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Feiden T, Valduga E, Zeni J, Steffens J. Bioactive Compounds from Artichoke and Application Potential. Food Technol Biotechnol 2023; 61:312-327. [PMID: 38022879 PMCID: PMC10666951 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.61.03.23.8038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus, known as the artichoke, originated in the Mediterranean region and is now cultivated in several countries. The artichoke has leaves, a stem, and a head, also called a floral capitulum, covered with green and pointed bracts. It is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, inulin, coumarins, terpenes, dietary fibre, enzymes, polysaccharides, minerals and vitamins, and therefore has a wide range of uses, including in the food industry, medicine and biofuels. Several studies have shown that artichokes have properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, hypocholesterolaemic, anti-HIV, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and lipid-lowering effects. The aim of this study is to provide a literature review on the phytochemical composition, bioactivity and applications, focusing on the methods of extraction, purification and concentration of enzymes present in artichoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Feiden
- Food Engineering Department, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI), Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro 1621, 99709-910 Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | - Eunice Valduga
- Food Engineering Department, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI), Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro 1621, 99709-910 Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | - Jamile Zeni
- Food Engineering Department, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI), Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro 1621, 99709-910 Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Steffens
- Food Engineering Department, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI), Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro 1621, 99709-910 Erechim, RS, Brazil
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2
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Spanò R, Fortunato S, Linsalata V, D’Antuono I, Cardinali A, de Pinto MC, Mascia T. Comparative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Two Globe Artichoke Ecotypes Sanitized and Non-Sanitized from Viral Infections. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1600. [PMID: 37111825 PMCID: PMC10145195 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Globe artichoke ecotypes sanitized from plant pathogen infections are characterized by high vegetative vigor, productivity, and quality of capitula. The recent availability on the market of these plants has renewed the interest of farmers and pharmaceutical industries in the crop. Globe artichoke exhibits interesting nutraceutical properties due to the high content of health-promoting bioactive compounds (BACs), such as polyphenols, that could be extracted from waste biomass. The production of BACs depends on several factors including the plant portion considered, the globe artichoke variety/ecotype, and the physiological status of the plants, linked to biotic and abiotic stresses. We investigated the influence of viral infections on polyphenol accumulation in two Apulian late-flowering ecotypes "Locale di Mola tardivo" and "Troianella", comparing sanitized virus-free material (S) vs. naturally virus-infected (non-sanitized, NS) plants. Transcriptome analysis of the two ecotypes highlighted that differentially expressed genes (DEGs), in the two tested conditions, were mainly involved in primary metabolism and processing of genetic/environmental information. The up-regulation of the genes related to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and the analysis of peroxidase activity suggested that their modulation is influenced by the phytosanitary status of the plant and is ecotype-dependent. Conversely, the phytochemical analysis showed a remarkable decrease in polyphenols and lignin accumulation in S artichokes compared to NS plants. This unique study analyzes the potential of growing vigorous, sanitized plants, in order to have high amounts of 'soft and clean' biomass, finalized for BAC extraction for nutraceutical purposes. This, in turn, opens new perspectives for a circular economy of sanitized artichokes, in line with the current phytosanitary standards and sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Spanò
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Fortunato
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Linsalata
- Institute of Science of Foods Production (ISPA), CNR Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Isabella D’Antuono
- Institute of Science of Foods Production (ISPA), CNR Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Cardinali
- Institute of Science of Foods Production (ISPA), CNR Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta de Pinto
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Mascia
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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3
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Ding Y, Yang Q, Waheed A, Zhao M, Liu X, Kahar G, Haxim Y, Wen X, Zhang D. Genome-wide characterization and functional identification of MYB genes in Malus sieversii infected by Valsa mali. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1112681. [PMID: 37089647 PMCID: PMC10113540 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1112681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Among the most important transcription factors in plants, the v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) regulates the expression network of response genes under stresses such as fungal infection. In China, the canker disease Valsa mali threatens the survival of Malus sieversii, an ancestor of cultivated apples. Using the M. sieversii genome, we identified 457 MsMYB and 128 R2R3-MsMYB genes that were randomly distributed across 17 chromosomes. Based on protein sequence and structure, the R2R3-MsMYB genes were phylogenetically divided into 29 categories, and 26 conserved motifs were identified. We further predicted cis-elements in the 2000-kb promoter region of R2R3-MsMYBs based on the genome. Transcriptome analysis of M. sieversii under V. mali infection showed that 27 R2R3-MsMYBs were significantly differentially expressed, indicating their key role in the response to V. mali infection. Using transient transformation, MsMYB14, MsMYB24, MsMYB39, MsMYB78, and MsMYB108, which were strongly induced by V. mali infection, were functionally identified. Among the five MsMYBs, MsMYB14 and MsMYB78 were both important in enhancing resistance to diseases, whereas MsMYB24 inhibited resistance. Based on the results of this study, we gained a better understanding of the MsMYB transcription factor family and laid the foundation for a future research program on disease prevention strategies in M. sieversii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qihang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, China
| | - Abdul Waheed
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, China
| | - Mingqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, China
| | - Gulnaz Kahar
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yakupjan Haxim
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, China
| | - Xuejing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, China
