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LoRicco JG, Bagdan K, Sgambettera G, Malone S, Tomasi T, Lu I, Domozych DS. Chemically induced phenotype plasticity in the unicellular zygnematophyte, Penium margaritaceum. PROTOPLASMA 2024:10.1007/s00709-024-01962-x. [PMID: 38967680 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity allows a plant cell to alter its structure and function in response to external pressure. This adaptive phenomenon has also been important in the evolution of plants including the emergence of land plants from a streptophyte alga. Penium margaritaceum is a unicellular zygnematophyte (i.e., the group of streptophyte algae that is sister to land plants) that was employed in order to study phenotypic plasticity with a focus on the role of subcellular expansion centers and the cell wall in this process. Live cell fluorescence labeling, immunofluorescence labeling, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy showed significant subcellular changes and alterations to the cell wall. When treated with the actin-perturbing agent, cytochalasin E, cytokinesis is arrested and cells are transformed into pseudo-filaments made of up to eight or more cellular units. When treated with the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, roscovitine, cells converted to a unique phenotype with a narrow isthmus zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine G LoRicco
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, 518 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA.
| | - Kaylee Bagdan
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, 518 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Gabriel Sgambettera
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, 518 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Stuart Malone
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, 518 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Tawn Tomasi
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, 518 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Iris Lu
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, 518 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, 518 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
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Domozych DS, LoRicco JG. The extracellular matrix of green algae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:15-32. [PMID: 37399237 PMCID: PMC10762512 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Green algae display a wide range of extracellular matrix (ECM) components that include various types of cell walls (CW), scales, crystalline glycoprotein coverings, hydrophobic compounds, and complex gels or mucilage. Recently, new information derived from genomic/transcriptomic screening, advanced biochemical analyses, immunocytochemical studies, and ecophysiology has significantly enhanced and refined our understanding of the green algal ECM. In the later diverging charophyte group of green algae, the CW and other ECM components provide insight into the evolution of plants and the ways the ECM modulates during environmental stress. Chlorophytes produce diverse ECM components, many of which have been exploited for various uses in medicine, food, and biofuel production. This review highlights major advances in ECM studies of green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Domozych
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
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Kutyrieva-Nowak N, Leszczuk A, Zdunek A. A practical guide to in situ and ex situ characterisation of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in fruits. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:117. [PMID: 37915041 PMCID: PMC10621164 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are plant cell components found in the extracellular matrix that play crucial roles in fruit growth and development. AGPs demonstrate structural diversity due to the presence of a protein domain and an expanded carbohydrate moiety. Considering their molecular structure, the modification of glycosylation is a primary factor contributing to the functional variety of AGPs. MAIN BODY Immunocytochemical methods are used for qualitative and quantitative analyses of AGPs in fruit tissues. These include in situ techniques such as immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling for visualising AGP distribution at different cellular levels and ex situ methods such as Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunoenzymatic assays (ELISA) for molecular characterisation and quantitative detection of isolated AGPs. The presented techniques were modified by considering the structure of AGPs and the changes that occur in fruit tissues during the development and ripening processes. These methods are based on antibodies that recognise carbohydrate chains, which are the only commercially available highly AGP-specific tools. These probes recognise AGP epitopes and identify structural modifications and changes in spatio-temporal distribution, shedding light on their functions in fruit. CONCLUSION This paper provides a concise overview of AGP research methods, emphasising their use in fruit tissue analysis and demonstrating the accessibility gaps in other tools used in such research (e.g. antibodies against protein moieties). It underscores fruit tissue as a valuable source of AGPs and emphasises the potential for future research to understand of AGP synthesis, degradation, and their roles in various physiological processes. Moreover, the application of advanced probes for AGP visualisation is a milestone in obtaining more detailed insights into the localisation and function of these proteins within fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
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Pfeifer L, Mueller KK, Utermöhlen J, Erdt F, Zehge JBJ, Schubert H, Classen B. The cell walls of different Chara species are characterized by branched galactans rich in 3-O-methylgalactose and absence of AGPs. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13989. [PMID: 37616003 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Streptophyte algae are the closest relatives to land plants; their latest common ancestor performed the most drastic adaptation in plant evolution around 500 million years ago: the conquest of land. Besides other adaptations, this step required changes in cell wall composition. Current knowledge on the cell walls of streptophyte algae and especially on the presence of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), important signalling molecules in all land plants, is limited. To get deeper insights into the cell walls of streptophyte algae, especially in Charophyceae, we performed sequential cell wall extractions of four Chara species. The three species Chara globularis, Chara subspinosa and Chara tomentosa revealed comparable cell wall compositions, with pectins, xylans and xyloglucans, whereas Chara aspera stood out with higher amounts of uronic acids in the pectic fractions and lack of reactivity with antibodies binding to xylan- and xyloglucan epitopes. Search for AGPs in the four Chara species and in Nitellopsis obtusa revealed the presence of galactans with pyranosidic galactose in 1,3-, 1,6- and 1,3,6-linkage, which are typical galactan motifs in land plant AGPs. A unique feature of these branched galactans was high portions of 3-O-methylgalactose. Only Nitellopsis contained substantial amounts of arabinose A bioinformatic search for prolyl-4-hydroxylases, involved in the biosynthesis of AGPs, revealed one possible functional sequence in the genome of Chara braunii, but no hydroxyproline could be detected in the four Chara species or in Nitellopsis obtusa. We conclude that AGPs that is typical for land plants are absent, at least in these members of the Charophyceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kim-Kristine Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jon Utermöhlen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felicitas Erdt
