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Bhandari DD, Brandizzi F. Logistics of defense: The contribution of endomembranes to plant innate immunity. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202307066. [PMID: 38551496 PMCID: PMC10982075 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens cause plant diseases that threaten food security. Unlike mammals, plants lack an adaptive immune system and rely on their innate immune system to recognize and respond to pathogens. Plant response to a pathogen attack requires precise coordination of intracellular traffic and signaling. Spatial and/or temporal defects in coordinating signals and cargo can lead to detrimental effects on cell development. The role of intracellular traffic comes into a critical focus when the cell sustains biotic stress. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the post-immune activation logistics of plant defense. Specifically, we focus on packaging and shipping of defense-related cargo, rerouting of intracellular traffic, the players enabling defense-related traffic, and pathogen-mediated subversion of these pathways. We highlight the roles of the cytoskeleton, cytoskeleton-organelle bridging proteins, and secretory vesicles in maintaining pathways of exocytic defense, acting as sentinels during pathogen attack, and the necessary elements for building the cell wall as a barrier to pathogens. We also identify points of convergence between mammalian and plant trafficking pathways during defense and highlight plant unique responses to illustrate evolutionary adaptations that plants have undergone to resist biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak D Bhandari
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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2
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Manser B, Zbinden H, Herren G, Steger J, Isaksson J, Bräunlich S, Wicker T, Keller B. Wheat zinc finger protein TaZF interacts with both the powdery mildew AvrPm2 protein and the corresponding wheat Pm2a immune receptor. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100769. [PMID: 37978798 PMCID: PMC11121201 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense responses to pathogens are induced after direct or indirect perception of effector proteins or their activity on host proteins. In fungal-plant interactions, relatively little is known about whether, in addition to avirulence effectors and immune receptors, other proteins contribute to specific recognition. The nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptor Pm2a in wheat recognizes the fungal powdery mildew effector AvrPm2. We found that the predicted wheat zinc finger TaZF interacts with both the fungal avirulence protein AvrPm2 and the wheat NLR Pm2a. We further demonstrated that the virulent AvrPm2-H2 variant does not interact with TaZF. TaZF silencing in wheat resulted in a reduction but not a loss of Pm2a-mediated powdery mildew resistance. Interaction studies showed that the leucine-rich repeat domain of Pm2a is the mediator of the interaction with TaZF. TaZF recruits both Pm2a and AvrPm2 from the cytosol to the nucleus, resulting in nuclear localization of Pm2a, TaZF, and AvrPm2 in wheat. We propose that TaZF acts as a facilitator of Pm2a-dependent AvrPm2 effector recognition. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying effector host targets for characterization of NLR-mediated effector recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Manser
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helen Zbinden
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Herren
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joel Steger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonatan Isaksson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Bräunlich
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Oliveira-Garcia E, Yan X, Oses-Ruiz M, de Paula S, Talbot NJ. Effector-triggered susceptibility by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1007-1020. [PMID: 38073141 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Rice blast, the most destructive disease of cultivated rice world-wide, is caused by the filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. To cause disease in plants, M. oryzae secretes a diverse range of effector proteins to suppress plant defense responses, modulate cellular processes, and support pathogen growth. Some effectors can be secreted by appressoria even before host penetration, while others accumulate in the apoplast, or enter living plant cells where they target specific plant subcellular compartments. During plant infection, the blast fungus induces the formation of a specialized plant structure known as the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC), which appears to be crucial for effector delivery into plant cells. Here, we review recent advances in the cell biology of M. oryzae-host interactions and show how new breakthroughs in disease control have stemmed from an increased understanding of effector proteins of M. oryzae are deployed and delivered into plant cells to enable pathogen invasion and host susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ely Oliveira-Garcia
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Miriam Oses-Ruiz
- IMAB, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Samuel de Paula
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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4
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Soto-Cardinault C, Childs KL, Góngora-Castillo E. Network Analysis of Publicly Available RNA-seq Provides Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Defense against Multiple Fungal Pathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2223. [PMID: 38137044 PMCID: PMC10743233 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens can have devastating effects on global crop production, leading to annual economic losses ranging from 10% to 23%. In light of climate change-related challenges, researchers anticipate an increase in fungal infections as a result of shifting environmental conditions. However, plants have developed intricate molecular mechanisms for effective defense against fungal attacks. Understanding these mechanisms is essential to the development of new strategies for protecting crops from multiple fungi threats. Public omics databases provide valuable resources for research on plant-pathogen interactions; however, integrating data from different studies can be challenging due to experimental variation. In this study, we aimed to identify the core genes that defend against the pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum higginsianum and Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using a custom framework to control batch effects and construct Gene Co-expression Networks in publicly available RNA-seq dataset from infected A. thaliana plants, we successfully identified a gene module that was responsive to both pathogens. We also performed gene annotation to reveal the roles of previously unknown protein-coding genes in plant defenses against fungal infections. This research demonstrates the potential of publicly available RNA-seq data for identifying the core genes involved in defending against multiple fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Soto-Cardinault
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida 97205, Mexico;
| | - Kevin L. Childs
- Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Elsa Góngora-Castillo
- CONAHCYT-Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida 97205, Mexico
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5