- *Correspondence: Daoyuan Zhang, ; Xuejing Wen,
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, China
- *Correspondence: Daoyuan Zhang, ; Xuejing Wen,
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Wada KC, Inagaki N, Sakai H, Yamashita H, Nakai Y, Fujimoto Z, Yonemaru J, Itoh H. Genetic effects of Red Lettuce Leaf genes on red coloration in leaf lettuce under artificial lighting conditions. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 3:179-192. [PMID: 37283610 PMCID: PMC10168059 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Some cultivars of lettuce accumulate anthocyanins, which act as functional food ingredients. Leaf lettuce has been known to be erratic in exhibiting red color when grown under artificial light, and there is a need for cultivars that more stably exhibit red color in artificial light cultivation. In this study, we aimed to dissect the genetic architecture for red coloring in various leaf lettuce cultivars grown under artificial light. We investigated the genotype of Red Lettuce Leaf (RLL) genes in 133 leaf lettuce strains, some of which were obtained from publicly available resequencing data. By studying the allelic combination of RLL genes, we further analyzed the contribution of these genes to producing red coloring in leaf lettuce. From the quantification of phenolic compounds and corresponding transcriptome data, we revealed that gene expression level-dependent regulation of RLL1 (bHLH) and RLL2 (MYB) is the underlying mechanism conferring high anthocyanin accumulation in red leaf lettuce under artificial light cultivation. Our data suggest that different combinations of RLL genotypes cause quantitative differences in anthocyanin accumulation among cultivars, and some genotype combinations are more effective at producing red coloration even under artificial lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaede C. Wada
- Breeding Big Data Management and Utilization Group, Division of Smart Breeding Research, Institute of Crop ScienceNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaJapan
| | - Noritoshi Inagaki
- Biomacromolecules Research Unit, Research Center for Advanced Analysis, Core Technology Research HeadquartersNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaJapan
| | - Hiroaki Sakai
- Bioinformatics Unit, Research Center for Advanced Analysis, Core Technology Research HeadquartersNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaJapan
| | - Hiroto Yamashita
- Breeding Big Data Management and Utilization Group, Division of Smart Breeding Research, Institute of Crop ScienceNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaJapan
| | - Yusuke Nakai
- Greenhouse Vegetable Production Group, Division of Field Crop and Vegetable Research, Kyushu‐Okinawa Agricultural Research CenterNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationKurumeJapan
| | - Zui Fujimoto
- Biomacromolecules Research Unit, Research Center for Advanced Analysis, Core Technology Research HeadquartersNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaJapan
| | - Jun‐ichi Yonemaru
- Breeding Big Data Management and Utilization Group, Division of Smart Breeding Research, Institute of Crop ScienceNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaJapan
| | - Hironori Itoh
- Breeding Big Data Management and Utilization Group, Division of Smart Breeding Research, Institute of Crop ScienceNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaJapan
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5
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Zhao Y, Zhang G, Tang Q, Song W, Gao Q, Xiang G, Li X, Liu G, Fan W, Li X, Yang S, Zhai C. EbMYBP1, a R2R3-MYB transcription factor, promotes flavonoid biosynthesis in Erigeron breviscapus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:946827. [PMID: 35968130 PMCID: PMC9366350 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.946827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Erigeron breviscapus, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, is enriched in flavonoids that are beneficial to human health. While we know that R2R3-MYB transcription factors (TFs) are crucial to flavonoid pathway, the transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in E. breviscapus has not been fully elucidated. Here, EbMYBP1, a R2R3-MYB transcription factor, was uncovered as a regulator involved in the regulation of flavonoid accumulation. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed that a large group of genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis were significantly changed, accompanied by significantly increased concentrations of the flavonoid in EbMYBP1-OE transgenic tobacco compared with the wild-type (WT). In vitro and in vivo investigations showed that EbMYBP1 participated in flavonoid biosynthesis, acting as a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator and activating the transcription of flavonoid-associated genes like FLS, F3H, CHS, and CHI by directly binding to their promoters. Collectively, these new findings are advancing our understanding of the transcriptional regulation that modulates the flavonoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Qingyan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Wanling Song
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Qingqing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guisheng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guanze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shengchao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Chenxi Zhai
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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6
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Cerulli A, Masullo M, Pizza C, Piacente S. Metabolite Profiling of “Green” Extracts of Cynara cardunculus subsp. scolymus, Cultivar “Carciofo di Paestum” PGI by 1H NMR and HRMS-Based Metabolomics. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103328. [PMID: 35630805 PMCID: PMC9145539 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus L.), is a perennial plant widely cultivated in the Mediterranean area, known for its edible part named capitula or heads. Its functional properties are related to its high levels of polyphenolic compounds and inulin. “Carciofo di Paestum”, an Italian traditional cultivar, is a labeled PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) product of the Campania region, representing an important economic resource. So far, a few chemical investigations were performed on this cultivar, mainly focused on the analysis of methanol extracts. Due to the increasing use of food supplements, in this study, a comprehensive analysis of green extracts of “Carciofo di Paestum” PGI heads was performed. EtOH, EtOH: H2O (80:20, 70:30, 60:40) extracts, as well as infusions and decoctions prepared according to Pharmacopeia XII were analyzed by LC-ESI/QExactive/MS/MS. A total of 17 compounds corresponding to caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids were identified. The extracts were further submitted to NMR analysis to highlight the occurrence of primary metabolites. Both LCMS and NMR data were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), showing significant differences among the extraction methods. Moreover, 5-caffeoylquinic acid and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were quantified in the extracts by LC-ESI/QTrap/MS/MS using the Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) method. Furthermore, the phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of C. cardunculus var. scolymus “Carciofo di Paestum” extracts were evaluated.
