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Pastierovič F, Mogilicherla K, Hradecký J, Kalyniukova A, Dvořák O, Roy A, Tomášková I. Genome-Wide Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Unveiling the Defence Mechanisms of Populus tremula against Sucking and Chewing Insect Herbivores. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6124. [PMID: 38892311 PMCID: PMC11172939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants and insects coevolved as an evolutionarily successful and enduring association. The molecular arms race led to evolutionary novelties regarding unique mechanisms of defence and detoxification in plants and insects. While insects adopt mechanisms to conquer host defence, trees develop well-orchestrated and species-specific defence strategies against insect herbivory. However, current knowledge on the molecular underpinnings of fine-tuned tree defence responses against different herbivore insects is still restricted. In the current study, using a multi-omics approach, we unveiled the defence response of Populus tremula against aphids (Chaitophorus populialbae) and spongy moths (Lymantria dispar) herbivory. Comparative differential gene expression (DGE) analyses revealed that around 272 and 1203 transcripts were differentially regulated in P. tremula after moth and aphid herbivory compared to uninfested controls. Interestingly, 5716 transcripts were differentially regulated in P. tremula between aphids and moth infestation. Further investigation showed that defence-related stress hormones and their lipid precursors, transcription factors, and signalling molecules were over-expressed, whereas the growth-related counterparts were suppressed in P. tremula after aphid and moth herbivory. Metabolomics analysis documented that around 37% of all significantly abundant metabolites were associated with biochemical pathways related to tree growth and defence. However, the metabolic profiles of aphid and moth-fed trees were quite distinct, indicating species-specific response optimization. After identifying the suitable reference genes in P. tremula, the omics data were further validated using RT-qPCR. Nevertheless, our findings documented species-specific fine-tuning of the defence response of P. tremula, showing conservation on resource allocation for defence overgrowth under aphid and moth herbivory. Such findings can be exploited to enhance our current understanding of molecular orchestration of tree responses against herbivory and aid in developing insect pest resistance P. tremula varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Pastierovič
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ 165 00 Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic; (F.P.); (K.M.); (J.H.); (A.K.); (O.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Kanakachari Mogilicherla
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ 165 00 Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic; (F.P.); (K.M.); (J.H.); (A.K.); (O.D.); (A.R.)
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad 500030, Telangana, India
| | - Jaromír Hradecký
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ 165 00 Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic; (F.P.); (K.M.); (J.H.); (A.K.); (O.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Alina Kalyniukova
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ 165 00 Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic; (F.P.); (K.M.); (J.H.); (A.K.); (O.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Ondřej Dvořák
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ 165 00 Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic; (F.P.); (K.M.); (J.H.); (A.K.); (O.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Amit Roy
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ 165 00 Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic; (F.P.); (K.M.); (J.H.); (A.K.); (O.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Ivana Tomášková
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ 165 00 Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic; (F.P.); (K.M.); (J.H.); (A.K.); (O.D.); (A.R.)
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Lin DJ, Fang Y, Li LY, Zhang LZ, Gao SJ, Wang R, Wang JD. The insecticidal effect of the botanical insecticide chlorogenic acid on Mythimna separata (Walker) is related to changes in MsCYP450 gene expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1015095. [PMID: 36311076 PMCID: PMC9597446 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1015095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) can feed on the leaves of many crops, resulting in vast areas of damage and severe losses. Therefore, this insect has become a significant agricultural pest in north Asia. In this study, we fed 3rd instar larvae with artificial diets containing different concentrations of chlorogenic acid and found a significant lethal effect and the mortality increased with increasing chlorogenic acid concentration. Next, we measured the sublethal effect of chlorogenic acid at LC20 on the growth and development of M. separata larvae. The durations of the 4th and 5th instar were longer than those of the control group (prolonged by 0.8 and 0.6 days, respectively), and the 6th instar was shorter (by 1.1 days). The total survival rate, pupation rate, eclosion rate, sex ratio, and oviposition amount in the LC20 chlorogenic acid-treated group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of 3rd instar larvae fed various concentrations of chlorogenic acid revealed that several MsCYP450 genes were significantly up-regulated, and this finding was further validated by qRT-PCR. In addition, various concentrations of chlorogenic acid and different treatment times significantly affected the enzyme activity of CYP450 in 3rd instar larvae. Importantly, dietary ingestion of dsMsCYP450 significantly reduced the mRNA level of MsCYP450 genes and increased mortality in the presence of chlorogenic acid. Our results revealed that MsCYP6B6, MsCYP321A7, and MsCYP6B7-like play an essential role in the detoxification of chlorogenic acid by M. separata. This study provides evidence of control effect by botanical insecticide chlorogenic acid on M. separata, and potential detoxification mechanism mediated by P450 of botanical insecticide in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-jiang Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Fang
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Science, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-yun Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li-zhao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - San-ji Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-da Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Phenolic Compounds Regulating the Susceptibility of Adult Pine Species to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the most destructive diseases in trees of the genus Pinus and is responsible for significant environmental and economic losses in North America, Eastern Asia, and Western Europe. However, pine species are not equally affected, with some being tolerant/resistant while others are susceptible to nematode infection for reasons still unclear. The present study aims to investigate differential chemical responses of susceptible and tolerant/resistant pine species shortly after nematode infection by characterizing the phenolic profiles of adult Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea, and Pinus halepensis. HPLC and LC-MS were used to identify and quantify the pine´s phenolic compounds: gallic acid, ferulic acid, taxifolin, rutin, resveratrol, (+)-secoisolariciresinol, (−)-epicatechin, protocatechuic acid hexoside, gallic acid hexoside, ferulic acid glucoside, quercetin hexoside, and two unidentified compounds (#A and #B). Prior to infection, we could not differentiate between nematode-tolerant/resistant and susceptible adult pine species based on their constitutive phenolic compounds. In the presence of the PWN, the phenolic profile allowed for a noticeable separation of the PWN-tolerant/resistant P. halepensis from the susceptible P. sylvestris, contrasting with a more homogenous response from P. pinea and P. pinaster. Observations on P. halepensis suggest that taxifolin, resveratrol, and rutin may have an active role in protecting against B. xylophilus, possibly in conjugation with other biochemical and anatomical characters. We emphasize the importance of studying pine tolerant/resistance on adult trees, and not on excised branches, saplings, or seedlings to accurately simulate the nematode–pine host interactions occurring under natural conditions.