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Martinek J, Cifrová P, Vosolsobě S, García-González J, Malínská K, Mauerová Z, Jelínková B, Krtková J, Sikorová L, Leaves I, Sparkes I, Schwarzerová K. ARP2/3 complex associates with peroxisomes to participate in pexophagy in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1874-1889. [PMID: 37845336 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Actin-related protein (ARP2/3) complex is a heteroheptameric protein complex, evolutionary conserved in all eukaryotic organisms. Its conserved role is based on the induction of actin polymerization at the interface between membranes and the cytoplasm. Plant ARP2/3 has been reported to participate in actin reorganization at the plasma membrane during polarized growth of trichomes and at the plasma membrane-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites. Here we demonstrate that individual plant subunits of ARP2/3 fused to fluorescent proteins form motile spot-like structures in the cytoplasm that are associated with peroxisomes in Arabidopsis and tobacco. ARP2/3 is found at the peroxisome periphery and contains the assembled ARP2/3 complex and the WAVE/SCAR complex subunit NAP1. This ARP2/3-positive peroxisomal domain colocalizes with the autophagosome and, under conditions that affect the autophagy, colocalization between ARP2/3 and the autophagosome increases. ARP2/3 subunits co-immunoprecipitate with ATG8f and peroxisome-associated ARP2/3 interact in vivo with the ATG8f marker. Since mutants lacking functional ARP2/3 complex have more peroxisomes than wild type, we suggest that ARP2/3 has a novel role in the process of peroxisome degradation by autophagy, called pexophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martinek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cifrová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- Imaging Facility of Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Mauerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Jelínková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Krtková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sikorová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ian Leaves
- Biosciences, CLES, Exeter University, Exeter, UK
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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6
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Molloy B, Baum T, Eves-van den Akker S. Unlocking the development- and physiology-altering 'effector toolbox' of plant-parasitic nematodes. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:732-738. [PMID: 37438213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant parasites take advantage of host developmental plasticity to elicit profound developmental and physiological changes. In the case of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), these changes can result in the development of new plant organs. Despite the importance of the development- and physiology-altering abilities of these parasites in pathology, research has historically focused on their abilities to suppress immunity. We argue that, given the dramatic changes involved in feeding site establishment, it is entirely possible that development- and physiology-altering abilities of PPNs may, in fact, dominate effector repertoires - highlighting the need for novel high-throughput screens for development- and physiology-altering 'tools'. Uncovering this portion of the nematode 'toolbox' can enable biotechnology, enhance crop protection, and shed light on fundamental host biology itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Molloy
- Department of Plant Sciences - Crop Science Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Thomas Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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7
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Newman TE, Kim H, Khentry Y, Sohn KH, Derbyshire MC, Kamphuis LG. The broad host range pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum produces multiple effector proteins that induce host cell death intracellularly. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:866-881. [PMID: 37038612 PMCID: PMC10346375 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a broad host range necrotrophic fungal pathogen, which causes disease on many economically important crop species. S. sclerotiorum has been shown to secrete small effector proteins to kill host cells and acquire nutrients. We set out to discover novel necrosis-inducing effectors and characterize their activity using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Five intracellular necrosis-inducing effectors were identified with differing host subcellular localization patterns, which were named intracellular necrosis-inducing effector 1-5 (SsINE1-5). We show for the first time a broad host range pathogen effector, SsINE1, that uses an RxLR-like motif to enter host cells. Furthermore, we provide preliminary evidence that SsINE5 induces necrosis via an NLR protein. All five of the identified effectors are highly conserved in globally sourced S. sclerotiorum isolates. Taken together, these results advance our understanding of the virulence mechanisms employed by S. sclerotiorum and reveal potential avenues for enhancing genetic resistance to this damaging fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby E. Newman
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Haseong Kim
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Yuphin Khentry
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Mark C. Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Lars G. Kamphuis
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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8
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Harris W, Kim S, Vӧlz R, Lee YH. Nuclear effectors of plant pathogens: Distinct strategies to be one step ahead. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:637-650. [PMID: 36942744 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear effector proteins released by bacteria, oomycete, nematode, and fungi burden the global environment and crop yield. Microbial effectors are key weapons in the evolutionary arms race between plants and pathogens, vital in determining the success of pathogenic colonization. Secreted effectors undermine a multitude of host cellular processes depending on their target destination. Effectors are classified by their localization as either extracellular (apoplastic) or intracellular. Intracellular effectors can be further subclassified by their compartment such as the nucleus, cytoplasm or chloroplast. Nuclear effectors bring into question the role of the plant nucleus' intrinsic defence strategies and their vulnerability to effector-based manipulation. Nuclear effectors interfere with multiple nuclear processes including the epigenetic regulation of the host chromatin, the impairment of the trans-kingdom antifungal RNAi machinery, and diverse classes of immunity-associated host proteins. These effector-targeted pathways are widely conserved among different hosts and regulate a broad array of plant cellular processes. Thus, these nuclear sites constitute meaningful targets for effectors to subvert the plant defence system and acquire resources for pathogenic propagation. This review provides an extensive and comparative compilation of diverse plant microbe nuclear effector libraries, thereby highlighting the distinct and conserved mechanisms these effectors employ to modulate plant cellular processes for the pathogen's profit.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronny Vӧlz
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Plant Microbiome Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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9
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Hsiao AS, Huang JY. Microtubule Regulation in Plants: From Morphological Development to Stress Adaptation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040627. [PMID: 37189374 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are essential elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and are critical for various cell functions. During cell division, plant MTs form highly ordered structures, and cortical MTs guide the cell wall cellulose patterns and thus control cell size and shape. Both are important for morphological development and for adjusting plant growth and plasticity under environmental challenges for stress adaptation. Various MT regulators control the dynamics and organization of MTs in diverse cellular processes and response to developmental and environmental cues. This article summarizes the recent progress in plant MT studies from morphological development to stress responses, discusses the latest techniques applied, and encourages more research into plant MT regulation.