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Blanco E, Curci PL, Manconi A, Sarli A, Zuluaga DL, Sonnante G. R2R3-MYBs in Durum Wheat: Genome-Wide Identification, Poaceae-Specific Clusters, Expression, and Regulatory Dynamics Under Abiotic Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:896945. [PMID: 35795353 PMCID: PMC9252425 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.896945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
MYB transcription factors (TFs) represent one of the biggest TF families in plants, being involved in various specific plant processes, such as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The implication of MYB TFs in the tolerance mechanisms to abiotic stress is particularly interesting for crop breeding, since environmental conditions can negatively affect growth and productivity. Wheat is a worldwide-cultivated cereal, and is a major source of plant-based proteins in human food. In particular, durum wheat plays an important role in global food security improvement, since its adaptation to hot and dry conditions constitutes the base for the success of wheat breeding programs in future. In the present study, a genome-wide identification of R2R3-MYB TFs in durum wheat was performed. MYB profile search and phylogenetic analyses based on homology with Arabidopsis and rice MYB TFs led to the identification of 233 R2R3-TdMYB (Triticum durum MYB). Three Poaceae-specific MYB clusters were detected, one of which had never been described before. The expression of eight selected genes under different abiotic stress conditions, revealed that most of them responded especially to salt and drought stress. Finally, gene regulatory network analyses led to the identification of 41 gene targets for three TdR2R3-MYBs that represent novel candidates for functional analyses. This study provides a detailed description of durum wheat R2R3-MYB genes and contributes to a deeper understanding of the molecular response of durum wheat to unfavorable climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Blanco
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Emanuela Blanco,
| | - Pasquale Luca Curci
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
- Pasquale Luca Curci,
| | - Andrea Manconi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Adele Sarli
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Diana Lucia Zuluaga
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sonnante
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
- Gabriella Sonnante,
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Huang X, Ou S, Li Q, Luo Y, Lin H, Li J, Zhu M, Wang K. The R2R3 Transcription Factor CsMYB59 Regulates Polyphenol Oxidase Gene CsPPO1 in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:739951. [PMID: 34804087 PMCID: PMC8600361 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.739951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) plays a role in stress response, secondary metabolism, and other physiological processes during plant growth and development, and is also a critical enzyme in black tea production. However, the regulatory mechanisms of PPO genes and their activity in tea plants are still unclear. In this study, we measured PPO activity in two different tea cultivars, Taoyuandaye (TYDY) and Bixiangzao (BXZ), which are commonly used to produce black tea and green tea, respectively. The expression pattern of CsPPO1 was assessed and validated via transcriptomics and quantitative polymerase chain reaction in both tea varieties. In addition, we isolated and identified an R2R3-MYB transcription factor CsMYB59 that may regulate CsPPO1 expression. CsMYB59 was found to be a nuclear protein, and its expression in tea leaves was positively correlated with CsPPO1 expression and PPO activity. Transcriptional activity analysis showed that CsMYB59 was a transcriptional activator, and the dual-luciferase assay indicated that CsMYB59 could activate the expression of CsPPO1 in tobacco leaves. In summary, our study demonstrates that CsMYB59 represents a transcriptional activator in tea plants and may mediate the regulation of PPO activity by activating CsPPO1 expression. These findings provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanism of PPO gene in Camellia sinensis, which might help to breed tea cultivars with high PPO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Huang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuqiong Ou
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Li
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Chemistry Biology and Environmental Engineering, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Lin
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Li
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhu
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Kunbo Wang
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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9
