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Zhang Z, Zhang J, Li X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Lu Y. The Plant Virus Tomato Spotted Wilt Orthotospovirus Benefits Its Vector Frankliniella occidentalis by Decreasing Plant Toxic Alkaloids in Host Plant Datura stramonium. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14493. [PMID: 37833941 PMCID: PMC10572871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of insect-borne viruses involves sophisticated interactions between viruses, host plants, and vectors. Chemical compounds play an important role in these interactions. Several studies reported that the plant virus tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) increases host plant quality for its vector and benefits the vector thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. However, few studies have investigated the chemical ecology of thrips vectors, TSWV, and host plants. Here, we demonstrated that in TSWV-infected host plant Datura stramonium, (1) F. occidentalis were more attracted to feeding on TSWV-infected D. stramonium; (2) atropine and scopolamine, the main tropane alkaloids in D. stramonium, which are toxic to animals, were down-regulated by TSWV infection of the plant; and (3) F. occidentalis had better biological performance (prolonged adult longevity and increased fecundity, resulting in accelerated population growth) on TSWV-infected D. stramonium than on TSWV non-infected plants. These findings provide in-depth information about the physiological mechanisms responsible for the virus's benefits to its vector by virus infection of plant regulating alkaloid accumulation in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.); (J.Z.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Yaobin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.); (J.Z.)
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Ashrafi S, Alam S, Sultana A, Raj A, Emon NU, Richi FT, Sharmin T, Moon M, Park MN, Kim B. Papaverine: A Miraculous Alkaloid from Opium and Its Multimedicinal Application. Molecules 2023; 28:3149. [PMID: 37049912 PMCID: PMC10095881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological actions of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids are quite substantial, and have recently attracted much attention. One of the principle benzylisoquinoline alkaloids has been found in the unripe seed capsules of Papaver somniferum L. Although it lacks analgesic effects and is unrelated to the compounds in the morphine class, it is a peripheral vasodilator and has a direct effect on vessels. It is reported to inhibit the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase in smooth muscles, and it has been observed to increase intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP. It induces coronary, cerebral, and pulmonary artery dilatation and helps to lower cerebral vascular resistance and enhance cerebral blood flow. Current pharmacological research has revealed that papaverine demonstrates a variety of biological activities, including activity against erectile dysfunction, postoperative vasospasms, and pulmonary vasoconstriction, as well as antiviral, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, and gestational actions. It was recently demonstrated that papaverine has the potential to control SARS-CoV-2 by preventing its cytopathic effect. These experiments were carried out both in vitro and in vivo and require an extensive understanding of the mechanisms of action. With its multiple mechanisms, papaverine can be considered as a natural compound that is used to develop therapeutic drugs. To validate its applications, additional research is required into its precise therapeutic mechanisms as well as its acute and chronic toxicities. Therefore, the goal of this review is to discuss the major studies and reported clinical studies looking into the pharmacological effects of papaverine and the mechanisms of action underneath these effects. Additionally, it is recommended to conduct further research via significant pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sania Ashrafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Safaet Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
- Drugs and Toxins Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rajshahi 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Arifa Sultana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Asef Raj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Nazim Uddin Emon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Fahmida Tasnim Richi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnuva Sharmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Myunghan Moon
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Nyeo Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Srivastava A, Gupta T, Srivastava S, Dhir S, Kumar P, Singhal T, Rani A, Rishi N. Development of a new Collateral Cleavage-independent CRISPR/Cas12a based easy detection system for plant viruses. J Virol Methods 2021; 300:114432. [PMID: 34919973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant virus spread through various means, from mechanically to the insect vectors and act as obligate parasite, therefore, are extremely challenging to eradicate. Geminiviruses are an important class of viruses which have reported extensively in last two decades on several new hosts. They infect wide range of annual crops and perineal shrubs, therefore, essentially required to detect them on field and dispose to check their vector transmission to healthy crops. In this study, we have chosen two important begomovirus viz. Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus which infect wide range of leguminous crops while Ageratum enation virus is reported to infect a wide range of crops from weed to opium poppy. Here, we have utilized the binding and cleaving ability of LbaCas12a protein with target to detect the virus infection on field. We proposed here a new Collateral Cleavage Independent CRISPR/Cas12a based detection system (CCI-CRISPR) for plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India.