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jean Bastian Just Zehge
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schubert
- Aquatic Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Birgit Classen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Feng X, Zheng J, Irisarri I, Yu H, Zheng B, Ali Z, de Vries S, Keller J, Fürst-Jansen JM, Dadras A, Zegers JM, Rieseberg TP, Ashok AD, Darienko T, Bierenbroodspot MJ, Gramzow L, Petroll R, Haas FB, Fernandez-Pozo N, Nousias O, Li T, Fitzek E, Grayburn WS, Rittmeier N, Permann C, Rümpler F, Archibald JM, Theißen G, Mower JP, Lorenz M, Buschmann H, von Schwartzenberg K, Boston L, Hayes RD, Daum C, Barry K, Grigoriev IV, Wang X, Li FW, Rensing SA, Ari JB, Keren N, Mosquna A, Holzinger A, Delaux PM, Zhang C, Huang J, Mutwil M, de Vries J, Yin Y. Chromosome-level genomes of multicellular algal sisters to land plants illuminate signaling network evolution. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.31.526407. [PMID: 36778228 PMCID: PMC9915684 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.31.526407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous and unicellular algae of the class Zygnematophyceae are the closest algal relatives of land plants. Inferring the properties of the last common ancestor shared by these algae and land plants allows us to identify decisive traits that enabled the conquest of land by plants. We sequenced four genomes of filamentous Zygnematophyceae (three strains of Zygnema circumcarinatum and one strain of Z. cylindricum) and generated chromosome-scale assemblies for all strains of the emerging model system Z. circumcarinatum. Comparative genomic analyses reveal expanded genes for signaling cascades, environmental response, and intracellular trafficking that we associate with multicellularity. Gene family analyses suggest that Zygnematophyceae share all the major enzymes with land plants for cell wall polysaccharide synthesis, degradation, and modifications; most of the enzymes for cell wall innovations, especially for polysaccharide backbone synthesis, were gained more than 700 million years ago. In Zygnematophyceae, these enzyme families expanded, forming co-expressed modules. Transcriptomic profiling of over 19 growth conditions combined with co-expression network analyses uncover cohorts of genes that unite environmental signaling with multicellular developmental programs. Our data shed light on a molecular chassis that balances environmental response and growth modulation across more than 600 million years of streptophyte evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehuan Feng
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Food Science and Technology, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Jinfang Zheng
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Food Science and Technology, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Iker Irisarri
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Section Phylogenomics, Centre for Molecular biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Zoological Museum Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Huihui Yu
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Center for Plant Science Innovation, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Bo Zheng
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Food Science and Technology, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Zahin Ali
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Sophie de Vries
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jean Keller
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Janine M.R. Fürst-Jansen
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Armin Dadras
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jaccoline M.S. Zegers
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tim P. Rieseberg
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Amra Dhabalia Ashok
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tatyana Darienko
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maaike J. Bierenbroodspot
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Lydia Gramzow
- University of Jena, Matthias Schleiden Institute / Genetics, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Romy Petroll
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fabian B. Haas
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Noe Fernandez-Pozo
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture “La Mayora” (UMA-CSIC)
| | - Orestis Nousias
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Food Science and Technology, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Tang Li
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Food Science and Technology, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Elisabeth Fitzek
- Computational Biology, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - W. Scott Grayburn
- Northern Illinois University, Molecular Core Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Nina Rittmeier
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Botany, Research Group Plant Cell Biology, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Charlotte Permann
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Botany, Research Group Plant Cell Biology, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Rümpler
- University of Jena, Matthias Schleiden Institute / Genetics, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - John M. Archibald
- Dalhousie University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 5850 College Street, Halifax NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Günter Theißen
- University of Jena, Matthias Schleiden Institute / Genetics, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jeffrey P. Mower
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Center for Plant Science Innovation, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Maike Lorenz
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae at Goettingen University (EPSAG), Nikolausberger Weg 18, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Henrik Buschmann
- University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Faculty of Applied Computer Sciences and Biosciences, Section Biotechnology and Chemistry, Molecular Biotechnology, Technikumplatz 17, 09648 Mittweida, Germany
| | - Klaus von Schwartzenberg