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Luo X, Sun D, Wang S, Luo S, Fu Y, Niu L, Shi Q, Zhang Y. Integrating full-length transcriptomics and metabolomics reveals the regulatory mechanisms underlying yellow pigmentation in tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) flowers. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:235. [PMID: 34719694 PMCID: PMC8558324 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) is a popular ornamental plant in China due to its showy and colorful flowers. However, yellow-colored flowers are rare in both wild species and domesticated cultivars. The molecular mechanisms underlying yellow pigmentation remain poorly understood. Here, petal tissues of two tree peony cultivars, "High Noon" (yellow flowers) and "Roufurong" (purple-red flowers), were sampled at five developmental stages (S1-S5) from early flower buds to full blooms. Five petal color indices (brightness, redness, yellowness, chroma, and hue angle) and the contents of ten different flavonoids were determined. Compared to "Roufurong," which accumulated abundant anthocyanins at S3-S5, the yellow-colored "High Noon" displayed relatively higher contents of tetrahydroxychalcone (THC), flavones, and flavonols but no anthocyanin production. The contents of THC, flavones, and flavonols in "High Noon" peaked at S3 and dropped gradually as the flower bloomed, consistent with the color index patterns. Furthermore, RNA-seq analyses at S3 showed that structural genes such as PsC4Hs, PsDFRs, and PsUFGTs in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were downregulated in "High Noon," whereas most PsFLSs, PsF3Hs, and PsF3'Hs were upregulated. Five transcription factor (TF) genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis were also upregulated in "High Noon." One of these TFs, PsMYB111, was overexpressed in tobacco, which led to increased flavonols but decreased anthocyanins. Dual-luciferase assays further confirmed that PsMYB111 upregulated PsFLS. These results improve our understanding of yellow pigmentation in tree peony and provide a guide for future molecular-assisted breeding experiments in tree peony with novel flower colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Luo
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Daoyang Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shu Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Sha Luo
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yaqi Fu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lixin Niu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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Sayed Ahmed HI, Elsherif DE, El-Shanshory AR, Haider AS, Gaafar RM. Silver nanoparticles and Chlorella treatments induced glucosinolates and kaempferol key biosynthetic genes in Eruca sativa. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-021-00139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Microalgae and nanoparticles are currently considered promising tools for numerous agricultural and biotechnological applications. The green microalga Chlorella sp. MF1 and its biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used in this study as biofortification agents to enhance glucosinolate and kaempferol levels in Eruca sativa. UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR and TEM were comprehensively used for characterizing Chlorella-based AgNPs.
Results
The biosynthesized AgNPs were found to be spherical in shape, with size ranging from 1.45 to 5.08 nm. According to FTIR measurements, silver ions were reduced to AgNPs by functional groups such as amide, hydroxyl and carboxylate. Different experimental treatments were conducted, including either soaking seeds of E. sativa or foliar spray with various concentrations of Chlorella suspension (1, 2, 3 and 4 g L−1) and AgNPs (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg L−1). Expression levels of five key genes in the biosynthetic pathway of glucosinolates (MAM1, SUR1, MYB34 and MYB51) and kaempferol (CHS) were assessed using qRT-PCR. The results indicated an upregulation in the gene expression levels in all treatments compared to control, recording the highest level at 40 mg L−1 AgNPs and 4 g L−1Chlorella suspension. In addition, high glucosinolates and kaempferol content was detected in plants whose leaves were sprayed with AgNPs and Chlorella suspension (40 mg L−1 and 4 g L−1) based on HPLC analysis. Sequence analysis of amplified CHS fragments from E. sativa plants treated with AgNPs (40 mg L−1) showed high sequence similarity to A. thaliana CHS gene. However, there were several CHS regions with sequence polymorphism (SNPs and Indels) in foliar sprayed plants.
Conclusions
Results of this study evidenced that the application of AgNPs and Chlorella suspension increased glucosinolates and kaempferol content in E. sativa through upregulation of key genes in their biosynthetic pathway.
