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Mueller HM, Franzisky BL, Messerer M, Du B, Lux T, White PJ, Carpentier SC, Winkler JB, Schnitzler JP, El-Serehy HA, Al-Rasheid KAS, Al-Harbi N, Alfarraj S, Kudla J, Kangasjärvi J, Reichelt M, Mithöfer A, Mayer KFX, Rennenberg H, Ache P, Hedrich R, Geilfus CM. Integrative multi-omics analyses of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) roots and leaves reveal how the halophyte land plant copes with sea water. THE PLANT GENOME 2024; 17:e20372. [PMID: 37518859 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is able to grow and complete its life cycle while being rooted in highly saline soils. Which of the many well-known salt-tolerance strategies are combined to fine-tune this remarkable resilience is unknown. The precise location, whether in the shoot or the root, where these strategies are employed remains uncertain, leaving us unaware of how the various known salt-tolerance mechanisms are integrated to fine-tune this remarkable resilience. To address this shortcoming, we exposed date palm to a salt stress dose equivalent to seawater for up to 4 weeks and applied integrative multi-omics analyses followed by targeted metabolomics, hormone, and ion analyses. Integration of proteomic into transcriptomic data allowed a view beyond simple correlation, revealing a remarkably high degree of convergence between gene expression and protein abundance. This sheds a clear light on the acclimatization mechanisms employed, which depend on reprogramming of protein biosynthesis. For growth in highly saline habitats, date palm effectively combines various salt-tolerance mechanisms found in both halophytes and glycophytes: "avoidance" by efficient sodium and chloride exclusion at the roots, and "acclimation" by osmotic adjustment, reactive oxygen species scavenging in leaves, and remodeling of the ribosome-associated proteome in salt-exposed root cells. Combined efficiently as in P. dactylifera L., these sets of mechanisms seem to explain the palm's excellent salt stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike M Mueller
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bastian L Franzisky
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Maxim Messerer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Baoguo Du
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, China
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lux
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Sebastien Christian Carpentier
- Facility for SYstems BIOlogy based MAss Spectrometry, SYBIOMA, Proteomics Core Facility, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jana Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joerg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hamed A El-Serehy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Naif Al-Harbi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus F X Mayer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Ache
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
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Xiao R, Youngjun O, Zhang X, Thi NN, Lu H, Hwang I. Osmotic stress-induced localisation switch of CBR1 from mitochondria to the endoplasmic reticulum triggers ATP production via β-oxidation to respond to osmotic shock. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3420-3432. [PMID: 37469026 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought and high salinity are major environmental factors that reduce plant growth and development, leading to loss of plant productivity in agriculture. Under these stress conditions, photosynthesis is greatly suppressed despite the high cellular energy cost of stress response processes. Currently, the process that allows plants to secure the energy required for osmotic stress responses remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that cytochrome b5 reductase 1 (CBR1), a cytochrome b5 reductase, plays an important role in ATP production in response to NaCl and dehydration stresses. Overexpression and loss of function of CBR1 led to enhanced resistance and sensitivity, respectively, to osmotic stress. Upon exposure to osmotic stress, CBR1 was localised to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) instead of to mitochondria, where it was localised under normal conditions. Transgenic plants overexpressing ER-targeted CBR1 showed enhanced resistance to osmotic stress. Moreover, CBR1-ER and CBR1-OX plants, had higher levels of ATP and unsaturated fatty acids under osmotic stress. However, these effects were abrogated by thioridazine and 2-deoxy glucose, inhibitors of β-oxidation and glycolysis, respectively. Based on these results, we propose that ER-localised CBR1 triggers ATP production via the production and β-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids under osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Xiao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Oh Youngjun
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Xiuxiu Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - NguyenThO Nguyen Thi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Hai Lu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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3