- Universität Hamburg, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Microalgae and Zygnematophyceae Collection Hamburg (MZCH) and Aquatic Ecophysiology and Phycology, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lori Boston
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Richard D. Hayes
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chris Daum
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kerrie Barry
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xiyin Wang
- North China University of Science and Technology
| | - Fay-Wei Li
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Cornell University, Plant Biology Section, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Stefan A. Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- University of Freiburg, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julius Ben Ari
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Rehovot 7610000, Israel
| | - Noa Keren
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Rehovot 7610000, Israel
| | - Assaf Mosquna
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Rehovot 7610000, Israel
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Botany, Research Group Plant Cell Biology, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Chi Zhang
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Center for Plant Science Innovation, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Biological Sciences, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Jinling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Marek Mutwil
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jan de Vries
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yanbin Yin
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Food Science and Technology, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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Ji CC, Chen KY, Deng SK, Wang JX, Hu YX, Xu XH, Cheng LH. Fouling evolution of extracellular polymeric substances in forward osmosis based microalgae dewatering. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119395. [PMID: 36463677 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fouling was still a challenge for the potential application of forward osmosis (FO) in algae dewatering. In this study, the fouling behaviors of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus were compared in the FO membrane filtration process, and the roles of their soluble-extracellular polymeric substances (sEPS) and bound-EPS (bEPS) in fouling performance were investigated. The results showed that fouling behaviors could be divided into two stages including a quickly dropped and later a stable process. The bEPS of both species presented the highest flux decline (about 40.0%) by comparison with their sEPS, cells and broth. This performance was consistent with the largest dissolved organic carbon losses in feed solutions, and the highest interfacial free energy analyzed by the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory. The chemical characterizations of algal foulants further showed that the severe fouling performance was also consistent with a proper ratio of carbohydrates and proteins contents in the cake layer, as well as the higher low molecular weight (LMW) components. Compared with the bEPS, the sEPS was crucial for the membrane fouling of S. obliquus, and an evolution of the membrane fouling structure was found in both species at the later filtration stage. This work clearly revealed the fundamental mechanism of FO membrane fouling caused by real microalgal suspension, and it will improve our understanding of the evolutionary fouling performances of algal EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cheng Ji
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ke-Yu Chen
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Shao-Kang Deng
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jian-Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Yun-Xia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Xin-Hua Xu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Li-Hua Cheng
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane & Water Treatment Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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Liang Y, Heyman J, Lu R, De Veylder L. Evolution of wound-activated regeneration pathways in the plant kingdom. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151291. [PMID: 36709604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration serves as a self-protective mechanism that allows a tissue or organ to recover its entire form and function after suffering damage. However, the regenerative capacity varies greatly within the plant kingdom. Primitive plants frequently display an amazing regenerative ability as they have developed a complex system and strategy for long-term survival under extreme stress conditions. The regenerative ability of dicot species is highly variable, but that of monocots often exhibits extreme recalcitrance to tissue replenishment. Recent studies have revealed key factors and signals that affect cell fate during plant regeneration, some of which are conserved among the plant lineage. Among these, several members of the ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) transcription factors have been implicated in wound signaling, playing crucial roles in the regenerative mechanisms after different types of wounding. An understanding of plant regeneration may ultimately lead to an increased regenerative potential of recalcitrant species, producing more high-yielding, multi-resistant and environmentally friendly crops and ensuring the long-term development of global agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanke Liang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Jefri Heyman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Ran Lu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.
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Herburger K, Głazowska S, Mravec J. Bricks out of the wall: polysaccharide extramural functions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1231-1241. [PMID: 35989161 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant polysaccharides are components of plant cell walls and/or store energy. However, this oversimplified classification neglects the fact that some cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins can localize outside the relatively sharp boundaries of the apoplastic moiety, where they adopt functions not directly related to the cell wall. Such polysaccharide multifunctionality (or 'moonlighting') is overlooked in current research, and in most cases the underlying mechanisms that give rise to unconventional ex muro trafficking, targeting, and functions of polysaccharides and glycoproteins remain elusive. This review highlights major examples of the extramural occurrence of various glycan cell wall components, discusses the possible significance and implications of these phenomena for plant physiology, and lists exciting open questions to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Herburger
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Sylwia Głazowska
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark.