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Zhang Z, Chen Q, Tan Y, Shuang S, Dai R, Jiang X, Temuer B. Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis of Alfalfa Response to Thrips Infection. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121967. [PMID: 34946916 PMCID: PMC8701657 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a major insect pest for alfalfa which can result in decreased plant nutrients, low yields, and even plant death. To identify the differentially expressed genes and metabolites in response to thrips in alfalfa, a combination of metabolomics and transcriptomics was employed using alfalfa (Caoyuan No. 2) with and without thrips infestation. The results showed that the flavonoid biosynthesis and isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathways were the most significantly enriched pathways in response to thrips infection, as shown by the combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis. The transcriptome results showed that SA and JA signal transduction and PAPM-triggered immunity and the MAPK signaling pathway–plant pathways played a crucial role in thrips-induced plant resistance in alfalfa. In addition, we found that thrips infestation could also induce numerous changes in plant primary metabolism, such as carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism as compared to the control. Overall, our results described here should improve fundamental knowledge of molecular responses to herbivore-inducible plant defenses and contribute to the design of strategies against thrips in alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China; (Z.Z.); (Q.C.); (S.S.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China;
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China; (Z.Z.); (Q.C.); (S.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Yao Tan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China;
| | - Shuang Shuang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China; (Z.Z.); (Q.C.); (S.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Rui Dai
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China;
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China; (Z.Z.); (Q.C.); (S.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Buhe Temuer
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China; (Z.Z.); (Q.C.); (S.S.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0471-4316259
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Hurel A, de Miguel M, Dutech C, Desprez‐Loustau M, Plomion C, Rodríguez‐Quilón I, Cyrille A, Guzman T, Alía R, González‐Martínez SC, Budde KB. Genetic basis of growth, spring phenology, and susceptibility to biotic stressors in maritime pine. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2750-2772. [PMID: 34950227 PMCID: PMC8674897 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest ecosystems are increasingly challenged by extreme events, for example, drought, storms, pest attacks, and fungal pathogen outbreaks, causing severe ecological and economic losses. Understanding the genetic basis of adaptive traits in tree species is of key importance to preserve forest ecosystems, as genetic variation in a trait (i.e., heritability) determines its potential for human-mediated or evolutionary change. Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton), a conifer widely distributed in southwestern Europe and northwestern Africa, grows under contrasted environmental conditions promoting local adaptation. Genetic variation at adaptive phenotypes, including height, spring phenology, and susceptibility to two fungal pathogens (Diplodia sapinea and Armillaria ostoyae) and an insect pest (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), was assessed in a range-wide clonal common garden of maritime pine. Broad-sense heritability was significant for height (0.219), spring phenology (0.165-0.310), and pathogen susceptibility (necrosis length caused by D. sapinea, 0.152; and by A. ostoyae, 0.021, measured on inoculated, excised branches under controlled conditions), but not for pine processionary moth incidence in the common garden. The correlations of trait variation among populations revealed contrasting trends for pathogen susceptibility to D. sapinea and A. ostoyae with respect to height. Taller trees showed longer necrosis length caused by D. sapinea while shorter trees were more affected by A. ostoyae. Moreover, maritime pine populations from areas with high summer temperatures and frequent droughts were less susceptible to D. sapinea but more susceptible to A. ostoyae. Finally, an association study using 4227 genome-wide SNPs revealed several loci significantly associated with each trait (range of 3-26), including a possibly disease-induced translation initiation factor, eIF-5, associated with needle discoloration caused by D. sapinea. This study provides important insights to develop genetic conservation and breeding strategies integrating species responses to biotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Hurel
- BIOGECO, INRAEUniversity of BordeauxCestasFrance
| | - Marina de Miguel
- BIOGECO, INRAEUniversity of BordeauxCestasFrance
- EGFV, INRAEUniversity of BordeauxVillenave‐d'OrnonFrance
| | - Cyril Dutech
- BIOGECO, INRAEUniversity of BordeauxCestasFrance
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katharina B. Budde
- BIOGECO, INRAEUniversity of BordeauxCestasFrance
- Büsgen‐InstituteGeorg‐August University GöttingenGöttingenGermany
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Nantongo JS, Potts BM, Davies NW, Aurik D, Elms S, Fitzgerald H, O'Reilly-Wapstra JM. Chemical Traits that Predict Susceptibility of Pinus radiata to Marsupial Bark Stripping. J Chem Ecol 2021; 48:51-70. [PMID: 34611747 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bark stripping by mammals is a major problem in managed conifer forests worldwide. In Australia, bark stripping in the exotic plantations of Pinus radiata is mainly caused by native marsupials and results in reduced survival, growth, and in extreme cases death of trees. Herbivory is influenced by a balance between primary metabolites that are sources of nutrition and secondary metabolites that act as defences. Identifying the compounds that influence herbivory may be a useful tool in the management of forest systems. This study aimed to detect and identify both constitutive and induced compounds that are associated with genetic differences in susceptibility of two-year-old P. radiata trees to bark stripping by marsupials. An