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10
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Helm M, Singh R, Hiles R, Jaiswal N, Myers A, Iyer-Pascuzzi AS, Goodwin SB. Candidate Effector Proteins from the Maize Tar Spot Pathogen Phyllachora maydis Localize to Diverse Plant Cell Compartments. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2538-2548. [PMID: 35815936 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0181-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most fungal pathogens secrete effector proteins into host cells to modulate their immune responses, thereby promoting pathogenesis and fungal growth. One such fungal pathogen is the ascomycete Phyllachora maydis, which causes tar spot disease on leaves of maize (Zea mays). Sequencing of the P. maydis genome revealed 462 putatively secreted proteins, of which 40 contain expected effector-like sequence characteristics. However, the subcellular compartments targeted by P. maydis effector candidate (PmEC) proteins remain unknown, and it will be important to prioritize them for further functional characterization. To test the hypothesis that PmECs target diverse subcellular compartments, cellular locations of super yellow fluorescent protein-tagged PmEC proteins were identified using a Nicotiana benthamiana-based heterologous expression system. Immunoblot analyses showed that most of the PmEC-fluorescent protein fusions accumulated protein in N. benthamiana, indicating that the candidate effectors could be expressed in dicot leaf cells. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy of N. benthamiana epidermal cells revealed that most of the P. maydis putative effectors localized to the nucleus and cytosol. One candidate effector, PmEC01597, localized to multiple subcellular compartments including the nucleus, nucleolus, and plasma membrane, whereas an additional putative effector, PmEC03792, preferentially labelled both the nucleus and nucleolus. Intriguingly, one candidate effector, PmEC04573, consistently localized to the stroma of chloroplasts as well as stroma-containing tubules (stromules). Collectively, these data suggest that effector candidate proteins from P. maydis target diverse cellular organelles and could thus provide valuable insights into their putative functions, as well as host processes potentially manipulated by this fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Helm
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Raksha Singh
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Rachel Hiles
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Namrata Jaiswal
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ariana Myers
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - Stephen B Goodwin
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), West Lafayette, IN 47907
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11
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Todd JNA, Carreón-Anguiano KG, Islas-Flores I, Canto-Canché B. Fungal Effectoromics: A World in Constant Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13433. [PMID: 36362218 PMCID: PMC9656242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectors are small, secreted molecules that mediate the establishment of interactions in nature. While some concepts of effector biology have stood the test of time, this area of study is ever-evolving as new effectors and associated characteristics are being revealed. In the present review, the different characteristics that underly effector classifications are discussed, contrasting past and present knowledge regarding these molecules to foster a more comprehensive understanding of effectors for the reader. Research gaps in effector identification and perspectives for effector application in plant disease management are also presented, with a focus on fungal effectors in the plant-microbe interaction and interactions beyond the plant host. In summary, the review provides an amenable yet thorough introduction to fungal effector biology, presenting noteworthy examples of effectors and effector studies that have shaped our present understanding of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel Nicole Anna Todd
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Karla Gisel Carreón-Anguiano
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
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12
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Vasilev J, Mix AK, Heimerl T, Maier UG, Moog D. Inferred Subcellular Localization of Peroxisomal Matrix Proteins of Guillardia theta Suggests an Important Role of Peroxisomes in Cryptophytes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:889662. [PMID: 35783940 PMCID: PMC9244630 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.889662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes participate in several important metabolic processes in eukaryotic cells, such as the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or the degradation of fatty acids by β-oxidation. Recently, the presence of peroxisomes in the cryptophyte Guillardia theta and other "chromalveolates" was revealed by identifying proteins for peroxisomal biogenesis. Here, we investigated the subcellular localization of candidate proteins of G. theta in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, either possessing a putative peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1) sequence or factors lacking a peroxisomal targeting signal but known to be involved in β-oxidation. Our results indicate important contributions of the peroxisomes of G. theta to the carbohydrate, ether phospholipid, nucleotide, vitamin K, ROS, amino acid, and amine metabolisms. Moreover, our results suggest that in contrast to many other organisms, the peroxisomes of G. theta are not involved in the β-oxidation of fatty acids, which exclusively seems to occur in the cryptophyte's mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vasilev
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Mix
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Heimerl
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe G. Maier
