Michele Morgante
- Institute of Applied Genomics, Udine, Italy
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Luciana Baldoni
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Luciana Baldoni,
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Wang Y, Wang C, Han H, Luo Y, Wang Z, Yan C, Xu W, Qu S. Construction of a High-Density Genetic Map and Analysis of Seed-Related Traits Using Specific Length Amplified Fragment Sequencing for Cucurbita maxima. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1782. [PMID: 32153597 PMCID: PMC7046561 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seed traits are agronomically important for Cucurbita breeding, but the genes controlling seed size, seed weight and seed number have not been mapped in Cucurbita maxima (C. maxima). In this study, 100 F2 individual derived from two parental lines, "2013-12" and "9-6", were applied to construct a 3,376.87-cM genetic map containing 20 linkage groups (LGs) with an average genetic distance of 0.47 cM using a total of 8,406 specific length amplified fragment (SLAF) markers in C. maxima. Ten quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of seed width (SW), seed length (SL) and hundred-seed weight (HSW) were identified using the composite interval mapping (CIM) method. The QTLs affecting SW, SL and HSW explained a maximum of 38.6%, 28.9% and 17.2% of the phenotypic variation and were detected in LG6, LG6 and LG17, respectively. To validate these results, an additional 150 F2 individuals were used for QTL mapping of SW and SL with cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers. We found that two major QTLs, SL6-1 and SW6-1, could be detected in both SLAF-seq and CAPS markers in an overlapped region. Based on gene annotation and non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the major SWand SL-associated regions, we found that two genes encoding a VQ motif and an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase may be candidate genes influencing SL, while an F-box and leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain-containing protein is the potential regulator for SW in C. maxima. This study provides the first high-density linkage map of C. maxima using SNPs developed by SLAF-seq technology, which is a powerful tool for associated mapping of important agronomic traits, map-based gene cloning and marker-assisted selection (MAS)-based breeding in C. maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yusong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chundong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuping Qu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Shuping Qu,
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