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11
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Anwar M, Chen L, Xiao Y, Wu J, Zeng L, Li H, Wu Q, Hu Z. Recent Advanced Metabolic and Genetic Engineering of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthetic Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9544. [PMID: 34502463 PMCID: PMC8431357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYB transcription factors (TFs) are evolving as critical role in the regulation of the phenylpropanoid and tanshinones biosynthetic pathway. MYB TFs relate to a very important gene family, which are involved in the regulation of primary and secondary metabolisms, terpenoids, bioactive compounds, plant defense against various stresses and cell morphology. R2R3 MYB TFs contained a conserved N-terminal domain, but the domain at C-terminal sorts them different regarding their structures and functions. MYB TFs suppressors generally possess particular repressive motifs, such as pdLNLD/ELxiG/S and TLLLFR, which contribute to their suppression role through a diversity of complex regulatory mechanisms. A novel flower specific "NF/YWSV/MEDF/LW" conserved motif has a great potential to understand the mechanisms of flower development. In the current review, we summarize recent advanced progress of MYB TFs on transcription regulation, posttranscriptional, microRNA, conserved motif and propose directions to future prospective research. We further suggest there should be more focus on the investigation for the role of MYB TFs in microalgae, which has great potential for heterologous protein expression system for future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Anwar
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.A.); (L.C.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liu Chen
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.A.); (L.C.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yibo Xiao
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.A.); (L.C.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Science, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Lihui Zeng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.A.); (L.C.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qingyu Wu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.A.); (L.C.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Science, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.A.); (L.C.); (Y.X.); (H.L.); (Q.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Science, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
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Liu Q, Li L, Cheng H, Yao L, Wu J, Huang H, Ning W, Kai G. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor TabHLH1 increases chlorogenic acid and luteolin biosynthesis in Taraxacum antungense Kitag. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:195. [PMID: 34465735 PMCID: PMC8408231 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00630-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are the main active components of the anti-inflammatory compounds in dandelion, and chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of the primary polyphenols. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the transcriptional regulation of CGA biosynthesis remains unclear. Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT2) is the last rate-limiting enzyme in chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in Taraxacum antungense. Therefore, using the TaHQT2 gene promoter as a probe, a yeast one-hybrid library was performed, and a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, TabHLH1, was identified that shared substantial homology with Gynura bicolor DC bHLH1. The TabHLH1 transcript was highly induced by salt stress, and the TabHLH1 protein was localized in the nucleus. CGA and luteolin concentrations in TabHLH1-overexpression transgenic lines were significantly higher than those in the wild type, while CGA and luteolin concentrations in TabHLH1-RNA interference (RNAi) transgenic lines were significantly lower. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that overexpression and RNAi of TabHLH1 in T. antungense significantly affected CGA and luteolin concentrations by upregulating or downregulating CGA and luteolin biosynthesis pathway genes, especially TaHQT2, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (Ta4CL), chalcone isomerase (TaCHI), and flavonoid-3'-hydroxylase (TaF3'H). Dual-luciferase, yeast one-hybrid, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that TabHLH1 directly bound to the bHLH-binding motifs of proTaHQT2 and proTa4CL. This study suggests that TabHLH1 participates in the regulatory network of CGA and luteolin biosynthesis in T. antungense and might be useful for metabolic engineering to promote plant polyphenol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, College of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, PR China
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem.Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Haitao Cheng
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Lixiang Yao
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, 530023, PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, PR China
| | - Hui Huang
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, College of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, PR China
| | - Wei Ning
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, College of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, PR China.
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Loaiza-Cano V, Monsalve-Escudero LM, Filho CDSMB, Martinez-Gutierrez M, de Sousa DP. Antiviral Role of Phenolic Compounds against Dengue Virus: A Review. Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010011. [PMID: 33374457 PMCID: PMC7823413 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds have been related to multiple biological activities, and the antiviral effect of these compounds has been demonstrated in several viral models of public health concern. In this review, we show the antiviral role of phenolic compounds against dengue virus (DENV), the most widespread arbovirus globally that, after its re-emergence, has caused multiple epidemic outbreaks, especially in the last two years. Twenty phenolic compounds with anti-DENV activity are discussed, including the multiple mechanisms of action, such as those directed against viral particles or viral proteins, host proteins or pathways related to the productive replication viral cycle and the spread of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Loaiza-Cano
- Grupo de Investigacion en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 680003 Bucaramanga, Colombia; (V.L.-C.); (L.M.M.-E.)
| | - Laura Milena Monsalve-Escudero
- Grupo de Investigacion en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 680003 Bucaramanga, Colombia; (V.L.-C.); (L.M.M.-E.)
| | | | - Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez
- Grupo de Investigacion en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 680003 Bucaramanga, Colombia; (V.L.-C.); (L.M.M.-E.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.-G.); (D.P.d.S.); Tel.: +57-310-543-8583 (M.M.-G.); +55-833-216-7347 (D.P.d.S.)
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, CEP 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (M.M.-G.); (D.P.d.S.); Tel.: +57-310-543-8583 (M.M.-G.); +55-833-216-7347 (D.P.d.S.)