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Moog
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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13
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Lu X, Miao J, Shen D, Dou D. Proteinaceous Effector Discovery and Characterization in Plant Pathogenic Colletotrichum Fungi. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:914035. [PMID: 35694285 PMCID: PMC9184758 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.914035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by plant pathogenic Colletotrichum fungi results in large economic losses in field crop production worldwide. To aid the establishment of plant host infection, Colletotrichum pathogens secrete numerous effector proteins either in apoplastic space or inside of host cells for effective colonization. Understanding these effector repertoires is critical for developing new strategies for resistance breeding and disease management. With the advance of genomics and bioinformatics tools, a large repertoire of putative effectors has been identified in Colletotrichum genomes, and the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of some studied effectors have been summarized. Here, we review recent advances in genomic identification, understanding of evolutional characteristics, transcriptional profiling, and functional characterization of Colletotrichum effectors. We also offer a perspective on future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinlu Miao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Wang M, Ji Z, Yan H, Xu J, Zhao X, Zhou Z. Effector Sntf2 Interacted with Chloroplast-Related Protein Mdycf39 Promoting the Colonization of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Apple Leaf. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126379. [PMID: 35742821 PMCID: PMC9224526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot of apple, caused by Colletotrichumgloeosporioides, is a devastating disease that leads to severe defoliation and fruit spots. The Colletotrichum species secretes a series of effectors to manipulate the host’s immune response, facilitating its colonization in plants. However, the mechanism by which the effector of C. gloeosporioides inhibits the defenses of the host remains unclear. In this study, we reported a novel effector Sntf2 of C. gloeosporioides. The transient expression of SNTF2 inhibits BAX-induced cell death in tobacco plants. Sntf2 suppresses plant defense responses by reducing callose deposition and H2O2 accumulation. SNTF2 is upregulated during infection, and its deletion reduces virulence to the plant. Sntf2 is localized to the chloroplasts and interacts with Mdycf39 (a chloroplast PSII assembly factor) in apple leaves. The Mdycf39 overexpression line increases susceptibility to C. gloeosporioides, whereas the Mdycf39 transgenic silent line does not grow normally with pale white leaves, indicating that Sntf2 disturbs plant defense responses and growth by targeting Mdycf39.
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15
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de Oliveira Silva A, Aliyeva-Schnorr L, Wirsel SGR, Deising HB. Fungal Pathogenesis-Related Cell Wall Biogenesis, with Emphasis on the Maize Anthracnose Fungus Colletotrichum graminicola. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070849. [PMID: 35406829 PMCID: PMC9003368 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The genus Colletotrichum harbors many plant pathogenic species, several of which cause significant yield losses in the field and post harvest. Typically, in order to infect their host plants, spores germinate, differentiate a pressurized infection cell, and display a hemibiotrophic lifestyle after plant invasion. Several factors required for virulence or pathogenicity have been identified in different Colletotrichum species, and adaptation of cell wall biogenesis to distinct stages of pathogenesis has been identified as a major pre-requisite for the establishment of a compatible parasitic fungus-plant interaction. Here, we highlight aspects of fungal cell wall biogenesis during plant infection, with emphasis on the maize leaf anthracnose and stalk rot fungus, Colletotrichum graminicola.
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Ning N, Xie X, Yu H, Mei J, Li Q, Zuo S, Wu H, Liu W, Li Z. Plant Peroxisome-Targeting Effector MoPtep1 Is Required for the Virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2515. [PMID: 35269662 PMCID: PMC8910473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most serious fungous diseases in rice. In the past decades, studies have reported that numerous M. oryzae effectors were secreted into plant cells to facilitate inoculation. Effectors target host proteins to assist the virulence of pathogens via the localization of specific organelles, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, etc. However, studies on the pathogenesis of peroxisome-targeting effectors are still limited. In our previous study, we analyzed the subcellular localization of candidate effectors from M. oryzae using the agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system in tobacco and found that MoPtep1 (peroxisomes-targeted effector protein 1) localized in plant peroxisomes. Here, we proved that MoPtep1 was induced in the early stage of the M. oryzae infection and positively regulated the pathogenicity, while it did not affect the vegetative growth of mycelia. Subcellular localization results showed that MoPtep1 was localized in the plant peroxisomes with a signal peptide and a cupredoxin domain. Sequence analysis indicated that the homologous protein of MoPtep1 in plant-pathogenic fungi was evolutionarily conserved. Furthermore, MoPtep1 could suppress INF1-induced cell death in tobacco, and the targeting host proteins were identified using the Y2H system. Our results suggested that MoPtep1 is an important pathogenic effector in rice blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ning
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (N.N.); (X.X.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (N.N.); (X.X.)