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Domozych DS, Bagdan K. The cell biology of charophytes: Exploring the past and models for the future. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1588-1608. [PMID: 35993883 PMCID: PMC9614468 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Charophytes (Streptophyta) represent a diverse assemblage of extant green algae that are the sister lineage to land plants. About 500-600+ million years ago, a charophyte progenitor successfully colonized land and subsequently gave rise to land plants. Charophytes have diverse but relatively simple body plans that make them highly attractive organisms for many areas of biological research. At the cellular level, many charophytes have been used for deciphering cytoskeletal networks and their dynamics, membrane trafficking, extracellular matrix secretion, and cell division mechanisms. Some charophytes live in challenging habitats and have become excellent models for elucidating the cellular and molecular effects of various abiotic stressors on plant cells. Recent sequencing of several charophyte genomes has also opened doors for the dissection of biosynthetic and signaling pathways. While we are only in an infancy stage of elucidating the cell biology of charophytes, the future application of novel analytical methodologies in charophyte studies that include a broader survey of inclusive taxa will enhance our understanding of plant evolution and cell dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaylee Bagdan
- Department of Biology, Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866, USA
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Zhou K. The regulation of the cell wall by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in Arabidopsis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:904714. [PMID: 36036018 PMCID: PMC9412048 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.904714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A polysaccharides-based cell wall covers the plant cell, shaping it and protecting it from the harsh environment. Cellulose microfibrils constitute the cell wall backbone and are embedded in a matrix of pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Various environmental and developmental cues can regulate the plant cell wall, and diverse glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins participate in these regulations. GPI is a common lipid modification on eukaryotic proteins, which covalently tethers the proteins to the membrane lipid bilayer. Catalyzed by a series of enzymic complexes, protein precursors are post-translationally modified at their hydrophobic carboxyl-terminus in the endomembrane system and anchored to the lipid bilayer through an oligosaccharidic GPI modification. Ultimately, mature proteins reach the plasma membrane via the secretory pathway facing toward the apoplast and cell wall in plants. In Arabidopsis, more than three hundred GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) have been predicted, and many are reported to be involved in diverse regulations of the cell wall. In this review, we summarize GPI-APs involved in cell wall regulation. GPI-APs are proposed to act as structural components of the cell wall, organize cellulose microfibrils at the cell surface, and during cell wall integrity signaling transduction. Besides regulating protein trafficking, the GPI modification is potentially governed by a GPI shedding system that cleaves and releases the GPI-anchored proteins from the plasma membrane into the cell wall.
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11
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Cardon ZG, Peredo EL, Enloe CM, Oakey JS, Wu SZ, Bezanilla M. Slip slidin' away: Bristle-driven gliding by Tetradesmus deserticola (Chlorophyta) in microfluidic chambers. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2022; 58:626-630. [PMID: 35608962 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae within the Scenedesmaceae are often distinguished by spines, bristles, and other wall characteristics. We examined the dynamic production and chemical nature of bristles extruded from the poles of Tetradesmus deserticola previously isolated from microbiotic crust. Rapidly growing cells in a liquid growth medium were established in polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chambers specially designed to maintain aerobic conditions over time within a chamber 6-12 μm deep. This geometry enabled in-focus imaging of single cells over long periods. Differential interference contrast (DIC) imaging revealed that after multiple fission of mother cells, the newly released, lemon-shaped daughter cells began extruding bristles from each pole. In some instances, the bristles became stuck to either the glass floor or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) walls of the chamber, and the force by which the new bristle was extruded was sufficient to propel the cells across the field of view at ~1.2 μm · h-1 . Confocal fluorescence and DIC imaging of cells stained with pontamine fast scarlet and calcofluor, and treated with proteinase K, suggested that bristles are proteinaceous and may also host carbohydrate modifications. The polar bristles extruded by this desert-derived T. deserticola may simply be relics of bristles produced by an aquatic ancestor for flotation or predator deterrence. But, their tendency to attach to glass (silicate) and/or PDMS surfaces suggests a potential role in tethering cells in place or binding soil particles. T. deserticola is closely related to T. obliquus, which is of interest for biofuels development; extruded bristles in T. deserticola may offer tethers for industrial use of these stress-tolerant algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe G Cardon
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Elena L Peredo
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Cassidy M Enloe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
| | - John S Oakey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
| | - Shu-Zon Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, USA
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, USA
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12