untargeted profiling of 83 primary and secondary compounds of the needles and bark samples from 21 susceptible and 21 resistant families was undertaken. These were among the most and least damaged families, respectively, screened in a trial of 74 families that were exposed to natural field bark stripping by marsupials. Experimental plants were in the same field trial but protected from bark stripping and a subset were subjected to artificial bark stripping to examine induced and constitutive chemistry differences between resistant and susceptible families. Machine learning (random forest), partial least squares plus discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and principal components analysis with discriminant analysis (PCA-DA), as well as univariate methods were used to identify the most important totals by compound group and individual compounds differentiating the resistant and susceptible families. In the bark, the constitutive amount of two sesquiterpenoids - bicyclogermacrene and an unknown sesquiterpenoid alcohol -were shown to be of higher levels in the resistant families, whereas the constitutive sugars, fructose, and glucose, as well individual phenolics, were higher in the more susceptible families. The chemistry of the needles was not useful in differentiating the resistant and susceptible families to marsupial bark stripping. After artificial bark stripping, the terpenes, sugars, and phenolics responded in both the resistant and susceptible families by increasing or reducing amounts, which leveled the differences in the amounts of the compounds between the different resistant and susceptible classes observed at the constitutive level. Overall, based on the families with extreme values for less and more susceptibility, differences in the amounts of secondary compounds were subtle and susceptibility due to sugars may outweigh defence as the cause of the genetic variation in bark stripping observed in this non-native tree herbivory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S Nantongo
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Brad M Potts
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Noel W Davies
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Don Aurik
- Timberlands Pacific Pty Ltd, Launceston, 7250, Australia
| | - Stephen Elms
- Hancock Victorian Plantations, Churchill, 3842, Australia
| | - Hugh Fitzgerald
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Julianne M O'Reilly-Wapstra
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7001, Australia
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Soderberg DN, Kyre B, Bonello P, Bentz BJ. Lignin concentrations in phloem and outer bark are not associated with resistance to mountain pine beetle among high elevation pines. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250395. [PMID: 34555045 PMCID: PMC8460017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A key component in understanding plant-insect interactions is the nature of host defenses. Research on defense traits among Pinus species has focused on specialized metabolites and axial resin ducts, but the role of lignin in defense within diverse systems is unclear. We investigated lignin levels in the outer bark and phloem of P. longaeva, P. balfouriana, and P. flexilis; tree species growing at high elevations in the western United States known to differ in susceptibility to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae; MPB). Pinus longaeva and P. balfouriana are attacked by MPB less frequently than P. flexilis, and MPB brood production in P. longaeva is limited. Because greater lignification of feeding tissues has been shown to provide defense against bark beetles in related genera, such as Picea, we hypothesized that P. longaeva and P. balfouriana would have greater lignin concentrations than P. flexilis. Contrary to expectations, we found that the more MPB-susceptible P. flexilis had greater phloem lignin levels than the less susceptible P. longaeva and P. balfouriana. No differences in outer bark lignin levels among the species were found. We conclude that lignification in Pinus phloem and outer bark is likely not adaptive as a physical defense against MPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N. Soderberg
- Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
- Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Bethany Kyre
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Pierluigi Bonello
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Bentz
- Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
- US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Logan, Utah, United States of America
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Ullah A, Klutsch JG, Erbilgin N. Production of complementary defense metabolites reflects a co-evolutionary arms race between a host plant and a mutualistic bark beetle-fungal complex. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3064-3077. [PMID: 34008191 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intra-specific variation in conifers has been extensively studied with respect to defense against herbivores and pathogens. While studies have shown the ability of individual or specific mixtures of compounds to influence insects and microbes, research testing biologically relevant mixtures of defense compounds reflecting intra-specific variation amongst tree populations to enemy complexes is needed. We characterized the variations in lodgepole pine monoterpenes from a progeny trial in western Canada and grouped trees in four clusters using their monoterpene profiles. We then selected 11 representative families across four clusters and amended their entire monoterpene profiles (with the exception of β-phellandrene) in media to determine how representative families affect the performance of the mountain pine beetle or its fungal symbiont. We placed adult beetles or inoculated fungus on the amended media and measured beetle performance and fungal growth as a proxy to host suitability. We found that different clusters or families differentially influenced beetle or fungal responses. However, monoterpene profiles of trees suitable to the beetle or the fungus were dissimilar. These outcomes reflect a co-evolutionary arms-race between the host and the bark beetle-fungus complex, which has resulted in the production of complementary defense metabolites among different pine populations to enhance tree survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ullah
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer G Klutsch