| | - Haiyue Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Jie Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Qianqian Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Shimin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Hanxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
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Boufleur TR, Massola Júnior NS, Tikami Í, Sukno SA, Thon MR, Baroncelli R. Identification and Comparison of Colletotrichum Secreted Effector Candidates Reveal Two Independent Lineages Pathogenic to Soybean. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111520. [PMID: 34832675 PMCID: PMC8625359 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum is one of the most important plant pathogenic genus of fungi due to its scientific and economic impact. A wide range of hosts can be infected by Colletotrichum spp., which causes losses in crops of major importance worldwide, such as soybean. Soybean anthracnose is mainly caused by C. truncatum, but other species have been identified at an increasing rate during the last decade, becoming one of the most important limiting factors to soybean production in several regions. To gain a better understanding of the evolutionary origin of soybean anthracnose, we compared the repertoire of effector candidates of four Colletotrichum species pathogenic to soybean and eight species not pathogenic. Our results show that the four species infecting soybean belong to two lineages and do not share any effector candidates. These results strongly suggest that two Colletotrichum lineages have acquired the capability to infect soybean independently. This study also provides, for each lineage, a set of candidate effectors encoding genes that may have important roles in pathogenicity towards soybean offering a new resource useful for further research on soybean anthracnose management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís R. Boufleur
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba 13418-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (N.S.M.J.); (Í.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain; (S.A.S.); (M.R.T.)
- Correspondence: (T.R.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Nelson S. Massola Júnior
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba 13418-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (N.S.M.J.); (Í.T.)
| | - Ísis Tikami
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba 13418-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (N.S.M.J.); (Í.T.)
| | - Serenella A. Sukno
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain; (S.A.S.); (M.R.T.)
| | - Michael R. Thon
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain; (S.A.S.); (M.R.T.)
| | - Riccardo Baroncelli
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain; (S.A.S.); (M.R.T.)
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (T.R.B.); (R.B.)
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Tariqjaveed M, Mateen A, Wang S, Qiu S, Zheng X, Zhang J, Bhadauria V, Sun W. Versatile effectors of phytopathogenic fungi target host immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1856-1873. [PMID: 34383388 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi secrete a large arsenal of effector molecules, including proteinaceous effectors, small RNAs, phytohormones and derivatives thereof. The pathogenicity of fungal pathogens is primarily determined by these effectors that are secreted into host cells to undermine innate immunity, as well as to facilitate the acquisition of nutrients for their in planta growth and proliferation. After conventional and non-conventional secretion, fungal effectors are translocated into different subcellular compartments of the host cells to interfere with various biological processes. In extracellular spaces, apoplastic effectors cope with physical and chemical barriers to break the first line of plant defenses. Intracellular effectors target essential immune components on the plasma membrane, in the cytosol, including cytosolic organelles, and in the nucleus to suppress host immunity and reprogram host physiology, favoring pathogen colonization. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent advances in fungal effector biology, with a focus on the versatile virulence functions of fungal effectors in promoting pathogen infection and colonization. A perspective of future research on fungal effector biology is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariqjaveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Abdul Mateen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinhang Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
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Tsushima A, Narusaka M, Gan P, Kumakura N, Hiroyama R, Kato N, Takahashi S, Takano Y, Narusaka Y, Shirasu K. The Conserved Colletotrichum spp. Effector Candidate CEC3 Induces Nuclear Expansion and Cell Death in Plants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682155. [PMID: 34539598 PMCID: PMC8446390 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens secrete proteins, known as effectors, that promote infection by manipulating host cells. Members of the phytopathogenic fungal genus Colletotrichum collectively have a broad host range and generally adopt a hemibiotrophic lifestyle that includes an initial biotrophic phase and a later necrotrophic phase. We hypothesized that Colletotrichum fungi use a set of conserved effectors during infection to support the two phases of their hemibiotrophic lifestyle. This study aimed to examine this hypothesis by identifying and characterizing conserved effectors among Colletotrichum fungi. Comparative genomic analyses using genomes of ascomycete fungi with different lifestyles identified seven effector candidates that are conserved across the genus Colletotrichum. Transient expression assays showed that one of these putative conserved effectors, CEC3, induces nuclear expansion and cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, suggesting that CEC3 is involved in promoting host cell death during infection. Nuclear expansion and cell death induction were commonly observed in CEC3 homologs from four different Colletotrichum species that vary in host specificity. Thus, CEC3 proteins could represent a novel class of core effectors with functional conservation in the genus Colletotrichum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Tsushima
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mari Narusaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences Okayama, Kaga-gun, Japan
| | - Pamela Gan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Ryoko Hiroyama
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoki Kato
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Ken Shirasu
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
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20