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Kausar R, Wang X, Komatsu S. Crop Proteomics under Abiotic Stress: From Data to Insights. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11212877. [PMID: 36365330 PMCID: PMC9657731 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Food security is a major challenge in the present world due to erratic weather and climatic changes. Environmental stress negatively affects plant growth and development which leads to reduced crop yields. Technological advancements have caused remarkable improvements in crop-breeding programs. Proteins have an indispensable role in developing stress resilience and tolerance in crops. Genomic and biotechnological advancements have made the process of crop improvement more accurate and targeted. Proteomic studies provide the information required for such targeted approaches. The crosstalk among cellular components is being analyzed by subcellular proteomics. Additionally, the functional diversity of proteins is being unraveled by post-translational modifications during abiotic stress. The exploration of precise cellular responses and the networking among different cellular organelles help in the prediction of signaling pathways and protein-protein interactions. High-throughput mass-spectrometry-based protein studies are now possible due to incremental advancements in mass-spectrometry techniques, sample protocols, and bioinformatic tools as well as the increasing availability of plant genome sequence information for multiple species. In this review, the key role of proteomic analysis in identifying the abiotic-stress-responsive mechanisms in various crops was summarized. The development and availability of advanced computational tools were discussed in detail. The highly variable protein responses among different crops have provided a wide avenue for molecular-marker-assisted genetic buildup studies to develop smart, high-yielding, and stress-tolerant varieties to cope with food-security challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana Kausar
- Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
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4
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Kumar P, Choudhary M, Halder T, Prakash NR, Singh V, V. VT, Sheoran S, T. RK, Longmei N, Rakshit S, Siddique KHM. Salinity stress tolerance and omics approaches: revisiting the progress and achievements in major cereal crops. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 128:497-518. [DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Li N, Zhang Z, Gao S, Lv Y, Chen Z, Cao B, Xu K. Different responses of two Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) cultivars in photosynthetic characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure to salt and alkali stress. PLANTA 2021; 254:102. [PMID: 34671899 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salt and alkali stress affected the photosynthetic characteristics of Chinese cabbages. A salt-tolerant cultivar maintained its tolerance by ensuring the high ability of photosynthesis. The synthesis of organic acids and carbohydrates in leaves played important roles in improving the photosynthetic capacity of alkali-tolerant plants. Soil salinization has become an increasingly serious ecological problem, which limits the quality and yield of crops. As an important economic vegetable in winter, however, little is known about the response of Chinese cabbage to salt, alkali and salt-alkali stress in photosynthetic characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure. Thus, two Chinese cabbage cultivars, 'Qinghua' (salt-tolerant-alkali-sensitive) and 'Biyu' (salt-sensitive-alkali-tolerant) were investigated under stresses to clarify the similarities and differences between salt tolerance and alkali tolerance pathways in Chinese cabbage. We found that the root of Qinghua, the leaf ultrastructure and net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), water use efficiency (WUE), maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) were not affected by salt stress. However, Biyu was seriously affected under salt stress. Its growth indexes decreased by between 60 and 30% compared with the control and the photosynthetic indexes were also seriously affected under salt stress. This indicated that the salt-tolerant cultivar Qinghua improved the photosynthetic fluorescence ability to promote the synthesis of organic matter resulting in salt tolerance. In contrast, under alkali treatment, the root of Biyu was affected by alkali stress, but could still maintain good growth, and root and leaf structure were not seriously affected and could maintain the normal operations. Biyu improved its tolerance by improving the water use efficiency, regulating the synthesis of organic acids and carbohydrates, ensuring the synthesis of organic matter and ensured the normal growth of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Zhihuan Zhang
- Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Song Gao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yao Lv