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Kahli H, Sbartai H, Cohen-Bouhacina T, Bourguignon J. Characterization of cadmium accumulation and phytoextraction in three species of the genus Atriplex (canescens, halimus and nummularia) in the presence or absence of salt. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:902-911. [PMID: 34243017 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to establish for the first time a comparison between the resistance to cadmium (Cd) stress of three halophyte species, Atriplex canescens, Atriplex halimus and Atriplex nummularia in addition to their already known tolerance for salt and drought. Plants were exposed to CdCl2 (20 and 50 μM) in the presence or in the absence of salt (50 mM NaCl) for one and two months. The amount of accumulated Cd was determined in the roots and leaves as well as the amount excreted on the surface of the leaves. Physiological parameters such as chlorophyll content and stress biomarkers, including malondialdehyde and enzymatic activities, were then analyzed. The results show that these plants are able to neutralize the excess of reactive oxygen species resulting from treatments by activating the antioxidant defense mechanisms in order to restore the homeostasis of cells. All three species are also able to accumulate high amounts of Cd in the leaves (several hundred mg of Cd/kg of dry leaves) and this phenomenon is amplified in the presence of salt. All together our results allow to consider the three Atriplex species as hyperaccumulators in the presence/absence of salt and as good candidates in a strategy of Cd phytoextraction in the presence of low concentrations of the pollutant. Nevertheless, both A. canescens and A. nummularia species seem to have a higher capacity to hyper-accumulate Cd when the concentration of Cd reaches higher level of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssem Kahli
- Université Badji Mokhtar-Annaba, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Cellulaire (LTC), CRS UBMA, 23000, Annaba, Algeria; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Hana Sbartai
- Université Badji Mokhtar-Annaba, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Cellulaire (LTC), CRS UBMA, 23000, Annaba, Algeria.
| | | | - Jacques Bourguignon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, 38000, Grenoble, France
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Netherer S, Kandasamy D, Jirosová A, Kalinová B, Schebeck M, Schlyter F. Interactions among Norway spruce, the bark beetle Ips typographus and its fungal symbionts in times of drought. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2021; 94:591-614. [PMID: 34720785 PMCID: PMC8550215 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-021-01341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Resilience and functionality of European Norway spruce forests are increasingly threatened by mass outbreaks of the bark beetle Ips typographus promoted by heat, wind throw and drought. Here, we review current knowledge on Norway spruce and I. typographus interactions from the perspective of drought-stressed trees, host selection, colonisation behaviour of beetles, with multi-level effects of symbiotic ophiostomatoid fungi. By including chemo-ecological, molecular and behavioural perspectives, we provide a comprehensive picture on this complex, multitrophic system in the light of climate change. Trees invest carbon into specialised metabolism to produce defence compounds against biotic invaders; processes that are strongly affected by physiological stress such as drought. Spruce bark contains numerous terpenoid and phenolic substances, which are important for bark beetle aggregation and attack success. Abiotic stressors such as increased temperatures and drought affect composition, amounts and emission rates of volatile compounds. Thus, drought events may influence olfactory responses of I. typographus, and further the pheromone communication enabling mass attack. In addition, I. typographus is associated with numerous ophiostomatoid fungal symbionts with multiple effects on beetle life history. Symbiotic fungi degrade spruce toxins, help to exhaust tree defences, produce beetle semiochemicals, and possibly provide nutrition. As the various fungal associates have different temperature optima, they can influence the performance of I. typographus differently under changing environmental conditions. Finally, we discuss why effects of drought on tree-killing by bark beetles are still poorly understood and provide an outlook on future research on this eruptive species using both, field and laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Netherer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dineshkumar Kandasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Jirosová
- ETM Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, CULS, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Kalinová
- ETM Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, CULS, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Schebeck
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fredrik Schlyter
- ETM Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, CULS, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Chemical Ecology Plant Protection Department, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Alnarp, Sweden
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11
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Chen R, Huang K, Pan S, Xu T, Tan J, Hao D. Jasmonate induced terpene-based defense in Pinus massoniana depresses Monochamus alternatus adult feeding. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:731-740. [PMID: 32865291 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptoms of pine wilt disease (PWD) are caused when pathogenic pine wood nematodes (PWN) invade healthy host trees via wounds created by adult Monochamus alternatus. Exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can trigger terpene-based induced defense in conifers, which is a core part of the conifer defense system. Herein, we hypothesized that the terpene-based plant defense induced by MeJA could negatively affect the feeding behavior of M. alternatus adults, and may contribute to a new strategy in the control of PWD. RESULTS The feeding area for M. alternatus adults feeding on MeJA-treated seedlings was significantly smaller compared with control seedlings. However, no significant difference was detected in the enzyme activities in the midgut of beetles that had fed on these seedlings. Terpenoids were mainly accumulated in traumatic resin duct, whereas the constitutive resin duct accumulated only diterpenoids. Correspondingly, large-scaled responses at the transcriptional level mainly focused on terpenoid and phenolic biosynthesis in the defending trees. CONCLUSIONS Breeding tree species with a high resin yield may contribute to control of the spread of PWD by suppressing the feeding of M. alternatus adults. Transcriptome sequencing results provided abundant information for further breeding of highly resistant trees. Based on these findings, a potential push-pull strategy for the control of M. alternatus was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixu Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kairu Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiye Pan