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Figueroa M, Ortiz D, Henningsen EC. Tactics of host manipulation by intracellular effectors from plant pathogenic fungi. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102054. [PMID: 33992840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens can secrete hundreds of effectors, some of which are known to promote host susceptibility. This biological complexity, together with the lack of genetic tools in some fungi, presents a substantial challenge to develop a broad picture of the mechanisms these pathogens use for host manipulation. Nevertheless, recent advances in understanding individual effector functions are beginning to flesh out our view of fungal pathogenesis. This review discusses some of the latest findings that illustrate how effectors from diverse species use similar strategies to modulate plant physiology to their advantage. We also summarize recent breakthroughs in the identification of effectors from challenging systems, like obligate biotrophs, and emerging concepts such as the 'iceberg model' to explain how the activation of plant immunity can be turned off by effectors with suppressive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Figueroa
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Diana Ortiz
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Unit of Genetics and Breeding of Fruit and Vegetables, Domaine St Maurice, CS 60094, F-84143 Montfavet, France
| | - Eva C Henningsen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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21
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Zhang X, Harding BW, Aggad D, Courtine D, Chen JX, Pujol N, Ewbank JJ. Antagonistic fungal enterotoxins intersect at multiple levels with host innate immune defences. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009600. [PMID: 34166401 PMCID: PMC8263066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals and plants need to defend themselves from pathogen attack. Their defences drive innovation in virulence mechanisms, leading to never-ending cycles of co-evolution in both hosts and pathogens. A full understanding of host immunity therefore requires examination of pathogen virulence strategies. Here, we take advantage of the well-studied innate immune system of Caenorhabditis elegans to dissect the action of two virulence factors from its natural fungal pathogen Drechmeria coniospora. We show that these two enterotoxins have strikingly different effects when expressed individually in the nematode epidermis. One is able to interfere with diverse aspects of host cell biology, altering vesicle trafficking and preventing the key STAT-like transcription factor STA-2 from activating defensive antimicrobial peptide gene expression. The second increases STA-2 levels in the nucleus, modifies the nucleolus, and, potentially as a consequence of a host surveillance mechanism, causes increased defence gene expression. Our results highlight the remarkably complex and potentially antagonistic mechanisms that come into play in the interaction between co-evolved hosts and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin W. Harding
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Dina Aggad
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Damien Courtine
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nathalie Pujol
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Jonathan J. Ewbank
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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Henningsen EC, Omidvar V, Della Coletta R, Michno JM, Gilbert E, Li F, Miller ME, Myers CL, Gordon SP, Vogel JP, Steffenson BJ, Kianian SF, Hirsch CD, Figueroa M. Identification of Candidate Susceptibility Genes to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:657796. [PMID: 33968112 PMCID: PMC8097158 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.657796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Wheat stem rust disease caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) is a global threat to wheat production. Fast evolving populations of Pgt limit the efficacy of plant genetic resistance and constrain disease management strategies. Understanding molecular mechanisms that lead to rust infection and disease susceptibility could deliver novel strategies to deploy crop resistance through genetic loss of disease susceptibility. We used comparative transcriptome-based and orthology-guided approaches to characterize gene expression changes associated with Pgt infection in susceptible and resistant Triticum aestivum genotypes as well as the non-host Brachypodium distachyon. We targeted our analysis to genes with differential expression in T. aestivum and genes suppressed or not affected in B. distachyon and report several processes potentially linked to susceptibility to Pgt, such as cell death suppression and impairment of photosynthesis. We complemented our approach with a gene co-expression network analysis to identify wheat targets to deliver resistance to Pgt through removal or modification of putative susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C. Henningsen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Vahid Omidvar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Rafael Della Coletta
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jean-Michel Michno
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Erin Gilbert
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Marisa E. Miller
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Chad L. Myers
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - John P. Vogel
- Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Brian J. Steffenson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Shahryar F. Kianian
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Cory D. Hirsch
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Melania Figueroa
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Sánchez-Sandoval ME, Racagni Di-Palma GE, González-Mendoza VM, Cab-Guillén YA, Muñoz-Sanchez JA, Ramos-Díaz A, Hernández-Sotomayor SMT. Phospholipid signaling pathway in Capsicum chinense suspension cells as a key response to consortium infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:62. [PMID: 33494714 PMCID: PMC7836502 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mexico is considered the diversification center for chili species, but these crops are susceptible to infection by pathogens such as Colletotrichum spp., which causes anthracnose disease and postharvest decay in general. Studies have been carried out with isolated strains of Colletotrichum in Capsicum plants; however, under growing conditions, microorganisms generally interact with others, resulting in an increase or decrease of their ability to infect the roots of C. chinense seedlings and thus, cause disease. RESULTS Morphological changes were evident 24 h after inoculation (hai) with the microbial consortium, which consisted primarily of C. ignotum. High levels of diacylglycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP) and phosphatidic acid (PA) were found around 6 hai. These metabolic changes could be correlated with high transcription levels of diacylglycerol-kinase (CchDGK1 and CchDG31) at 3, 6 and 12 hai and also to pathogen gene markers, such as CchPR1 and CchPR5. CONCLUSIONS Our data constitute the first evidence for the phospholipids signalling events, specifically DGPP and PA participation in the phospholipase C/DGK (PI-PLC/DGK) pathway, in the response of Capsicum to the consortium, offering new insights on chilis' defense responses to damping-off diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Sánchez-Sandoval