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Zijing Chen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Bili Cao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Prasanna BM, Cairns JE, Zaidi PH, Beyene Y, Makumbi D, Gowda M, Magorokosho C, Zaman-Allah M, Olsen M, Das A, Worku M, Gethi J, Vivek BS, Nair SK, Rashid Z, Vinayan MT, Issa AB, San Vicente F, Dhliwayo T, Zhang X. Beat the stress: breeding for climate resilience in maize for the tropical rainfed environments. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1729-1752. [PMID: 33594449 PMCID: PMC7885763 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03773-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intensive public sector breeding efforts and public-private partnerships have led to the increase in genetic gains, and deployment of elite climate-resilient maize cultivars for the stress-prone environments in the tropics. Maize (Zea mays L.) plays a critical role in ensuring food and nutritional security, and livelihoods of millions of resource-constrained smallholders. However, maize yields in the tropical rainfed environments are now increasingly vulnerable to various climate-induced stresses, especially drought, heat, waterlogging, salinity, cold, diseases, and insect pests, which often come in combinations to severely impact maize crops. The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), in partnership with several public and private sector institutions, has been intensively engaged over the last four decades in breeding elite tropical maize germplasm with tolerance to key abiotic and biotic stresses, using an extensive managed stress screening network and on-farm testing system. This has led to the successful development and deployment of an array of elite stress-tolerant maize cultivars across sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Further increasing genetic gains in the tropical maize breeding programs demands judicious integration of doubled haploidy, high-throughput and precise phenotyping, genomics-assisted breeding, breeding data management, and more effective decision support tools. Multi-institutional efforts, especially public-private alliances, are key to ensure that the improved maize varieties effectively reach the climate-vulnerable farming communities in the tropics, including accelerated replacement of old/obsolete varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boddupalli M Prasanna
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, P.O.Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | - P H Zaidi
- CIMMYT, ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru, Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Yoseph Beyene
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, P.O.Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dan Makumbi
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, P.O.Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Manje Gowda
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, P.O.Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Mike Olsen
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, P.O.Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Aparna Das
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, P.O.Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mosisa Worku
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, P.O.Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - B S Vivek
- CIMMYT, ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru, Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sudha K Nair
- CIMMYT, ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru, Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Zerka Rashid
- CIMMYT, ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru, Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M T Vinayan
- CIMMYT, ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru, Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Singh S, Singh UB, Trivdi M, Malviya D, Sahu PK, Roy M, Sharma PK, Singh HV, Manna MC, Saxena AK. Restructuring the Cellular Responses: Connecting Microbial Intervention With Ecological Fitness and Adaptiveness to the Maize ( Zea mays L.) Grown in Saline-Sodic Soil. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:568325. [PMID: 33643224 PMCID: PMC7907600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.568325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress hampers plant growth and development. It is now becoming one of the most important threats to agricultural productivity. Rhizosphere microorganisms play key roles in modulating cellular responses and enable plant tolerant to salt stress, but the detailed mechanisms of how this occurs need in-depth investigation. The present study elucidated that the microbe-mediated restructuring of the cellular responses leads to ecological fitness and adaptiveness to the maize (Zea mays L.) grown in saline-sodic soil. In the present study, effects of seed biopriming with B. safensis MF-01, B. altitudinis MF-15, and B. velezensis MF-08 singly and in consortium on different growth parameters were recorded. Soil biochemical and enzymatic analyses were performed. The activity and gene expression of High-Affinity K+ Transporter (ZmHKT-1), Sodium/Hydrogen exchanger 1 (zmNHX1), and antioxidant enzymes (ZmAPX1.2, ZmBADH-1, ZmCAT, ZmMPK5, ZmMPK7, and ZmCPK11) were studied. The expression of genes related to lateral root development (ZmHO-1, ZmGSL-1, and ZmGSL-3) and root architecture were also carried out. Seeds bioprimed with consortium of all three strains have been shown to confer increased seed germination (23.34-26.31%) and vigor indices (vigor index I: 38.71-53.68% and vigor index II: 74.11-82.43%) as compared to untreated control plant grown in saline-sodic soil at 30 days of sowing. Results indicated that plants treated with consortium of three strains induced early production of adventitious roots (tips: 4889.29, forks: 7951.57, and crossings: 2296.45) in maize compared to plants primed with single strains