| | - Taruna Gupta
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Sunny Dhir
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Tripti Singhal
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Asha Rani
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Narayan Rishi
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
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Turning Waste into Beneficial Resource: Implication of Ageratum conyzoides L. in Sustainable Agriculture, Environment and Biopharma Sectors. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 64:221-244. [PMID: 34628588 PMCID: PMC8502239 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The annual herb, Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae), is distributed throughout the world. Although invasive, it can be very useful as a source of essential oils, pharmaceuticals, biopesticides, and bioenergy. However, very limited information exists on the molecular basis of its different utility as previous investigations were mainly focused on phytochemical/biological activity profiling. Here we have explored various properties of A. conyzoides that may offer environmental, ecological, agricultural, and health benefits. As this aromatic plant harbors many important secondary metabolites that may have various implications, biotechnological interventions such as genomics, metabolomics and tissue-culture can be indispensable tools for their mass-production. Further, A. conyzoides acts as a natural reservoir of begomoviruses affecting a wide range of plant species. As the mechanisms of disease spreading and crop infection are not fully clear, whole-genome sequencing and various advanced molecular technologies including RNAi, CRISPER/Cas9, multi-omics approaches, etc., may aid to decipher the molecular mechanism of such disease development and thus, can be useful in crop protection. Overall, improved knowledge of A. conyzoides is not only essential for developing sustainable weed control strategy but can also offer potential ways for biomedicinal, environment, safe and clean agriculture applications.
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More P, Agarwal P, Anand A, Sanan-Mishra N, Agarwal PK. Artificial miRNA mediated resistance in tobacco against Jatropha leaf curl Gujarat virus by targeting RNA silencing suppressors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:890. [PMID: 33441589 PMCID: PMC7806619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaf curl disease of Jatropha caused by geminiviruses results in heavy economic losses. In the present study, we report the identification of a new strain of a Jatropha leaf curl Gujarat virus (JLCuGV), which encodes six ORFs with each one having RNA silencing suppressor activity. Therefore, three artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs; C1/C4, C2/C3 and V1/V2) were designed employing overlapping regions, each targeting two ORFs of JLCuGV genomic DNA and transformed in tobacco. The C1/C4 and C2/C3 amiRNA transgenics were resistant while V1/V2 amiRNA transgenics were tolerant against JLCuGV. The relative level of amiRNA inversely related to viral load indicating a correlation with disease resistance. The assessment of photosynthetic parameters suggests that the transgenics perform significantly better in response to JLCuGV infiltration as compared to wild type (WT). The metabolite contents were not altered remarkably in amiRNA transgenics, but sugar metabolism and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle showed noticeable changes in WT on virus infiltration. The overall higher methylation and demethylation observed in amiRNA transgenics correlated with decreased JLCuGV accumulation. This study demonstrates that amiRNA transgenics showed enhanced resistance to JLCuGV while efficiently maintaining normalcy in their photosynthesis and metabolic pathways as well as homeostasis in the methylation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant More
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, 364 002, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Parinita Agarwal
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, 364 002, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India.
| | - Abhishek Anand
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Neeti Sanan-Mishra
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Pradeep K Agarwal
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, 364 002, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Chauhan R, Awasthi S, Indoliya Y, Chauhan AS, Mishra S, Agrawal L, Srivastava S, Dwivedi S, Singh PC, Mallick S, Chauhan PS, Pande V, Chakrabarty D, Tripathi RD. Transcriptome and proteome analyses reveal selenium mediated amelioration of arsenic toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 390:122122. [PMID: 32006842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As), a chronic poison and non-threshold carcinogen, is a food chain contaminant in rice, posing yield losses as well as serious health risks. Selenium (Se), a trace element, is a known antagonist of As toxicity. In present study, RNA seq. and proteome profiling, along with morphological analyses were performed to explore molecular cross-talk involved in Se mediated As stress amelioration. The repair of As induced structural deformities involving disintegration of cell wall and membranes were observed upon Se supplementation. The expression of As transporter genes viz., NIP1;1, NIP2;1, ABCG5, NRAMP1, NRAMP5, TIP2;2 as well as sulfate transporters, SULTR3;1 and SULTR3;6, were higher in As + Se compared to As alone exposure, which resulted in reduced As accumulation and toxicity. The higher expression of regulatory elements like AUX/IAA, WRKY and MYB TFs during As + Se exposure was also observed. The up-regulation of GST, PRX and GRX during As + Se exposure confirmed the amelioration of As induced oxidative stress. The abundance of proteins involved in photosynthesis, energy metabolism, transport, signaling and ROS homeostasis were found higher in As + Se than in As alone exposure. Overall, present study identified Se responsive pathways, genes and proteins involved to cope-up with As toxicity in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshu Chauhan
- CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Surabhi Awasthi
- CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Yuvraj Indoliya
- CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001, India
| | - Abhishek Singh Chauhan
- CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001, India
| | - Shashank Mishra
- CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Lalit Agrawal
- Department of Agriculture and Allied Science, Doon Business School, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sudhakar Srivastava
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sanjay Dwivedi
- CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001, India
| | - Poonam C Singh
- CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001, India
| | - Shekhar Mallick
- CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001, India
| | - Puneet Singh Chauhan
- CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Debasis Chakrabarty
- CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001, India
| | - Rudra Deo Tripathi
- CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001, India.
