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Nisler J, Kučerová Z, Koprna R, Sobotka R, Slivková J, Rossall S, Špundová M, Husičková A, Pilný J, Tarkowská D, Novák O, Škrabišová M, Strnad M. Urea derivative MTU improves stress tolerance and yield in wheat by promoting cyclic electron flow around PSI. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1131326. [PMID: 36959950 PMCID: PMC10028069 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1131326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing crop productivity under optimal conditions and mitigating yield losses under stressful conditions is a major challenge in contemporary agriculture. We have recently identified an effective anti-senescence compound (MTU, [1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5yl)urea]) in in vitro studies. Here, we show that MTU delayed both age- and stress-induced senescence of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) by enhancing the abundance of PSI supercomplex with LHCa antennae (PSI-LHCa) and promoting the cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI. We suppose that this rarely-observed phenomenon blocks the disintegration of photosynthetic apparatus and maintains its activity as was reflected by the faster growth rate of wheat in optimal conditions and under drought and heat stress. Our multiyear field trial analysis further shows that the treatment with 0.4 g ha-1 of MTU enhanced average grain yields of field-grown wheat and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by 5-8%. Interestingly, the analysis of gene expression and hormone profiling confirms that MTU acts without the involvement of cytokinins or other phytohormones. Moreover, MTU appears to be the only chemical reported to date to affect PSI stability and activity. Our results indicate a central role of PSI and CEF in the onset of senescence with implications in yield management at least for cereal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Nisler
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Kučerová
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Radoslav Koprna
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Roman Sobotka
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czechia
| | - Jana Slivková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Stephen Rossall
- School of Biosciences, Nottingham University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Špundová
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Alexandra Husičková
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jan Pilný
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czechia
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Mária Škrabišová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
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Nisler J, Pěkná Z, Končitíková R, Klimeš P, Kadlecová A, Murvanidze N, Werbrouck SPO, Plačková L, Kopečný D, Zalabák D, Spíchal L, Strnad M. Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase inhibitors: outlook for selectivity and high efficiency. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4806-4817. [PMID: 35522987 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) reduce the degradation of cytokinins in plants, and this effect can be exploited in agriculture and in plant tissue culture. In this study, we examine the structure-activity relationship of two series of CKX inhibitors based on diphenylurea. The compounds of Series I were derived from the recently published CKX inhibitors 3TFM-2HM and 3TFM-2HE, and we identified key substituents with increased selectivity for maize ZmCKX1 and ZmCKX4a over AtCKX2 from Arabidopsis. Series II contained compounds that further exceled in CKX inhibitory activity as well as in the ease of their synthesis. The best inhibitors exhibited half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in low nanomolar ranges with ZmCKX1 and especially with ZmCKX4a, which is generally more resistant to inhibition. The activity of the key compounds was verified in tobacco and lobelia leaf-disk assays, where N6-isopentenyladenine was protected from degradation and promoted shoot regeneration. All the prepared compounds were further tested for toxicity against Caenorhabditis elegans, and the assays revealed clear differences in toxicity between compounds with and without a hydroxyalkyl group. In a broader perspective, this work increases our understanding of CKX inhibition and provides a more extensive portfolio of compounds suitable for agricultural and biotechnological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Nisler
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Pěkná
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Končitíková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Klimeš
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kadlecová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nino Murvanidze
- Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan P O Werbrouck
- Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Kopečný
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Zalabák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Targeting Cytokinin Homeostasis in Rapid Cycling Brassica rapa with Plant Growth Regulators INCYDE and TD-K. PLANTS 2020; 10:plants10010039. [PMID: 33375745 PMCID: PMC7824111 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Modifying the cytokinin content in plants is a means of improving plant productivity. Here, we report the development and biological activity of compound TD-K (1-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)urea)which is related to thidiazuron. TD-K—which exhibited extremely high antisenescence activity in the wheat leaf bioassay—and INCYDE (2-chloro-6-(3-methoxyphenyl)aminopurine)—a plant growth regulator reported to inhibit cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX), an enzyme involved in the degradation of the plant hormone cytokinin—were selected for investigation of their effects on the model plant Rapid Cycling Brassica rapa (RCBr). We monitored the expression of BrCKX and isopentenyl transferase (BrIPT), which codes for the key cytokinin biosynthesis enzyme, in developing leaves following INCYDE and TD-K application. Growth room experiments revealed that INCYDE increased RCBr seed yield per plant, but only when applied multiple times and when grown in 5 mM KNO3. Expression in control leaves showed transient, high levels of expression of BrCKX and BrIPT at true leaf appearance. Following INCYDE application, there was a rapid and strong upregulation of BrCKX3, and a transient downregulation of BrIPT1 and BrIPT3. Interestingly, the upregulation of BrCKX3 persisted in a milder form throughout the course of the experiment (16 days). TD-K also upregulated BrCKX3. However, in contrast to INCYDE, this effect disappeared after two days. These results suggest that both compounds (CKX inhibitor and cytokinin TD-K) influenced cytokinin homeostasis in RCBr leaves, but with different mechanisms.