and untreated control (tips: 2019.25, forks: 3021.45, and crossings: 388.36), which was further confirmed by assessing the transcript level of ZmHO-1 (7.20 folds), ZmGSL-1 (4.50 folds), and ZmGSL-3 (12.00 folds) genes using the qPCR approach. The uptake and translocation of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ significantly varied in the plants treated with bioagents alone or in consortium. qRT-PCR analysis also revealed that the ZmHKT-1 and zmNHX1 expression levels varied significantly in the maize root upon inoculation and showed a 6- to 11-fold increase in the plants bioprimed with all the three strains in combination. Further, the activity and gene expression levels of antioxidant enzymes were significantly higher in the leaves of maize subjected seed biopriming with bioagents individually or in combination (3.50- to 12.00-fold). Our research indicated that ZmHKT-1 and zmNHX1 expression could effectively enhance salt tolerance by maintaining an optimal Na+/K+ balance and increasing the antioxidant activity that keeps reactive oxygen species at a low accumulation level. Interestingly, up-regulation of ZmHKT-1, NHX1, ZmHO-1, ZmGSL-1, and ZmGSL-3 and genes encoding antioxidants regulates the cellular responses that could effectively enhance the adaptiveness and ultimately leads to better plant growth and grain production in the maize crop grown in saline-sodic soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Singh
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, India
| | - Udai B. Singh
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, India
| | - Mala Trivdi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - Deepti Malviya
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, India
| | - Pramod K. Sahu
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, India
| | - Manish Roy
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, India
| | - Pawan K. Sharma
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, India
| | - Harsh V. Singh
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, India
| | - M. C. Manna
- Soil Biology Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, India
| | - Anil K. Saxena
- Plant-Microbe Interaction and Rhizosphere Biology Lab, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, India
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Nakamura C, Takenaka S, Nitta M, Yamamoto M, Kawazoe T, Ono S, Takenaka M, Inoue K, Takenaka S, Kawai S. High sensitivity of roots to salt stress as revealed by novel tip bioassay in wheat seedlings. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1852890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Nakamura
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shotaro Takenaka
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Miyuki Nitta
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mikio Yamamoto
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kawazoe
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ono
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Motoki Takenaka
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Kazuma Inoue
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shotaro Takenaka
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shingo Kawai
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
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9
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Zhang H, Xu Z, Guo K, Huo Y, He G, Sun H, Guan Y, Xu N, Yang W, Sun G. Toxic effects of heavy metal Cd and Zn on chlorophyll, carotenoid metabolism and photosynthetic function in tobacco leaves revealed by physiological and proteomics analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110856. [PMID: 32629202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To explore the mechanisms underlying the action of the heavy metals Cd and Zn on the photosynthetic function of plant leaves, the effects of 100 μmol L-1 Cd and 200 μmol L-1 Zn stress (the exposure concentrations of Cd and Zn in the culture medium were 2.24 mg kg-1 and 5.36 mg kg-1) on the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents as well as the photosynthetic function of tobacco leaves (Long Jiang 911) were studied. The key proteins in these physiological processes were quantitatively analyzed using a TMT-based proteomics approach. Cd stress was found to inhibit the expression of key enzymes during chlorophyll synthesis in leaves, resulting in a decrease of the Chl content. However, Zn stress did not significantly influence the chlorophyll content. Leaves adapted to Zn stress by upregulating CAO expression and increase the Chl b content. Although the Car content in leaves did not significantly change under either Cd or Zn stress, the expressions of ZE and VDE during Car metabolism decreased significantly under Cd stress. This was accompanied by damages to the xanthophyll cycle and the NPQ-dependent energy dissipation mechanism. In contrast, under Zn stress, leaves adapted to Zn stress by increasing the expression of VDE, thus improving NPQ. Under Cd stress, the expressions of three sets of proteins were significantly down-regulated, including PSII donor-side proteins (PPD3, PPD6, OEE1, OEE2-1, OEE2-2, OEE2-3, and OEE3-2), receptor-side proteins (D1, D2, CP43, CP47, Cyt b559α, Cyt b559β, PsbL, PsbQ, PsbR, Psb27-H1, and Psb28), and core proteins of the PSI reaction center (psaA, psaB, psaC, psaD, psaE-A, PsaE-B, psaF, psaG, psaH-1, psaK, psaL, psaN, and