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - Victor M González-Mendoza
- CONA CYT- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Agrobiotecnología Alimentaria (Consortium between Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo, A.C. and Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco), San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Yahaira A Cab-Guillén
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - José A Muñoz-Sanchez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ana Ramos-Díaz
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Subsede Sureste, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - S M Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Bhandari DD, Brandizzi F. Plant endomembranes and cytoskeleton: moving targets in immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 58:8-16. [PMID: 33099211 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens attack plant cells to divert resources toward pathogen proliferation. To resist pathogens, plant cells rely on multilayered signaling pathways that hinge upon the secretory pathway for the synthesis and trafficking of pathogen sensors and defense molecules. In recent years, significant strides have been made in the understanding of the functional relationship between pathogen response and membrane traffic. Here we discuss how the plant cytoskeleton and endomembranes are targeted by pathogen effectors and highlight an emerging role of membrane contact sites in biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak D Bhandari
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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25
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Arroyo-Velez N, González-Fuente M, Peeters N, Lauber E, Noël LD. From effectors to effectomes: Are functional studies of individual effectors enough to decipher plant pathogen infectious strategies? PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009059. [PMID: 33270803 PMCID: PMC7714205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noe Arroyo-Velez
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Nemo Peeters
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Laurent D. Noël
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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26
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Kanja C, Hammond‐Kosack KE. Proteinaceous effector discovery and characterization in filamentous plant pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1353-1376. [PMID: 32767620 PMCID: PMC7488470 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The complicated interplay of plant-pathogen interactions occurs on multiple levels as pathogens evolve to constantly evade the immune responses of their hosts. Many economically important crops fall victim to filamentous pathogens that produce small proteins called effectors to manipulate the host and aid infection/colonization. Understanding the effector repertoires of pathogens is facilitating an increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying virulence as well as guiding the development of disease control strategies. The purpose of this review is to give a chronological perspective on the evolution of the methodologies used in effector discovery from physical isolation and in silico predictions, to functional characterization of the effectors of filamentous plant pathogens and identification of their host targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Kanja
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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Mukhi N, Gorenkin D, Banfield MJ. Exploring folds, evolution and host interactions: understanding effector structure/function in disease and immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:326-333. [PMID: 32239533 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in plant pathology, broadening our understanding of how pathogens colonize their hosts. To manipulate host cell physiology and subvert plant immune responses, pathogens secrete an array of effector proteins. A co-evolutionary arms-race drives the pathogen to constantly reinvent its effector repertoire to undermine plant immunity. In turn, hosts develop novel immune receptors to maintain effector recognition and mount defences. Understanding how effectors promote disease and how they are perceived by the plant's defence network persist as major subjects in the study of plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we focus on recent advances (over roughly the last two years) in understanding structure/function relationships in effectors from bacteria and filamentous plant pathogens. Structure/function studies of bacterial effectors frequently uncover diverse catalytic activities, while structure-informed similarity searches have enabled cataloguing of filamentous pathogen effectors. We also suggest how such advances have informed the study of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Mukhi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Danylo Gorenkin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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28
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Plaumann PL, Koch C. The Many Questions about Mini Chromosomes in Colletotrichum spp. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050641. [PMID: 32438596 PMCID: PMC7284448 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many fungal pathogens carry accessory regions in their genome, which are not required for vegetative fitness. Often, although not always, these regions occur as relatively small chromosomes in different species. Such mini chromosomes appear to be a typical feature of many filamentous plant pathogens. Since these regions often carry genes coding for effectors or toxin-producing enzymes, they may be directly related to virulence of the respective pathogen. In this review, we outline the situation of small accessory chromosomes in the genus Colletotrichum, which accounts for ecologically important plant diseases. We summarize which species carry accessory chromosomes, their gene content, and chromosomal makeup. We discuss the large variation in size and number even between different isolates of the same species, their potential roles in host range, and possible mechanisms for intra- and interspecies exchange of these interesting genetic elements.
