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Chen X, He C, Xu H, Zeng G, Huang Q, Deng Z, Qin X, Shen X, Hu Y. Characterization of the SWI/SNF complex and nucleosome organization in sorghum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1430467. [PMID: 38988640 PMCID: PMC11234113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1430467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The switch defective/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) multisubunit complex plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression by remodeling chromatin structure. Three SWI/SNF complexes have been identified in Arabidopsis including BAS, SAS, and MAS. Many subunits of these complexes are involved in controlling plant development and stress response. However, the function of these complexes has hardly been studied in other plant species. In this study, we identified the subunits of the SWI/SNF complex in sorghum and analyzed their evolutionary relationships in six grass species. The grass species conserved all the subunits as in Arabidopsis, but gene duplication occurred diversely in different species. Expression pattern analysis in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) showed that most of the subunit-encoding genes were expressed constitutively, although the expression level was different. Transactivation assays revealed that SbAN3, SbGIF3, and SbSWI3B possessed transactivation activity, which suggests that they may interact with the pre-initiation complex (PIC) to activate transcription. We chose 12 subunits in sorghum to investigate their interaction relationship by yeast two-hybrid assay. We found that these subunits displayed distinct interaction patterns compared to their homologs in Arabidopsis and rice. This suggests that different SWI/SNF complexes may be formed in sorghum to perform chromatin remodeling functions. Through the integrated analysis of MNase-seq and RNA-seq data, we uncovered a positive relationship between gene expression levels and nucleosome phasing. Furthermore, we found differential global nucleosome enrichments between leaves and roots, as well as in response to PEG treatment, suggesting that dynamics of nucleosome occupancy, which is probably mediated by the SWI/SNF complex, may play important roles in sorghum development and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Chen
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Three Gorges Regional Plant Breeding/Biotechnology Research Center, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Chao He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Three Gorges Regional Plant Breeding/Biotechnology Research Center, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Gongjian Zeng
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Three Gorges Regional Plant Breeding/Biotechnology Research Center, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Quanjun Huang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Three Gorges Regional Plant Breeding/Biotechnology Research Center, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuying Deng
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Three Gorges Regional Plant Breeding/Biotechnology Research Center, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Xiner Qin
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Three Gorges Regional Plant Breeding/Biotechnology Research Center, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangling Shen
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Three Gorges Regional Plant Breeding/Biotechnology Research Center, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Yongfeng Hu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Three Gorges Regional Plant Breeding/Biotechnology Research Center, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
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Ingargiola C, Turqueto Duarte G, Robaglia C, Leprince AS, Meyer C. The Plant Target of Rapamycin: A Conduc TOR of Nutrition and Metabolism in Photosynthetic Organisms. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111285. [PMID: 33138108 PMCID: PMC7694126 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms possess many mechanisms to sense nutrients and favorable conditions, which allow them to grow and develop. Photosynthetic organisms are very diverse, from green unicellular algae to multicellular flowering plants, but most of them are sessile and thus unable to escape from the biotic and abiotic stresses they experience. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway is conserved in all eukaryotes and acts as a central regulatory hub between growth and extrinsic factors, such as nutrients or stress. However, relatively little is known about the regulations and roles of this pathway in plants and algae. Although some features of the TOR pathway seem to have been highly conserved throughout evolution, others clearly differ in plants, perhaps reflecting adaptations to different lifestyles and the rewiring of this primordial signaling module to adapt to specific requirements. Indeed, TOR is involved in plant responses to a vast array of signals including nutrients, hormones, light, stresses or pathogens. In this review, we will summarize recent studies that address the regulations of TOR by nutrients in photosynthetic organisms, and the roles of TOR in controlling important metabolic pathways, highlighting similarities and differences with the other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ingargiola
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
| | - Gustavo Turqueto Duarte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christophe Robaglia
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, UMR 7265, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Aix Marseille Université, 13009 Marseille, France;
| | - Anne-Sophie Leprince
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
- Faculté des Sciences et d’Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, UFR 927, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Christian Meyer
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
- Correspondence:
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NAC-type transcription factors regulate accumulation of starch and protein in maize seeds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11223-11228. [PMID: 31110006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904995116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain starch and protein are synthesized during endosperm development, prompting the question of what regulatory mechanism underlies the synchronization of the accumulation of secondary and primary gene products. We found that two endosperm-specific NAC transcription factors, ZmNAC128 and ZmNAC130, have such a regulatory function. Knockdown of expression of ZmNAC128 and ZmNAC130 with RNA interference (RNAi) caused a shrunken kernel phenotype with significant reduction of starch and protein. We could show that ZmNAC128 and ZmNAC130 regulate the transcription of Bt2 and then reduce its protein level, a rate-limiting step in starch synthesis of maize endosperm. Lack of ZmNAC128 and ZmNAC130 also reduced accumulation of zeins and nonzeins by 18% and 24% compared with nontransgenic siblings, respectively. Although ZmNAC128 and ZmNAC130 affected expression of zein genes in general, they specifically activated transcription of the 16-kDa γ-zein gene. The two transcription factors did not dimerize with each other but exemplified redundancy, whereas individual discovery of their function was not amenable to conventional genetics but illustrated the power of RNAi. Given that both the Bt2 and the 16-kDa γ-zein genes were activated by ZmNAC128 or ZmNAC130, we could identify a core binding site ACGCAA contained within their target promoter regions by combining Dual-Luciferase Reporter and Electrophoretic Mobility Shift assays. Consistent with these properties, transcriptomic profiling uncovered that lack of ZmNAC128 and ZmNAC130 had a pleiotropic effect on the utilization of carbohydrates and amino acids.
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Li X, Han Y, Yan Y, Messing J, Xu JH. Genetic diversity and evolution of reduced sulfur storage during domestication of maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:943-955. [PMID: 29570878 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The domestication of maize has spanned a period of over 9000 years, during which time its wild relative teosinte underwent natural and artificial selection. We hypothesize that environmental conditions could have played a major role in this process. One factor of environmental variation is soil composition, which includes sulfur availability. Sulfur is reduced during photosynthesis and is used to synthesize cysteine and methionine, which drive the accumulation of δ10 (Zm00001d045937), δ18 (Zm00001d037436), β15 (Zm00001d035760), γ16 (Zm00001d005793), γ27 (Zm00001d020592), and γ50 (Zm00001d020591) zeins, representing the zein2 fraction (z2) of storage proteins in maize seeds. In this study, polymorphisms and haplotypes were detected based on six z2 genes in 60 maize and teosintes lines. Haplotypes were unevenly distributed, and abundant genetic diversity was found in teosintes. Polymorphism was highest in z2δ18, whereas for z2β15 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density and insertion/deletion (indel) abundance were the lowest, indicating differential roles in seed evolution. Indels showed a clustered distribution, and most of these derived from teosintes. The indels not only led to tandem repeat polymorphisms, but also to frameshift mutations, which could also be used as null variants. In addition, neutral evolutionary tests, phylogenetic analyses, and population structures indicated that z2δ10 and z2γ50 had undergone natural selection. Indeed, a natural selection imprint could also be found with z2γ27 and z2γ16, whereas z2δ18 and z2β15 tended to be under neutral evolution. These results suggested that genetic diversity and evolution of a subset of sulfur-rich zeins could be under environmental adaptation during maize domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yang Han
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Joachim Messing
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jian-Hong Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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