psaOL). In comparison, only eight of the above proteins (PPD6, OEE3-2, PsbL, PsbQ, Psb27-H1, psaL, and psaOL) were significantly down-regulated by Zn stress. Under Cd stress, both the donor side and the receptor side of PSII were damaged, and PSII and PSI experienced severe photoinhibition. However, Zn stress did not decrease either PSII or PSI activities in tobacco leaves. In addition, the expression of electron transport-related proteins (cytb6/f complex, PC, Fd, and FNR), ATPase subunits, Rubisco subunits, and RCA decreased significantly in leaves under Cd stress. However, no significant changes were observed in any of these proteins under Zn stress. Although Cd stress was found to up-regulate the expressions of PGRL1A and PGRL1B and induce an increase of PGR5/PGRL1-CEF in tobacco leaves, NDH-CEF was significantly inhibited. Under Zn stress, the expressions of ndhH and PGRL1A in leaves were significantly up-regulated, but there were no significant changes in either NDH-CEF or PGR5/PGRL-CEF. Under Cd stress, the expressions of proteins related to Fd-dependent nitrogen metabolism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging processes (e.g., FTR, Fd-NiR, and Fd-GOGAT) were significantly down-regulated in leaves. However, no significant changes of any of the above proteins were identified under Zn stress. In summary, Cd stress could inhibit the synthesis of chlorophyll in tobacco leaves, significantly down-regulate the expressions of photosynthesis-related proteins or subunits, and suppress both the xanthophyll cycle and NDH-CEF process. The expressions of proteins related to the Fd-dependent nitrogen metabolism and ROS scavenging were also significantly down-regulated, which blocked the photosynthetic electron transport, thus resulting in severe photoinhibition of both PSII and PSI. However, Zn stress had little effect on the photosynthetic function of tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zisong Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kaiwen Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuze Huo
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guoqiang He
- Mudanjiang Tobacco Science Research Institute, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Mudanjiang Tobacco Science Research Institute, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yupeng Guan
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Natural Resources and Ecology Institute, Heilongjiang Sciences Academy, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Guangyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Lu LM, Yang SY, Liu L, Lu YF, Yang SM, Liu F, Ni S, Zeng FC, Ren B, Wang XY, Li LQ. Physiological and quantitative proteomic analysis of NtPRX63-overexpressing tobacco plants revealed that NtPRX63 functions in plant salt resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:30-42. [PMID: 32521442 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High salinity is harmful to crop yield and productivity. Peroxidases (PRXs) play crucial roles in H2O2 scavenging. In our previous study, PRX63 significantly upregulated in tobacco plants under salt stress. Thus, in order to understand the function of PRX63 in tobacco salt response, we overexpressed this gene in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), investigated the morphological, physiological and proteomic profiles of NtPRX63-overexpressing tobacco transgenic lines and wild type. The results showed that, compared with the wild type, the transgenic tobacco plants presented enhanced salt tolerance and displayed lower ROS (reactive oxygen species), malondialdehyde (MDA) and Na+ contents; higher biomass, potassium content, soluble sugar content, and peroxidase activity; and higher expression levels of NtSOD, NtPOD and NtCAT. Protein abundance analysis revealed 123 differentially expressed proteins between the transgenic and wild-type plants. These proteins were functionally classified into 18 categories and are involved in 41 metabolic pathways. Furthermore, among the 123 proteins, eight proteins involved in the ROS-scavenging system, 12 involved in photosynthesis and energy metabolism processes, two stress response proteins, one signal transduction protein and one disulfide isomerase were significantly upregulated. Furthermore, three novel proteins that may be involved in the plant salt response were also identified. The results of our study indicate that an enhanced ROS-scavenging ability, together with the expression of proteins related to energy mobilization and the stress response, functions in the confirmed salt resistance of transgenic tobacco plants. Our data provide valuable information for research on the function of NtPRX63 in tobacco in response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Lu
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Shang-Yu Yang
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Lun Liu
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Yi-Fei Lu
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Shi-Min Yang
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Fan Liu
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Su Ni
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Fu-Chun Zeng
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Bi Ren
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Xi-Yao Wang
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Li-Qin Li
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China.