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Xiong F, Wang Y, Lu Q, Hao X, Fang W, Yang Y, Zhu X, Wang X. Lifestyle Characteristics and Gene Expression Analysis of Colletotrichum camelliae Isolated from Tea Plant [ Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] Based on Transcriptome. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050782. [PMID: 32443615 PMCID: PMC7278179 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum camelliae is one of the most serious pathogens causing anthracnose in tea plants, but the interactive relationship between C. camelliae and tea plants has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the gene expression changes in five different growth stages of C. camelliae based on transcriptome analysis to explain the lifestyle characteristics during the infection. On the basis of gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in comparisons of germ tube (GT)/conidium (Con), appressoria (App)/Con, and cellophane infectious hyphae (CIH)/Con groups, the cellular process in the biological process category and intracellular, intracellular part, cell, and cell part in the cellular component category were significantly enriched. Hydrolase activity, catalytic activity, and molecular_function in the molecular function category were particularly enriched in the infection leaves (IL)/Con group. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that the DEGs were enriched in the genetic information processing pathway (ribosome) at the GT stage and the metabolism pathway (metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolism) in the rest of the stages. Interestingly, the genes associated with melanin biosynthesis and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZys), which are vital for penetration and cell wall degradation, were significantly upregulated at the App, CIH and IL stages. Subcellular localization results further showed that the selected non-annotated secreted proteins based on transcriptome data were majorly located in the cytoplasm and nucleus, predicted as new candidate effectors. The results of this study may establish a foundation and provide innovative ideas for subsequent research on C. camelliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (F.X.); (W.F.)
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuchun Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Qinhua Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xinyuan Hao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (F.X.); (W.F.)
| | - Yajun Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (F.X.); (W.F.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-25-84395182 (X.Z.); Fax: +86-25-84395182 (X.Z.)
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-25-84395182 (X.Z.); Fax: +86-25-84395182 (X.Z.)
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Fabre F, Vignassa M, Urbach S, Langin T, Bonhomme L. Time-resolved dissection of the molecular crosstalk driving Fusarium head blight in wheat provides new insights into host susceptibility determinism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2291-2308. [PMID: 30866080 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fungal plant diseases are controlled by a complex molecular dialogue that involves pathogen effectors able to manipulate plant susceptibility factors at the earliest stages of the interaction. By probing the wheat-Fusarium graminearum pathosystem, we profiled the coregulations of the fungal and plant proteins shaping the molecular responses of a 96-hr-long infection's dynamics. Although no symptoms were yet detectable, fungal biomass swiftly increased along with an extremely diverse set of secreted proteins and candidate effectors supposed to target key plant organelles. Some showed to be early accumulated during the interaction or already present in spores, otherwise stored in germinating spores and detectable in an in vitro F. graminearum exudate. Wheat responses were swiftly set up and were evidenced before any visible symptom. Significant wheat protein abundance changes co-occurred along with the accumulation of putative secreted fungal proteins and predicted effectors. Regulated wheat proteins were closely connected to basal cellular processes occurring during spikelet ontogeny, and particular coregulation patterns were evidenced between chloroplast proteins and fungal proteins harbouring a predicted chloroplast transit peptide. The described plant and fungal coordinated responses provide a resourceful set of data and expand our understanding of the wheat-F. graminearum interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Fabre
- Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, UMR 1095, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Manon Vignassa
- Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, UMR 1095, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Serge Urbach
- Functional Proteomics Platform (FPP), Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), CNRS UMR 5203 INSERM U661, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Langin
- Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, UMR 1095, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ludovic Bonhomme
- Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, UMR 1095, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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The repertoire of effector candidates in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum reveals important information about Colletotrichum genus lifestyle. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2295-2309. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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32
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Yan Y, Yuan Q, Tang J, Huang J, Hsiang T, Wei Y, Zheng L. Colletotrichum higginsianum as a Model for Understanding Host⁻Pathogen Interactions: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2142. [PMID: 30041456 PMCID: PMC6073530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum higginsianum is a hemibiotrophic ascomycetous fungus that causes economically important anthracnose diseases on numerous monocot and dicot crops worldwide. As a model pathosystem, the Colletotrichum⁻Arabidopsis interaction has the significant advantage that both organisms can be manipulated genetically. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the system and to point out recent significant studies that update our understanding of the pathogenesis of C. higginsianum and resistance mechanisms of Arabidopsis against this hemibiotrophic fungus. The genome sequence of C. higginsianum has provided insights into how genome structure and pathogen genetic variability has been shaped by transposable elements, and allows systematic approaches to longstanding areas of investigation, including infection structure differentiation and fungal⁻plant interactions. The Arabidopsis-Colletotrichum pathosystem provides an integrated system, with extensive information on the host plant and availability of genomes for both partners, to illustrate many of the important concepts governing fungal⁻plant interactions, and to serve as an excellent starting point for broad perspectives into issues in plant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Yan
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qinfeng Yuan
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jintian Tang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Junbin Huang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | - Lu Zheng
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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