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Mubin M, Ijaz S, Nahid N, Hassan M, Younus A, Qazi J, Nawaz-Ul-Rehman MS. Journey of begomovirus betasatellite molecules: from satellites to indispensable partners. Virus Genes 2019; 56:16-26. [PMID: 31773493 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Betasatellites are a group of circular, single-stranded DNA molecules that are frequently found to be associated with monopartite begomoviruses of the family Geminiviridae. Betasatellites require their helper viruses for replication, movement, and encapsidation and they are often essential for induction of typical disease symptoms. The βC1 protein encoded by betasatellites is multifunctional that participates in diverse cellular events. It interferes with several cellular processes like normal development, chloroplasts, and innate immune system of plants. Recent research has indicated βC1 protein interaction with cellular proteins and its involvement in modulation of the host's cell cycle and symptom determination. This article focuses on the functional mechanisms of βC1 and its interactions with other viral and host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mubin
- Virology Lab, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Ijaz
- Virology Lab, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Nahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, GC University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hassan
- Virology Lab, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Younus
- Laser Matter Interaction and Nano-sciences Lab, Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Javaria Qazi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid e Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Farahbakhsh F, Hamzehzarghani H, Massah A, Tortosa M, Yassaie M, Rodriguez VM. Comparative metabolomics of temperature sensitive resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) in resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 237:30-42. [PMID: 31005806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate wheat resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) at low temperature and resistance breakdown at high temperature, metabolic profile of WSMV-resistant (R) and susceptible (S) wheat cultivars were analyzed. Metabolites were detected by UPLC-QTOF/MS in leaves of R and S plants challenged with WSMV at 20 °C and 32 °C, 24, 48 and 72 h post inoculation (hpi). WSMV and mock inoculated plants were used for discriminating the most significant metabolites and metabolic pathways affected at those temperatures. At 24 hpi/20 °C and 48 hpi/20 °C, the most important metabolites in R plants were coumarins, a limited number of lipids, and unknown compounds, while at 72 hpi/20 °C, in addition to coumarins, alkaloids and several amino acids were increased. Compared to 24 and 48 hpi, at 72hpi, in R plants most metabolic pathways were up-regulated at 20 °C. These resistance-related specific pathways included amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and alkaloids pathways. Also, several pathways were up-regulated at 32 °C.These combined heat stress and pathogen related pathways, included lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Some carbohydrate metabolism pathways were considered as heat stress related pathways and could be associated with resistance breakdown. On the other hand, the increased expression of lipid compounds, especially 24 hpi at 32 °C in R plant, can be attributed to plant adaptation to combined stressors such as pathogen and high temperature. Increased susceptibility of R plants at 32 °C coincided with a down-regulated expression of components of signal transduction pathways or in a decreased level of metabolites related to this pathway, especially at a later time after infection, leading to decreased metabolite signaling. Decrease of signaling compounds under combined stress is a possible outcome of deactivating WSMV specific signaling networks leading to compatible response in R plants. The significance of these findings considering the recent increase of global temperature and the challenge of breakdown of temperature sensitive resistance to some plant viruses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Farahbakhsh
- Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - H Hamzehzarghani
- Plant Protection Department, Shiraz University, Bajgah, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - A Massah
- Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Tortosa
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas. Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - M Yassaie
- Seed and Plant Improvement Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Shiraz, Iran
| | - V M Rodriguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas. Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
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