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11
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Mukami A, Ng’etich A, Syombua E, Oduor R, Mbinda W. Varietal differences in physiological and biochemical responses to salinity stress in six finger millet plants. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1569-1582. [PMID: 32801487 PMCID: PMC7415052 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Finger millet is an important cereal that is grown in semi-arid and arid regions of East-Africa. Salinity stress is a major environmental impediment for the crop growth and production. This study aimed to understand the physiological and biochemical responses to salinity stress of six Kenyan finger millet varieties (GBK043137, GBK043128, GBK043124, GBK043122, GBK043094, GBK043050) grown across different agroecological zones under NaCl-induced salinity stress (100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl). Seeds were germinated on the sterile soil and treated using various concentrations of NaCl for 2 weeks. Early-seedling stage of germinated plants were irrigated with the same salt concentrations for 60 days. The results indicated depression in germination percentage, shoot and root growth rate, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, leaf K+ concentration, and leaf K+/Na+ ratios with increased salt levels and the degree of increment differed among the varieties. On the contrary, the content of proline, malonaldehyde, leaf total proteins, and reduced sugar increased with increasing salinity. At the same time, the leaf Na+ and Cl- amounts of all plants increased substantially with increasing stress levels. Clustering analysis placed GBK043094 and GBK043137 together and these varieties were identified as salt-tolerant based on their performance. Taken together, our findings indicated a significant varietal variability for most of the parameters analysed. The superior varieties identified could be used as promising genetic resources in future breeding programmes directed towards development of salt-tolerant finger millet hybrids. Further analysis at genomic level needs to be undertaken to better understand the genetic factors that promote salinity tolerance in finger millet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asunta Mukami
- Department of Life Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University, Kitui, Kenya
| | - Alex Ng’etich
- Institute of Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Easter Syombua
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Richard Oduor
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wilton Mbinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
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12
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Li L, Zhao Y, Han G, Guo J, Meng Z, Chen M. Progress in the Study and Use of Seawater Vegetables. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5998-6006. [PMID: 32374599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As global soil salinization increases, halophytes that can grow in saline soils are the primary choice for improving soil quality. Some halophytes can even be irrigated with seawater and used as vegetables. These so-called seawater vegetables include those that can be planted on saline and alkali soils and some edible halophytes and ordinary vegetables that are salt-tolerant. The cultivation of seawater vegetables on saline soil has become a matter of increasing interest. In this review, we focus on the salt-tolerance mechanisms and potential applications of some seawater vegetables. We also summarize their value to health, medicine, industry, and the economy as a whole. Further improvement and development to support the use of seawater vegetables will require in-depth research at the cellular and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Guoliang Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Jianrong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Min Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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13
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Hui-Hui Z, Guang-Liang S, Jie-Yu S, Xin L, Ma-Bo L, Liang M, Nan X, Guang-Yu S. Photochemistry and proteomics of mulberry (Morus alba L.) seedlings under NaCl and NaHCO 3 stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109624. [PMID: 31487570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the response and adaptation mechanisms of photosynthesis of the leaves of mulberry (Morus alba L.) seedlings to saline-alkali stress. Photosynthetic activity, and the response of related proteomics of M. alba seedling leaves under NaCl and NaHCO3 stress were studied by using chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange technique combined with TMT proteomics. The results showed that NaCl stress had no significant effect on photosystem II (PSII) activity in M. alba seedling leaves. In addition, the expressions of proteins of the PSII oxygen-evolving complex (OEE3-1 and PPD4) and the LHCII antenna (CP24 10A, CP26, and CP29) were increased, and the photosystem I (PSI) activity in the leaves of M. alba seedlings was increased, as well as expressions of proteins, such as PsaF, PsaG, PsaH, PsaL, PsaN, and Ycf4. Under NaHCO3 stress, the activity of PSII and PSI and the expression of their protein complexes and the electron transfer-related proteins significantly decreased. NaCl stress had little effect on RuBP regeneration during dark reaction in the leaves and the expressions of glucose synthesis related proteins and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) did not decrease significantly. The leaves could adapt to NaCl stress by reducing stomatal conductance (Gs) and increasing water use efficiency (WUE). Under NaHCO3 stress, the expression of dark reaction-related proteins was mostly down-regulated, while Gs was reduced, which indicated that non-stomatal factors can be responsible for inhibition of carbon assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Hui-Hui