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajin Tan
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dejun Hao
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Suárez-Vidal E, Sampedro L, Climent J, Voltas J, Sin E, Notivol E, Zas R. Direct and correlated responses to artificial selection for growth and water-use efficiency in a Mediterranean pine. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:102-112. [PMID: 33512710 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Persistence of tree populations in the face of global change relies on their capacity to respond to biotic and abiotic stressors through plastic or adaptive changes. Genetic adaptation will depend on the additive genetic variation within populations and the heritability of traits related to stress tolerance. Because traits can be genetically linked, selective pressure acting on one trait may lead to correlated responses in other traits. METHODS To test direct and correlated responses to selection for growth and drought tolerance in Pinus halepensis, we selected trees in a parental population for higher growth and greater water-use efficiency (WUE) and compared their offspring with the offspring of random trees from the parental population in two contrasting common gardens. We estimated direct responses to selection for growth and WUE and correlated responses for growth and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stressors. RESULTS We found a strong response to selection and high realized heritability for WUE, but no response to selection for growth. Correlated responses to selection in other life-history traits were not significant, except for concentration of some chemical defenses, which was greater in the offspring of mother trees selected for growth than in the offspring of unselected control trees. CONCLUSIONS The empirical evidence of direct responses to selection for high WUE suggests that P. halepensis has the potential to evolve in response to increasing drought stress. Contrary to expectations, the results are not conclusive of a potential negative impact of WUE and growth selection on other key life-history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Sampedro
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo. 28, 36143, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Jose Climent
- INIA-CIFOR, Department of Ecology and Forest Genetics, Ctra. Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Voltas
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, E25198, Lleida, Spain
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, E25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ester Sin
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, E25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Eduardo Notivol
- Forest Resources Unit, CITA & IA2, Av. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafael Zas
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo. 28, 36143, Pontevedra, Spain
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13
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Puentes A, Zhao T, Lundborg L, Björklund N, Borg-Karlson AK. Variation in Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Defense Among Norway Spruce Clones and Trade-Offs in Resistance Against a Fungal and an Insect Pest. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:678959. [PMID: 34108985 PMCID: PMC8182065 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.678959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An essential component of plant defense is the change that occurs from a constitutive to an induced state following damage or infection. Exogenous application of the plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has shown great potential to be used as a defense inducer prior to pest exposure, and could be used as a plant protection measure. Here, we examined (1) the importance of MeJA-mediated induction for Norway spruce (Picea abies) resistance against damage by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis, which poses a threat to seedling survival, and infection by the spruce bark beetle-associated blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica, (2) genotypic variation in MeJA-induced defense (terpene chemistry), and (3) correlations among resistance to each pest. In a semi-field experiment, we exposed rooted-cuttings from nine different Norway spruce clones to insect damage and fungal infection separately. Plants were treated with 0, 25, or 50 mM MeJA, and planted in blocks where only pine weevils were released, or in a separate block in which plants were fungus-inoculated or not (control group). As measures of resistance, stem area debarked and fungal lesion lengths were assessed, and as a measure of defensive capacity, terpene chemistry was examined. We found that MeJA treatment increased resistance to H. abietis and E. polonica, but effects varied with clone. Norway spruce clones that exhibited high constitutive resistance did not show large changes in area debarked or lesion length when MeJA-treated, and vice versa. Moreover, insect damage negatively correlated with fungal infection. Clones receiving little pine weevil damage experienced larger lesion lengths, and vice versa, both in the constitutive and induced states. Changes in absolute terpene concentrations occurred with MeJA treatment (but not on proportional terpene concentrations), however, variation in chemistry was mostly explained by differences between clones. We conclude that MeJA can enhance protection against H. abietis and E. polonica, but the extent of protection will depend on the importance of constitutive and induced resistance for the Norway spruce clone in question. Trade-offs among resistances do not necessarily hinder the use of MeJA, as clones that are constitutively more resistant to either pest, should show greater MeJA-induced resistance against the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Puentes