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Přerovská T, Jindřichová B, Henke S, Yvin JC, Ferrieres V, Burketová L, Lipovová P, Nguema-Ona E. Arabinogalactan Protein-Like Proteins From Ulva lactuca Activate Immune Responses and Plant Resistance in an Oilseed Crop. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:893858. [PMID: 35668790 PMCID: PMC9164130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.893858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds isolated from macroalgae are promising, ecofriendly, and multifunctional bioinoculants, which have been tested and used in agriculture. Ulvans, for instance, one of the major polysaccharides present in Ulva spp. cell walls, have been tested for their plant growth-promoting properties as well as their ability to activate plant immune defense, on a large variety of crops. Recently, we have characterized for the first time an arabinogalactan protein-like (AGP-like) from Ulva lactuca, which exhibits several features associated to land plant AGPs. In land plant, AGPs were shown to play a role in several plant biological functions, including cell morphogenesis, reproduction, and plant-microbe interactions. Thus, isolated AGP-like proteins may be good candidates for either the plant growth-promoting properties or the activation of plant immune defense. Here, we have isolated an AGP-like enriched fraction from Ulva lactuca and we have evaluated its ability to (i) protect oilseed rape (Brassica napus) cotyledons against Leptosphaeria maculans, and (ii) its ability to activate immune responses. Preventive application of the Ulva AGP-like enriched fraction on oilseed rape, followed by cotyledon inoculation with the fungal hemibiotroph L. maculans, resulted in a major reduction of infection propagation. The noticed reduction correlated with an accumulation of H2O2 in treated cotyledons and with the activation of SA and ET signaling pathways in oilseed rape cotyledons. In parallel, an ulvan was also isolated from Ulva lactuca. Preventive application of ulvan also enhanced plant resistance against L. maculans. Surprisingly, reduction of infection severity was only observed at high concentration of ulvan. Here, no such significant changes in gene expression and H2O2 production were observed. Together, this study indicates that U. lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins exhibit promising elicitor activity and that plant eliciting properties of Ulva extract, might result not only from an ulvan-originated eliciting activities, but also AGP-like originated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Přerovská
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Barbora Jindřichová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Svatopluk Henke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Agro Innovation International TIMAC AGRO, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Pôle Stress Biotique, Saint Malo, France
| | - Vincent Ferrieres
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Lipovová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Agro Innovation International TIMAC AGRO, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Pôle Stress Biotique, Saint Malo, France
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13
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Differential Expression of Arabinogalactan in Response to Inclination in Stem of Pinus radiata Seedlings. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11091190. [PMID: 35567191 PMCID: PMC9104628 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are members of a family of proteins that play important roles in cell wall dynamics. AGPs from inclined pines were determined using JIM7, LM2, and LM6 antibodies, showing a higher concentration in one side of the stem. The accumulation of AGPs in xylem and cell wall tissues is enhanced in response to loss of tree stem verticality. The differential gene expression of AGPs indicates that these proteins could be involved in the early response to inclination and also trigger signals such as lignin accumulation, as well as thicken cell wall and lamella media to restore stem vertical growth. A subfamily member of AGPs, which is Fasciclin-like has been described in angiosperm species as inducing tension wood and in some gymnosperms. A search for gene sequences of this subfamily was performed on an RNA-seq library, where 12 sequences were identified containing one or two fasciclin I domains (FAS), named PrFLA1 to PrFLA12. Four of these sequences were phylogenetically classified in group A, where PrFLA1 and PrFLA4 are differentially expressed in tilted pine trees.
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14
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Pfeifer L, Utermöhlen J, Happ K, Permann C, Holzinger A, von Schwartzenberg K, Classen B. Search for evolutionary roots of land plant arabinogalactan-proteins in charophytes: presence of a rhamnogalactan-protein in Spirogyra pratensis (Zygnematophyceae). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:568-584. [PMID: 34767672 PMCID: PMC7612518 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Charophyte green algae (CGA) are assigned to be the closest relatives of land plants and therefore enlighten processes in the colonization of terrestrial habitats. For the transition from water to land, plants needed significant physiological and structural changes, as well as with regard to cell wall composition. Sequential extraction of cell walls of Nitellopsis obtusa (Charophyceae) and Spirogyra pratensis (Zygnematophyceae) offered a comparative overview on cell wall composition of late branching CGA. Because arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are considered common for all land plant cell walls, we were interested in whether these special glycoproteins are present in CGA. Therefore, we investigated both species with regard to characteristic features of AGPs. In the cell wall of Nitellopsis, no hydroxyproline was present and no AGP was precipitable with the β-glucosyl Yariv's reagent (βGlcY). By contrast, βGlcY precipitation of the water-soluble cell wall fraction of Spirogyra yielded a glycoprotein fraction rich in hydroxyproline, indicating the presence of AGPs. Putative AGPs in the cell walls of non-conjugating Spirogyra filaments, especially in the area of transverse walls, were detected by staining with βGlcY. Labelling increased strongly in generative growth stages, especially during zygospore development. Investigations of the fine structure of the glycan part of βGlcY-precipitated molecules revealed that the galactan backbone resembled that of AGPs with 1,3- 1,6- and 1,3,6-linked Galp moieties. Araf was present only in small amounts and the terminating sugars consisted predominantly of pyranosidic terminal and 1,3-linked rhamnose residues. We introduce the term 'rhamnogalactan-protein' for this special AGP-modification present in S. pratensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Jon Utermöhlen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Kathrin Happ
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Charlotte Permann
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | | | - Birgit Classen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
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15