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14
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Premathilake AT, Ni J, Bai S, Tao R, Ahmad M, Teng Y. R2R3-MYB transcription factor PpMYB17 positively regulates flavonoid biosynthesis in pear fruit. PLANTA 2020; 252:59. [PMID: 32964301 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PpMYB17 positively regulates flavonoid biosynthesis in pear fruit by activating PpCHS, PpCHI, PpF3H, and PpFLS in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway independently of bHLH or WD40 cofactors in the MBW complex. Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in plants. The flavonoid biosynthesis pathway is regulated by various transcription factors, with MYB transcription factors considered to be the key regulators. However, the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in the pear fruit has not been fully characterized. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor PpMYB17 was isolated from 'Red Zaosu' pear fruit and functionally characterized. An exposure to light upregulated PpMYB17 expression in the pear fruit. A phylogenetic analysis indicated PpMYB17 is related to the flavonol regulators. A subcellular localization assay suggested that PpMYB17 is a nuclear protein. Overexpression of PpMYB17 increased the flavonoid content of pear calli and Arabidopsis via the upregulated expression of structural genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, especially FLS. The LC-MS/MS analysis revealed most of the differentially accumulated flavonols, flavanones, flavones, isoflavones, and anthocyanins were significantly more abundant in PpMYB17-overexpressing calli than in wild-type calli. Moreover, PpMYB17 did not interact with PpbHLH3, PpbHLH33, or PpWD40 in a yeast system. Dual-luciferase assays demonstrated that PpMYB17 strongly activates the promoters of PpCHS, PpCHI, PpF3H, PpFLS, and PpUFGT which are key downstream genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, independently of the PpbHLH3 cofactor. These gene expression changes may enhance flavonoid biosynthesis in pear fruit. The data presented may be useful for further elucidating the flavonoid biosynthesis regulatory network, potentially leading to the development of new pear cultivars that produce fruits with increased flavonoid contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apekshika T Premathilake
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, 90000, Sri Lanka
| | - Junbei Ni
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Songling Bai
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruiyan Tao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mudassar Ahmad
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanwen Teng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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15
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Puglia GD, Prjibelski AD, Vitale D, Bushmanova E, Schmid KJ, Raccuia SA. Hybrid transcriptome sequencing approach improved assembly and gene annotation in Cynara cardunculus (L.). BMC Genomics 2020; 21:317. [PMID: 32819282 PMCID: PMC7441626 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The investigation of transcriptome profiles using short reads in non-model organisms, which lack of well-annotated genomes, is limited by partial gene reconstruction and isoform detection. In contrast, long-reads sequencing techniques revealed their potential to generate complete transcript assemblies even when a reference genome is lacking. Cynara cardunculus var. altilis (DC) (cultivated cardoon) is a perennial hardy crop adapted to dry environments with many industrial and nutraceutical applications due to the richness of secondary metabolites mostly produced in flower heads. The investigation of this species benefited from the recent release of a draft genome, but the transcriptome profile during the capitula formation still remains unexplored. In the present study we show a transcriptome analysis of vegetative and inflorescence organs of cultivated cardoon through a novel hybrid RNA-seq assembly approach utilizing both long and short RNA-seq reads. Results The inclusion of a single Nanopore flow-cell output in a hybrid sequencing approach determined an increase of 15% complete assembled genes and 18% transcript isoforms respect to short reads alone. Among 25,463 assembled unigenes, we identified 578 new genes and updated 13,039 gene models, 11,169 of which were alternatively spliced isoforms. During capitulum development, 3424 genes were differentially expressed and approximately two-thirds were identified as transcription factors including bHLH, MYB, NAC, C2H2 and MADS-box which were highly expressed especially after capitulum opening. We also show the expression dynamics of key genes involved in the production of valuable secondary metabolites of which capitulum is rich such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones. Most of their biosynthetic genes were strongly transcribed in the flower heads with alternative isoforms exhibiting differentially expression levels across the tissues. Conclusions This novel hybrid sequencing approach allowed to improve the transcriptome assembly, to update more than half of annotated genes and to identify many novel genes and different alternatively spliced isoforms. This study provides new insights on the flowering cycle in an Asteraceae plant, a valuable resource for plant biology and breeding in Cynara and an effective method for improving gene annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D Puglia
- Institute for Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 21, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (CNR-ISAFOM) U.O.S. Catania, Via Empedocle, 58, 95128, Catania, Italy.