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Adriana Puentes, ;
| | - Tao Zhao
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lina Lundborg
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Björklund
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
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14
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Fotelli MN, Lyrou FG, Avtzis DN, Maurer D, Rennenberg H, Spyroglou G, Polle A, Radoglou K. Effective Defense of Aleppo Pine Against the Giant Scale Marchalina hellenica Through Ecophysiological and Metabolic Changes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:581693. [PMID: 33362812 PMCID: PMC7758410 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.581693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region and in other areas of the world, where it has been introduced due to its adaptive capacity to xerothermic conditions. The giant pine scale Marchalina hellenica often infests Aleppo pine, as well as other pines, in several southeastern European countries, causing pine declines. When combined with the expected intensified heat and drought events in eastern Mediterranean, the impact of this biotic parameter on the host pines may be exacerbated. The importance of understanding the defense mechanisms of Aleppo pine is emphasized by the recent invasion of the pine scale in new regions, like Australia, lacking the insect's natural enemies, where more intense negative effects on pine species may occur. To date, Aleppo pine's physiological responses to the infestation by M. hellenica are largely unknown. This study aimed at assessing the responses of Aleppo pine to the giant pine scale attack, both on an ecophysiological and a metabolic level. For this purpose, gas exchange, needle water status, and carbon and nitrogen content were measured during 1 year on healthy and infested adult trees. M etabolic profiling of Aleppo pine needles was also performed before, during, and after the high feeding activity of the insect. The maintenance of stable relative water content, δ13C signatures, and chlorophyll fluorescence in the needles of infested pines indicated that infestation did not induce drought stress to the host pines. At the peak of infestation, stomatal closure and a pronounced reduction in assimilation were observed and were associated with the accumulation of sugars in the needles, probably due to impaired phloem loading. At the end of the infestation period, tricarboxylic acids were induced and phenolic compounds were enhanced in the needles of infested pines. These metabolic responses, together with the recovery of photosynthesis after the end of M. hellenica intense feeding, indicate that in the studied region and under the current climate, Aleppo pine is resilient to the infestation by the giant pine scale. Future research should assess whether these promising defense mechanisms are also employed by other host pines, particularly in regions of the world recently invaded by the giant pine scale, as well as under more xerothermic regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela N. Fotelli
- Forest Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fani G. Lyrou
- Forest Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N. Avtzis
- Forest Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Daniel Maurer
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Gavriil Spyroglou
- Forest Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kalliopi Radoglou
- Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
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15
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López‐Goldar X, Zas R, Sampedro L. Resource availability drives microevolutionary patterns of plant defences. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xosé López‐Goldar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
- Misión Biológica de Galicia Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Pontevedra Spain
| | - Rafael Zas
- Misión Biológica de Galicia Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Pontevedra Spain
| | - Luis Sampedro
- Misión Biológica de Galicia Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Pontevedra Spain
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16
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Howe M, Mason CJ, Gratton C, Keefover‐Ring K, Wallin K, Yanchuk A, Zhu J, Raffa KF. Relationships between conifer constitutive and inducible defenses against bark beetles change across levels of biological and ecological scale. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Howe
- Dept of Entomology, Univ. of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Charles J. Mason
- Dept of Entomology, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park PA USA
| | - Claudio Gratton
- Dept of Entomology, Univ. of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Ken Keefover‐Ring
- Depts of Botany and Geography, Univ. of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Kimberly Wallin
- College of Science and Mathematics, North Dakota State Univ. Fargo ND USA
| | - Alvin Yanchuk
- Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations & Rural Development, Government of British Columbia Victoria BC Canada
| | - Jun Zhu
- Dept of Statistics, Univ. of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Kenneth F. Raffa
- Dept of Entomology, Univ. of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
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17