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Kaur D, Held MA, Smith MR, Showalter AM. Functional characterization of hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferases for Arabidopsis arabinogalactan-protein synthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:590. [PMID: 34903166 PMCID: PMC8667403 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are structurally complex hydroxyproline-rich cell wall glycoproteins ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. AGPs biosynthesis involves a series of post-translational modifications including the addition of type II arabinogalactans to non-contiguous Hyp residues. To date, eight Hyp-galactosyltransferases (Hyp-GALTs; GALT2-GALT9) belonging to CAZy GT31, are known to catalyze the addition of the first galactose residues to AGP protein backbones and enable subsequent AGP glycosylation. The extent of genetic redundancy, however, remains to be elucidated for the Hyp-GALT gene family. RESULTS To examine their gene redundancy and functions, we generated various multiple gene knock-outs, including a triple mutant (galt5 galt8 galt9), two quadruple mutants (galt2 galt5 galt7 galt8, galt2 galt5 galt7 galt9), and one quintuple mutant (galt2 galt5 galt7 galt8 galt9), and comprehensively examined their biochemical and physiological phenotypes. The key findings include: AGP precipitations with β-Yariv reagent showed that GALT2, GALT5, GALT7, GALT8 and GALT9 act redundantly with respect to AGP glycosylation in cauline and rosette leaves, while the activity of GALT7, GALT8 and GALT9 dominate in the stem, silique and flowers. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that galactose was decreased in the silique and root AGPs of the Hyp-GALT mutants. TEM analysis of 25789 quintuple mutant stems indicated cell wall defects coincident with the observed developmental and growth impairment in these Hyp-GALT mutants. Correlated with expression patterns, galt2, galt5, galt7, galt8, and galt9 display equal additive effects on insensitivity to β-Yariv-induced growth inhibition, silique length, plant height, and pollen viability. Interestingly, galt7, galt8, and galt9 contributed more to primary root growth and root tip swelling under salt stress, whereas galt2 and galt5 played more important roles in seed morphology, germination defects and seed set. Pollen defects likely contributed to the reduced seed set in these mutants. CONCLUSION Additive and pleiotropic effects of GALT2, GALT5, GALT7, GALT8 and GALT9 on vegetative and reproductive growth phenotypes were teased apart via generation of different combinations of Hyp-GALT knock-out mutants. Taken together, the generation of higher order Hyp-GALT mutants demonstrate the functional importance of AG polysaccharides decorating the AGPs with respect to various aspects of plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasmeet Kaur
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
| | - Michael A. Held
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
| | - Mountain R. Smith
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
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16
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Permann C, Herburger K, Niedermeier M, Felhofer M, Gierlinger N, Holzinger A. Cell wall characteristics during sexual reproduction of Mougeotia sp. (Zygnematophyceae) revealed by electron microscopy, glycan microarrays and RAMAN spectroscopy. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:1261-1275. [PMID: 33974144 PMCID: PMC8523461 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mougeotia spp. collected from field samples were investigated for their conjugation morphology by light-, fluorescence-, scanning- and transmission electron microscopy. During a scalarifom conjugation, the extragametangial zygospores were initially surrounded by a thin cell wall that developed into a multi-layered zygospore wall. Maturing zygospores turned dark brown and were filled with storage compounds such as lipids and starch. While M. parvula had a smooth surface, M. disjuncta had a punctated surface structure and a prominent suture. The zygospore wall consisted of a polysaccharide rich endospore, followed by a thin layer with a lipid-like appaerance, a massive electron dense mesospore and a very thin exospore composed of polysaccharides. Glycan microarray analysis of zygospores of different developmental stages revealed the occurrence of pectins and hemicelluloses, mostly composed of homogalacturonan (HG), xyloglucans, xylans, arabino-galactan proteins and extensins. In situ localization by the probe OG7-13AF 488 labelled HG in young zygospore walls, vegetative filaments and most prominently in conjugation tubes and cross walls. Raman imaging showed the distribution of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and aromatic components of the mature zygospore with a spatial resolution of ~ 250 nm. The carbohydrate nature of the endo- and exospore was confirmed and in-between an enrichment of lipids and aromatic components, probably algaenan or a sporopollenin-like material. Taken together, these results indicate that during zygospore formation, reorganizations of the cell walls occured, leading to a resistant and protective structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Permann
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Herburger
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Plant Glycobiology, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Martin Niedermeier
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Felhofer
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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17
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Domozych DS, Kozel L, Palacio-Lopez K. The effects of osmotic stress on the cell wall-plasma membrane domains of the unicellular streptophyte, Penium margaritaceum. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:1231-1249. [PMID: 33928433 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Penium margaritaceum is a unicellular zygnematophyte (basal Streptophyteor Charophyte) that has been used as a model organism for the study of cell walls of Streptophytes and for elucidating organismal adaptations that were key in the evolution of land plants.. When Penium is incubated in sorbitol-enhance medium, i.e., hyperosmotic medium, 1000-1500 Hechtian strands form within minutes and connect the plasma membrane to the cell wall. As cells acclimate to this osmotic stress over time, further significant changes occur at the cell wall and plasma membrane domains. The homogalacturonan lattice of the outer cell wall layer is significantly reduced and is accompanied by the formation of a highly elongate, "filamentous" phenotype. Distinct peripheral thickenings appear between the CW and plasma membrane and contain membranous components and a branched granular matrix. Monoclonal antibody labeling of these thickenings indicates the presence of rhamnogalacturonan-I epitopes. Acclimatization also results in the proliferation of the cell's vacuolar networks and macroautophagy. Penium's ability to acclimatize to osmotic stress offers insight into the transition of ancient zygnematophytes from an aquatic to terrestrial existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA.