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The Anti-Senescence Activity of Cytokinin Arabinosides in Wheat and Arabidopsis Is Negatively Correlated with Ethylene Production. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218109. [PMID: 33143091 PMCID: PMC7662598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence, accompanied by chlorophyll breakdown, chloroplast degradation and inhibition of photosynthesis, can be suppressed by an exogenous application of cytokinins. Two aromatic cytokinin arabinosides (6-benzylamino-9-β-d-arabinofuranosylpurines; BAPAs), 3-hydroxy- (3OHBAPA) and 3-methoxy- (3MeOBAPA) derivatives, have recently been found to possess high anti-senescence activity. Interestingly, their effect on the maintenance of chlorophyll content and maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) in detached dark-adapted leaves differed quantitatively in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Aranka) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsisthaliana L. (Col-0)). In this work, we have found that the anti-senescence effects of 3OHBAPA and 3MeOBAPA in wheat and Arabidopsis also differ in other parameters, including the maintenance of carotenoid content and chloroplasts, rate of reduction of primary electron acceptor of PSII (QA) as well as electron transport behind QA, and partitioning of absorbed light energy in light-adapted leaves. In wheat, 3OHBAPA had a higher protective effect than 3MeOBAPA, whereas in Arabidopsis, 3MeOBAPA was the more efficient derivative. We have found that the different anti-senescent activity of 3OHBAPA and 3MeOBAPA was coupled to different ethylene production in the treated leaves: the lower the ethylene production, the higher the anti-senescence activity. 3OHBAPA and 3MeOBAPA also efficiently protected the senescing leaves of wheat and Arabidopsis against oxidative damage induced by both H2O2 and high-light treatment, which could also be connected with the low level of ethylene production.
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The Morphoregulatory Role of Thidiazuron: Metabolomics-Guided Hypothesis Generation for Mechanisms of Activity. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091253. [PMID: 32872300 PMCID: PMC7564436 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thidiazuron (TDZ) is a diphenylurea synthetic herbicide and plant growth regulator used to defoliate cotton crops and to induce regeneration of recalcitrant species in plant tissue culture. In vitro cultures of African violet thin petiole sections are an ideal model system for studies of TDZ-induced morphogenesis. TDZ induces de novo shoot organogenesis at low concentrations and somatic embryogenesis at higher concentrations of exposure. We used an untargeted metabolomics approach to identify metabolites in control and TDZ-treated tissues. Statistical analysis including metabolite clustering, pattern and pathway tools, logical algorithms, synthetic biotransformations and hormonomics identified TDZ-induced changes in metabolism. A total of 18,602 putative metabolites with extracted masses and predicted formulae were identified with 1412 features that were found only in TDZ-treated tissues and 312 that increased in response to TDZ. The monomer of TDZ was not detected intact in the tissues but putative oligomers were found in the database and we hypothesize that these may form by a Diels–Alder reaction. Accumulation oligomers in the tissue may act as a reservoir, slowly releasing the active TDZ monomer over time. Cleavage of the amide bridge released TDZ-metabolites into the tissues including organic nitrogen and sulfur containing compounds. Metabolomics data analysis generated six novel hypotheses that can be summarized as an overall increase in uptake of sugars from the culture media, increase in primary metabolism, redirection of terpene metabolism and mediation of stress metabolism via indoleamine and phenylpropanoid metabolism. Further research into the specific mechanisms hypothesized is likely to unravel the mode of action of TDZ and to provide new insights into the control of plant morphogenesis.
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Hönig M, Plíhalová L, Husičková A, Nisler J, Doležal K. Role of Cytokinins in Senescence, Antioxidant Defence and Photosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4045. [PMID: 30558142 PMCID: PMC6321018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins modulate a number of important developmental processes, including the last phase of leaf development, known as senescence, which is associated with chlorophyll breakdown, photosynthetic apparatus disintegration and oxidative damage. There is ample evidence that cytokinins can slow down all these senescence-accompanying changes. Here, we review relationships between the various mechanisms of action of these regulatory molecules. We highlight their connection to photosynthesis, the pivotal process that generates assimilates, however may also lead to oxidative damage. Thus, we also focus on cytokinin induction of protective responses against oxidative damage. Activation of antioxidative enzymes in senescing tissues is described as well as changes in the levels of naturally occurring antioxidative compounds, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, in plant explants. The main goal of this review is to show how the biological activities of cytokinins may be related to their chemical structure. New links between molecular aspects of natural cytokinins and their synthetic derivatives with antisenescent properties are described. Structural motifs in cytokinin molecules that may explain why these molecules play such a significant regulatory role are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hönig
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Plíhalová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Alexandra Husičková
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Nisler
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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