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López-Goldar X, Lundborg L, Borg-Karlson AK, Zas R, Sampedro L. Resin acids as inducible chemical defences of pine seedlings against chewing insects. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232692. [PMID: 32357193 PMCID: PMC7194405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducibility of defences in response to biotic stimuli is considered an important trait in plant resistance. In conifers, previous research has mostly focused on the inducibility of the volatile fraction of the oleoresin (mono- and sesquiterpenes), leaving the inducibility of the non-volatile resin acids largely unexplored, particularly in response to real herbivory. Here we investigated the differences in the inducibility of resin acids in two pine species, one native from Europe (Pinus pinaster Ait.) and another from North America (Pinus radiata D. Don), in response to wounding by two European insects: a bark chewer, the pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.), and a defoliator, the pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff.). We quantified the constitutive (control) and induced concentrations of resin acids in the stem and needles of both pine species by gas chromatography techniques. Both pine species strongly increased the concentration of resin acids in the stem after pine weevil feeding, although the response was greater in P. pinaster than in P. radiata. However, systemic defensive responses in the needles were negligible in both pine species after pine weevil feeding in the stem. On the other hand, P. radiata locally reduced the resin acid concentration in the needles after pine caterpillar feeding, whereas in P. pinaster resin acid concentration was apparently unaffected. Nevertheless, systemic induction of resin acids was only observed in the stem of P. pinaster in response to pine caterpillar feeding. In summary, pine induced responses were found highly compartmentalized, and specific to herbivore identity. Particularly, plant defence suppression mechanisms by the pine caterpillar, and ontogenetic factors might be potentially affecting the induced response of resin acids in both pine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé López-Goldar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - Lina Lundborg
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Karin Borg-Karlson
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rafael Zas
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - Luis Sampedro
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
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18
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Wang Y, Huang X, Chang BH, Zhang Z. Growth Performance and Enzymatic Response of the Grasshopper, Calliptamus abbreviatus (Orthoptera: Acrididae), to Six Plant-Derived Compounds. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5851654. [PMID: 32501501 PMCID: PMC7273521 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived compounds are sources of biopesticides for the control of insect pests. We compared the growth performance and enzymatic response of the grasshopper Calliptamus abbreviatus Ikonn to six plant-derived compounds (rutin, quercetin, nicotine, matrine, azadirachtin, and rotenone) in laboratory and field trials. When exposed to the six compounds, C. abbreviatus had significantly reduced growth and survival. All the compounds significantly induced an elevated level of reactive oxygen species, indicating oxidative damage. The activity of detoxifying enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, carboxylesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and the antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, all significantly increased after exposure to the six compounds. These data suggest that the six plant-derived compounds had negative effects on C. abbreviatus. Of the six compounds, matrine, azadirachtin, and rotenone were more toxic to C. abbreviatus, followed by nicotine, quercetin, and rutin. These results show the potential of these compounds as botanical pesticides, which can be applied for the biological control of the grasshopper C. abbreviatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi, P.R. China
| | - Xunbing Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi, P.R. China
| | - Babar Hussain Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Pakistan
| | - Zehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, P.R. China
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19
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Fernández de Simón B, Sanz M, Sánchez-Gómez D, Cadahía E, Aranda I. Rising [CO 2] effect on leaf drought-induced metabolome in Pinus pinaster Aiton: Ontogenetic- and genotypic-specific response exhibit different metabolic strategies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 149:201-216. [PMID: 32078898 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) together with water deficit can influence ecological interactions of trees through an array of chemically driven changes in plant leaves. In four drought stressed Pinus pinaster genotypes, grown under two levels of atmospheric [CO2] (ambient (aCO2) and enriched (eCO2)) the metabolome of adult and juvenile needles was analyzed to know if the metabolic responses to this environmental situation could be genotype-dependent and vary according to the stage of needle ontogeny. Drought had the highest incidence, followed by needle ontogeny, being lower the eCO2 effect. The eCO2 reduced, eliminated or countered the 50 (adult needles) - 44% (juvenile) of the drought-induced changes, suggesting that CO2-enriched plants could perceived less oxidative stress under drought, and proving that together, these two abiotic factors triggered a metabolic response different from that under single factors. Genotype drought tolerance and ontogenetic stage determined the level of metabolite accumulation and the plasticity to eCO2 under drought, which was mainly reflected in antioxidant levels and tree chemical defense. At re-watering, previously water stressed plants showed both, reduced C and N metabolism, and a "drought memory effect", favoring antioxidants and osmolyte storage. This effect showed variations regarding genotype drought-tolerance, needle ontogeny and [CO2], with remarkable contribution of terpenoids. Chemical defense and drought tolerance were somehow linked, increasing chemical defense during recovery in the most drought-sensitive individuals. The better adaptation of trees to drought under eCO2, as well as their ability to recover better from water stress, are essential for the survival of forest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brígida Fernández de Simón
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miriam Sanz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Bl 17 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - David Sánchez-Gómez
- Instituto Regional de Investigación, Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal de Castilla-La Mancha (IRIAF), Centro de Investigación Agroforestal de Albadalejito (CIAF), Carretera Toledo-Cuenca, km 174, 16194, Cuenca, Spain.
| | - Estrella Cadahía
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain.