| | - Li Kozel
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Kattia Palacio-Lopez
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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18
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Chen Z, Qiu S, Yu Z, Li M, Ge S. Enhanced Secretions of Algal Cell-Adhesion Molecules and Metal Ion-Binding Exoproteins Promote Self-Flocculation of Chlorella sp. Cultivated in Municipal Wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11916-11924. [PMID: 34424674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of self-flocculation remains unclear, partially impeding its efficiency enhancement and commercial application of microalgae-based municipal wastewater (MW) bioremediation technology. This study revealed the contributions of exoproteins [PN, proteins in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)] to the separation of indigenous microalgae from treated MW. Compared to the low light intensity group, the high light intensity (HL) group produced Chlorella sp. with 4.3-fold higher self-flocculation efficiencies (SE). This was attributed to the enriched biological functions and positional rearrangement of increased PN within 2.9-fold higher EPS. Specifically, a total of 75 PN was over-expressed in the HL group among the 129 PN identified through label-free proteomics. The algal cell-adhesion molecules (Algal-CAMs) and metal-ion-binding PN were demonstrated as two dominant contributors promoting cell adhesion and bridging, through function prediction based on the contained domains. The modeled 3D structure showed that Algal-CAMs presented less hydrophilic α-helix abundance and were distributed in the outermost position of the EPS matrix, further facilitating microalgal separation. Moreover, the 10.1% lower hydrophily degree value, negative interfacial free energy (-19.5 mJ/m2), and 6.8-fold lower energy barrier between cells also supported the observed higher SE. This finding is expected to further fill the knowledge gap of the role of PN in microalgal self-flocculation and promote the development of biomass recovery from the microalgae-wastewater system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziwei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengting Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shijian Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
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19
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Permann C, Herburger K, Felhofer M, Gierlinger N, Lewis LA, Holzinger A. Induction of Conjugation and Zygospore Cell Wall Characteristics in the Alpine Spirogyra mirabilis (Zygnematophyceae, Charophyta): Advantage under Climate Change Scenarios? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1740. [PMID: 34451785 PMCID: PMC8402014 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extreme environments, such as alpine habitats at high elevation, are increasingly exposed to man-made climate change. Zygnematophyceae thriving in these regions possess a special means of sexual reproduction, termed conjugation, leading to the formation of resistant zygospores. A field sample of Spirogyra with numerous conjugating stages was isolated and characterized by molecular phylogeny. We successfully induced sexual reproduction under laboratory conditions by a transfer to artificial pond water and increasing the light intensity to 184 µmol photons m-2 s-1. This, however was only possible in early spring, suggesting that the isolated cultures had an internal rhythm. The reproductive morphology was characterized by light- and transmission electron microscopy, and the latter allowed the detection of distinctly oriented microfibrils in the exo- and endospore, and an electron-dense mesospore. Glycan microarray profiling showed that Spirogyra cell walls are rich in major pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides, and immuno-fluorescence allowed the detection of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and xyloglucan in the zygospore cell walls. Confocal RAMAN spectroscopy detected complex aromatic compounds, similar in their spectral signature to that of Lycopodium spores. These data support the idea that sexual reproduction in Zygnematophyceae, the sister lineage to land plants, might have played an important role in the process of terrestrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Permann
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Klaus Herburger
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Martin Felhofer
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; (M.F.); (N.G.)
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; (M.F.); (N.G.)
| | - Louise A. Lewis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Conneticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3043, USA;
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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20
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Saber AA, Gontcharov AA, Nikulin AY, Nikulin VY, Rayan WA, Cantonati M. Integrative Taxonomic, Ecological and Genotyping Study of Charophyte Populations from the Egyptian Western-Desert Oases and Sinai Peninsula. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061157. [PMID: 34200166 PMCID: PMC8226818 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Present-day information available on the charophyte macroalgae in Egypt, including their phylogenetic affinities, remains largely incomplete. In this study, nine charophyte populations were collected from different aquatic biotopes across the Egyptian Western-Desert Oases and Sinai Peninsula. All populations were investigated using an integrative polyphasic approach including phylogenetic analyses inferred from the chloroplast-encoded gene (rbcL) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) regions, in parallel with morphotaxonomic assignment, ultrastructure of the oospore walls, and autecology. The specimens identified belonged to the genera Chara, Nitella, and Tolypella, with predominance of the first genus to which five species were assigned though they presented some interesting aberrant taxonomic features: C. aspera, C. contraria, C. globata, C. tomentosa, and C. vulgaris. Based on our integrative study, the globally rare species C. globata was reported for the second time for the whole African continent. The genus Nitella was only represented by N. flagellifera, and based on the available literature, it is a new record for North Africa. Noteworthy, an interesting Tolypella sp., morphologically very similar to T. glomerata, was collected and characterized and finally designated with the working name 'Tolypella sp. PBA-1704 from a desert, freshwater wetland', mainly based on its concatenated rbcL+ITS1 phylogenetic position. This study not only improved our understanding on the diversity, biogeography and autecological preferences of charophytes in Egypt, but it also broadened our knowledge on this vulnerable algal group in North Africa, emphasizing the need of more in-depth research work in the future, particularly in the less-impacted desert habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A. Saber
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia Square, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.A.S.); (W.A.R.)