| | - Andrey D Prjibelski
- Center for Algorithmic Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Domenico Vitale
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (CNR-ISAFOM) U.O.S. Catania, Via Empedocle, 58, 95128, Catania, Italy
| | - Elena Bushmanova
- Center for Algorithmic Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Karl J Schmid
- Institute for Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 21, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Salvatore A Raccuia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (CNR-ISAFOM) U.O.S. Catania, Via Empedocle, 58, 95128, Catania, Italy
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Zhong C, Tang Y, Pang B, Li X, Yang Y, Deng J, Feng C, Li L, Ren G, Wang Y, Peng J, Sun S, Liang S, Wang X. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor GhMYB1a regulates flavonol and anthocyanin accumulation in Gerbera hybrida. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:78. [PMID: 32435501 PMCID: PMC7237480 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins and flavonols have vital roles in flower coloration, plant development, and defense. Because anthocyanins and flavonols share the same subcellular localization and common biosynthetic substrates, these pathways may compete for substrates. However, the mechanism regulating this potential competition remains unclear. Here, we identified GhMYB1a, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor involved in the regulation of anthocyanin and flavonol accumulation in gerbera (Gerberahybrida). GhMYB1a shares high sequence similarity with that of other characterized regulators of flavonol biosynthesis. In addition, GhMYB1a is also phylogenetically grouped with these proteins. The overexpression of GhMYB1a in gerbera and tobacco (Nicotianatabacum) resulted in decreased anthocyanin accumulation and increased accumulation of flavonols by upregulating the structural genes involved in flavonol biosynthesis. We further found that GhMYB1a functions as a homodimer instead of interacting with basic helix-loop-helix cofactors. These results suggest that GhMYB1a is involved in regulating the anthocyanin and flavonol metabolic pathways through precise regulation of gene expression. The functional characterization of GhMYB1a provides insight into the biosynthesis and regulation of flavonols and anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhong
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture; Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Bin Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Xukun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Yuping Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture; Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Chengyong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Lingfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518004 China
| | - Guiping Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Jianzong Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Shulan Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Shan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
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Docimo T, De Stefano R, Cappetta E, Piccinelli AL, Celano R, De Palma M, Tucci M. Physiological, Biochemical, and Metabolic Responses to Short and Prolonged Saline Stress in Two Cultivated Cardoon Genotypes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E554. [PMID: 32349234 PMCID: PMC7284779 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cultivated cardoon is a multipurpose crop with adaptability to limiting environments. Two genotypes ("Bianco Avorio" and "Spagnolo") were comparatively characterized in response to short and prolonged 100 mM NaCl stress in hydroponics. Salt induced no growth variations between genotypes or symptoms of NaCl toxicity, but boosted ABA accumulation in roots and leaves. Both genotypes had high constitutive phenol content, whose major components were depleted upon 2 days of stress only in "Bianco Avorio". Prolonged stress stimulated accumulation of proline, phenylpropanoids, and related transcripts, and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity. Decreased antioxidant enzymes activities upon short stress did not occur for APX in "Spagnolo", indicating a stronger impairment of enzymatic defenses in "Bianco Avorio". Nonetheless, H2O2 and lipid peroxidation did not increase under short and prolonged stress in both genotypes. Overall, the two genotypes appear to share similar defense mechanisms but, in the short term, "Bianco Avorio" depends mainly on non-enzymatic antioxidant phenylpropanoids for ROS scavenging, while "Spagnolo" maintains a larger arsenal of defenses. Upon prolonged stress, proline could have contributed to protection of metabolic functions in both genotypes. Our results provide cues that can be exploited for cardoon genetic improvement and highlight genotypic differences for breeding salinity tolerant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Docimo
- Institute of Bioscience and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Rosalba De Stefano
- Institute of Bioscience and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Elisa Cappetta
- Institute of Bioscience and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Piccinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Rita Celano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Monica De Palma
- Institute of Bioscience and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Marina Tucci
- Institute of Bioscience and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
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Hassabou NF, Farag AF. Anticancer effects induced by artichoke extract in oral squamous carcinoma cell lines. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2020; 32:17. [PMID: 32372389 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-020-00026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma is occupying the eighth position of all malignant neoplasia worldwide. Nowadays, natural compounds found in vegetables and fruits are important resources of many anticancer drugs especially those with high levels of phytochemicals representing an efficient strategy for cancer prevention and treatment. Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L.) is a kind of antioxidant-rich vegetables demonstrated a potential anticancer activity on various types of cancer cells related to its content of phenolic compounds. Anticarcinogenic effects of polyphenolic extracts were reported to cause a reduction in cell viability, inhibition of cell growth, and initiation of apoptotic mechanisms. The present study aimed to investigate the cell cycle arrest, cytotoxic, and apoptotic effects of artichoke extract against the invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma. RESULTS A pure extract from the edible part and leaves of fresh artichoke was added to oral squamous carcinoma cell lines and to control group to evaluate the expression of caspase-9, Bcl-2, and Bax genes. Artichoke extract demonstrated the highest cytotoxic effect against cancer cell lines which increased in a time-dependent manner. No apparent effects were observed in the normal control group. Expression of Bax and caspase-9 genes revealed a highly significant increase in cancer cell lines (p = 0.0001) when compared to the control group. In addition to a highly significant decrease (p = 0.005) in Bcl-2 of cancer cells. It was demonstrated that artichoke extract induced cell growth arrest at G2/M phase which revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in comparison to the untreated control group. CONCLUSION Artichoke exerts potent cell cycle arrest, cytotoxic, and apoptotic effects on oral squamous carcinoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Fathy Hassabou
- Oral and maxillofacial pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, October 6 University, Giza, 12585, Egypt.
| | - Amina Fouad Farag
- Oral and maxillofacial pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, October 6 University, Giza, 12585, Egypt
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Grown to be Blue-Antioxidant Properties and Health Effects of Colored Vegetables. Part II: Leafy, Fruit, and Other Vegetables. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020097. [PMID: 31979214 PMCID: PMC7070715 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The current trend for substituting synthetic compounds with natural ones in the design and production of functional and healthy foods has increased the research interest about natural colorants. Although coloring agents from plant origin are already used in the food and beverage industry, the market and consumer demands for novel and diverse food products are increasing and new plant sources are explored. Fresh vegetables are considered a good source of such compounds, especially when considering the great color diversity that exists among the various species or even the cultivars within the same species. In the present review we aim to present the most common species of colored vegetables, focusing on leafy and fruit vegetables, as well as on vegetables where other plant parts are commercially used, with special attention to blue color. The compounds that are responsible for the uncommon colors will be also presented and their beneficial health effects and antioxidant properties will be unraveled.