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20
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Moreira X, Abdala-Roberts L, Nell CS, Vázquez-González C, Pratt JD, Keefover-Ring K, Mooney KA. Sexual and genotypic variation in terpene quantitative and qualitative profiles in the dioecious shrub Baccharis salicifolia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14655. [PMID: 31602001 PMCID: PMC6787053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51291-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are secondary metabolites produced in most plant tissues and are often considered toxic or repellent to plant enemies. Previous work has typically reported on intra-specific variation in terpene profiles, but the effects of plant sex, an important axis of genetic variation, have been less studied for chemical defences in general, and terpenes in particular. In a prior study, we found strong genetic variation (but not sexual dimorphism) in terpene amounts in leaves of the dioecious shrub Baccharis salicifolia. Here we build on these findings and provide a more in-depth analysis of terpene chemistry on these same plants from an experiment consisting of a common garden with male (N = 19) and female (N = 20) genotypes sourced from a single population. Our goal in the present study was to investigate quantitative and qualitative differences in terpene profiles associated with plant sex and genotypic variation. For this, we quantified leaf mono- and sesquiterpene amount, richness, and diversity (quantitative profile), as well as the composition of compounds (qualitative profile). We found no evidence of sexual dimorphism in monoterpene or sesquiterpene profiles. We did, however, find significant genotypic variation in amount, diversity, and composition of monoterpenes, but no effects on sesquiterpenes. These findings indicated that genotypic variation in terpene profiles largely surpassed variation due to sexual dimorphism for the studied population of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo. 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Department of Tropical Ecology, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimna. 97000, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Colleen S Nell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | | | - Jessica D Pratt
- University of California, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Ken Keefover-Ring
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Departments of Botany and Geography, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Kailen A Mooney
- University of California, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Irvine, California, 92697, USA.
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21
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Cobo‐Quinche J, Endara M, Valencia R, Muñoz‐Upegui D, Cárdenas RE. Physical, but not chemical, antiherbivore defense expression is related to the clustered spatial distribution of tropical trees in an Amazonian forest. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:1750-1763. [PMID: 30847070 PMCID: PMC6392389 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The conspecific negative density dependence hypothesis states that mortality of young trees (seedlings and saplings) is higher near conspecific adults due to mechanisms such as allelopathy, intraspecific competition, and pest facilitation, explaining why in the tropics, most of plant species tend to be rare and live dispersed. However, there are some tree species that defy this expectation and grow in large clusters of conspecific juveniles and adults. We hypothesize that conspecifics living in clusters show higher and/or more variable defensive profiles than conspecifics with dispersed distributions.We evaluated our hypothesis by assessing the expression of physical leaf traits (thickness, and the resistance to punch, tear and shear) and leaf chemical defenses for six clustered and six non-clustered tree species in Yasuní National Park, Ecuadorian Amazon. We ask ourselves whether (a) clustered species have leaves with higher physical resistance to damage and more chemical defenses variability than non-clustered species; (b) saplings of clustered species may show higher physical resistance to damage and higher variation on chemical leaf defenses than their conspecific adults, and (c) saplings of non-clustered species show lower resistance to physical damage and lower variation in chemical defenses compared to conspecific adults.Overall, our study did not support any of our hypotheses. Remarkably, we found that soluble metabolites were significantly species-specific.Our study suggests that plants physical but not chemical leaf antiherbivore defenses may be a crucial strategy for explaining survivorship of clustered species. Trees in Yasuní may also fall along a suite of tolerance/escape/defense strategies based on limitations of each species physiological constraints for survival and establishment. We conclude that other mechanisms, such as those related to indirect defenses, soil nutrient exploitation efficiency, volatile organic compounds, delayed leaf-greening, and seed dispersal mechanisms, shall be evaluated to understand conspecific coexistence in this forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Cobo‐Quinche
- Herbario QCA, Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
| | - María‐José Endara
- Department of BiologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtah
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio ClimáticoUniversidad Tecnológica IndoaméricaQuitoEcuador
| | - Renato Valencia
- Herbario QCA, Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
| | - Dolly Muñoz‐Upegui
- Museo de Zoología QCAZ, Laboratorio de Entomología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
| | - Rafael E. Cárdenas
- Herbario QCA, Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
- Museo de Zoología QCAZ, Laboratorio de Entomología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
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Vázquez-González C, López-Goldar X, Zas R, Sampedro L. Neutral and Climate-Driven Adaptive Processes Contribute to Explain Population Variation in Resin Duct Traits in a Mediterranean Pine Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1613. [PMID: 31921257 PMCID: PMC6923275 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Resin ducts are important anatomical defensive traits related to biotic resistance in conifers. Previous studies have reported intraspecific genetic variation in resin duct characteristics. However, little is currently known about the micro-evolutionary patterns and adaptive value of these defensive structures. Here, we quantified inter-population genetic variation in resin duct features and their inducibility in Pinus pinaster and assessed whether such variation was associated with climate gradients. To that end, we characterized the resin duct system of 2-year-old saplings from 10 populations across the species' distribution range. We measured axial resin duct features (density, mean size, and percentage conductive area of resin ducts) and their inducibility in response to methyl jasmonate. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms allowed to account for the population genetic structure in our models in order to avoid spurious correlations between resin duct characteristics and climate. We found large inter-population variation in resin duct density and conductive area, but not in their inducibility. Our results suggest that population variation in the percentage conductive area of resin ducts likely arise from adaptation to local climate conditions. This study highlights the adaptive relevance of resin ducts and helps to shed light on the micro-evolutionary patterns of resin-based defenses in conifers.
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