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shi Guang-Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shao Jie-Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Xin
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Ma-Bo
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Meng Liang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xu Nan
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Natural Resources and Ecology Institute, Heilongjiang Sciences Academy, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Sun Guang-Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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14
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Zhao X, Bai X, Jiang C, Li Z. Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Two Contrasting Maize Inbred Lines Provides Insights into the Mechanism of Salt-Stress Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1886. [PMID: 30995804 PMCID: PMC6515243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is a major abiotic stress that limits maize yield and quality throughout the world. We investigated phosphoproteomics differences between a salt-tolerant inbred line (Zheng58) and a salt-sensitive inbred line (Chang7-2) in response to short-term salt stress using label-free quantitation. A total of 9448 unique phosphorylation sites from 4116 phosphoproteins in roots and shoots of Zheng58 and Chang7-2 were identified. A total of 209 and 243 differentially regulated phosphoproteins (DRPPs) in response to NaCl treatment were detected in roots and shoots, respectively. Functional analysis of these DRPPs showed that they were involved in carbon metabolism, glutathione metabolism, transport, and signal transduction. Among these phosphoproteins, the expression of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 2, pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glutamate decarboxylase, glutamate synthase, l-gulonolactone oxidase-like, potassium channel AKT1, high-affinity potassium transporter, sodium/hydrogen exchanger, and calcium/proton exchanger CAX1-like protein were significantly regulated in roots, while phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase 1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, sodium/hydrogen exchanger, plasma membrane intrinsic protein 2, glutathione transferases, and abscisic acid-insensitive 5-like protein were significantly regulated in shoots. Zheng58 may activate carbon metabolism, glutathione and ascorbic acid metabolism, potassium and sodium transportation, and the accumulation of glutamate to enhance its salt tolerance. Our results help to elucidate the mechanisms of salt response in maize seedlings. They also provide a basis for further study of the mechanism underlying salt response and tolerance in maize and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Caifu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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iTRAQ-Based Protein Profiling and Biochemical Analysis of Two Contrasting Rice Genotypes Revealed Their Differential Responses to Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030547. [PMID: 30696055 PMCID: PMC6387323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the key abiotic stresses causing huge productivity losses in rice. In addition, the differential sensitivity to salinity of different rice genotypes during different growth stages is a major issue in mitigating salt stress in rice. Further, information on quantitative proteomics in rice addressing such an issue is scarce. In the present study, an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based comparative protein quantification was carried out to investigate the salinity-responsive proteins and related biochemical features of two contrasting rice genotypes—Nipponbare (NPBA, japonica) and Liangyoupeijiu (LYP9, indica), at the maximum tillering stage. The rice genotypes were exposed to four levels of salinity: 0 (control; CK), 1.5 (low salt stress; LS), 4.5 (moderate salt stress; MS), and 7.5 g of NaCl/kg dry soil (high salt stress, HS). The iTRAQ protein profiling under different salinity conditions identified a total of 5340 proteins with 1% FDR in both rice genotypes. In LYP9, comparisons of LS, MS, and HS compared with CK revealed the up-regulation of 28, 368, and 491 proteins, respectively. On the other hand, in NPBA, 239 and 337 proteins were differentially upregulated in LS and MS compared with CK, respectively. Functional characterization by KEGG and COG, along with the GO enrichment results, suggests that the differentially expressed proteins are mainly involved in regulation of salt stress responses, oxidation-reduction responses, photosynthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism. Biochemical analysis of the rice genotypes revealed that the Na+ and Cl− uptake from soil to the leaves via the roots was increased with increasing salt stress levels in both rice genotypes. Further, increasing the salinity levels resulted in increased cell membrane injury in both rice cultivars, however more severely in NPBA. Moreover, the rice root activity was found to be higher in LYP9 roots compared with NPBA under salt stress conditions, suggesting the positive role of rice root activity in mitigating salinity. Overall, the results from the study add further insights into the differential proteome dynamics in two contrasting rice genotypes with respect to salt tolerance, and imply the candidature of LYP9 to be a greater salt tolerant genotype over NPBA.
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