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Qi X, Fang H, Chen Z, Liu Z, Yu X, Liang C. Ectopic Expression of a R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor Gene LjaMYB12 from Lonicera japonica Increases Flavonoid Accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184494. [PMID: 31514380 PMCID: PMC6770605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lonicera japonica Thunb. is a widely used medicinal plant and is rich in a variety of active ingredients. Flavonoids are one of the important components in L. japonica and their content is an important indicator for evaluating the quality of this herb. To study the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in L. japonica, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene LjaMYB12 was isolated and characterized. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that LjaMYB12 belonged to the subgroup 7, with a typical R2R3 DNA-binding domain and conserved subgroup 7 motifs. The transcriptional level of LjaMYB12 was proportional to the total flavonoid content during the development of L. japonica flowers. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that LjaMYB12 localized to the nucleus. Transactivation activity assay indicated that LjaMYB12 was a transcriptional activator. Then, ectopic expression of LjaMYB12 in Arabidopsis could increase PAL activity and flavonoid content and promote transcription of a range of flavonoid biosynthetic genes. Interestingly, the fold changes of downstream genes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were significantly higher than that of the upstream genes, which suggested that LjaMYB12 may have different regulatory patterns for the upstream and downstream pathways of flavonoid biosynthesis. The results provided here will effectively facilitate the study of subgroup 7 MYBs and transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in L. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwu Qi
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Hailing Fang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Zequn Chen
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Zhiqi Liu
- Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Xu Yu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China.
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7145, USA.
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China.
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Cao Y, Xie L, Ma Y, Ren C, Xing M, Fu Z, Wu X, Yin X, Xu C, Li X. PpMYB15 and PpMYBF1 Transcription Factors Are Involved in Regulating Flavonol Biosynthesis in Peach Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:644-652. [PMID: 30525549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are major polyphenol compounds in plants and contribute substantially to the health-promoting benefits of fruit and vegetables. Peach is rich in polyphenols with flavonols as the main flavonoids. To investigate the regulation of flavonol biosynthesis in peach fruit, two R2R3-MYB transcription factor (TF) genes, PpMYB15 and PpMYBF1, were isolated and characterized. Sequence analysis revealed that the PpMYB15 and PpMYBF1 proteins are members of the flavonol clade of the R2R3-MYB family. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that PpMYB15 and PpMYBF1 transcript levels correlated well with the flavonol content and the expression of flavonol synthase ( PpFLS1) in different fruit samples. Dual-luciferase assays indicated that both PpMYB15 and PpMYBF1 could trans-activate promoters of flavonoid biosynthesis genes, including chalcone synthase ( PpCHS1), chalcone isomerase ( PpCHI1), flavanone 3-hydroxylase ( PpF3H), and PpFLS1. Transient overexpression of 35S::PpMYB15 or 35S::PpMYBF1 both triggered flavonol biosynthesis but not anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in tobacco leaves. In transgenic tobacco flowers, overexpression of 35S::PpMYB15 or 35S::PpMYBF1 caused a significant increase in flavonol levels and significantly reduced anthocyanin accumulation, resulting in pale-pink or pure white flowers. These results suggest that PpMYB15 and PpMYBF1 are functional flavonol-specific positive regulators in peach fruit and are important candidates for biotechnological engineering flavonol biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlin Cao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Linfeng Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Yingyue Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Chuanhong Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Mengyun Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Zishan Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Xinyue Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Xueren Yin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Xian Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
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Looking at Flavonoid Biodiversity in Horticultural Crops: A Colored Mine with Nutritional Benefits. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7040098. [PMID: 30405037 PMCID: PMC6313872 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids represent a wide group of plant secondary metabolites implicated in many physiological roles, from the attraction of pollinators to the protection against biotic or abiotic stresses. Flavonoids are synthetized in a number of horticultural crops that are important components of our daily diet. In the last decades, the consumption of vegetables rich in antioxidants has been strongly promoted from the perspective of prevention/protection against chronic diseases. Therefore, due to their nutritional importance, several attempts have been made to enhance flavonoid levels in species of agronomic interest. In this review, we focus on the flavonoid biodiversity among the major horticultural species, which is responsible of differences among closely related species and influences the qualitative/quantitative composition. We also review the role of flavonoids in the nutritional quality of plant products, contributing to their organoleptic and nutritional properties, and the main strategies of biofortification to increase their content.
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