| | - Andrey A. Gontcharov
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, 100-Letia Vladivostoka Prospect, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.A.G.); (A.Y.N.); (V.Y.N.)
| | - Arthur Yu. Nikulin
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, 100-Letia Vladivostoka Prospect, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.A.G.); (A.Y.N.); (V.Y.N.)
| | - Vyacheslav Yu. Nikulin
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, 100-Letia Vladivostoka Prospect, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.A.G.); (A.Y.N.); (V.Y.N.)
| | - Walaa A. Rayan
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia Square, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.A.S.); (W.A.R.)
| | - Marco Cantonati
- MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Limnology & Phycology Section, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, I-38123 Trento, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0461-270342
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21
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Přerovská T, Henke S, Bleha R, Spiwok V, Gillarová S, Yvin JC, Ferrières V, Nguema-Ona E, Lipovová P. Arabinogalactan-like Glycoproteins from Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) Show Unique Features Compared to Land Plants AGPs. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:619-635. [PMID: 33338254 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) encompass a diverse group of plant cell wall proteoglycans, which play an essential role in plant development, signaling, plant-microbe interactions, and many others. Although they are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom and extensively studied, they remain largely unexplored in the lower plants, especially in seaweeds. Ulva species have high economic potential since various applications were previously described including bioremediation, biofuel production, and as a source of bioactive compounds. This article presents the first experimental confirmation of AGP-like glycoproteins in Ulva species and provides a simple extraction protocol of Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins, their partial characterization and unique comparison to scarcely described Solanum lycopersicum AGPs. The reactivity with primary anti-AGP antibodies as well as Yariv reagent showed a great variety between Ulva lactuca and Solanum lycopersicum AGP-like glycoproteins. While the amino acid analysis of the AGP-like glycoproteins purified by the β-d-glucosyl Yariv reagent showed a similarity between algal and land plant AGP-like glycoproteins, neutral saccharide analysis revealed unique glycosylation of the Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins. Surprisingly, arabinose and galactose were not the most prevalent monosaccharides and the most outstanding was the presence of 3-O-methyl-hexose, which has never been described in the AGPs. The exceptional structure of the Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins implies a specialized adaptation to the marine environment and might bring new insight into the evolution of the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Přerovská
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Svatopluk Henke
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cerials, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Bleha
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cerials, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Spiwok
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Gillarová
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cerials, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation Roullier, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétal, 18 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, Saint-Malo, 35400, France
| | - Vincent Ferrières
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation Roullier, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétal, 18 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, Saint-Malo, 35400, France
| | - Petra Lipovová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
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22
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Feng X, Holzinger A, Permann C, Anderson D, Yin Y. Characterization of Two Zygnema Strains ( Zygnema circumcarinatum SAG 698-1a and SAG 698-1b) and a Rapid Method to Estimate Nuclear Genome Size of Zygnematophycean Green Algae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:610381. [PMID: 33643345 PMCID: PMC7902510 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.610381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Zygnematophyceae green algae (ZGA) have been shown to be the closest relatives of land plants. Three nuclear genomes (Spirogloea muscicola, Mesotaenium endlicherianum, and Penium margaritaceum) of ZGA have been recently published, and more genomes are underway. Here we analyzed two Zygnema circumcarinatum strains SAG 698-1a (mating +) and SAG 698-1b (mating -) and found distinct cell sizes and other morphological differences. The molecular identities of the two strains were further investigated by sequencing their 18S rRNA, psaA and rbcL genes. These marker genes of SAG 698-1a were surprisingly much more similar to Z. cylindricum (SAG 698-2) than to SAG 698-1b. Phylogenies of these marker genes also showed that SAG 698-1a and SAG 698-1b were well separated into two different Zygnema clades, where SAG 698-1a was clustered with Z. cylindricum, while SAG 698-1b was clustered with Z. tunetanum. Additionally, physiological parameters like ETRmax values differed between SAG 698-1a and SAG 698-1b after 2 months of cultivation. The de-epoxidation state (DEPS) of the xanthophyll cycle pigments also showed significant differences. Surprisingly, the two strains could not conjugate, and significantly differed in the thickness of the mucilage layer. Additionally, ZGA cell walls are highly enriched with sticky and acidic polysaccharides, and therefore the widely used plant nuclear extraction protocols do not work well in ZGA. Here, we also report a fast and simple method, by mechanical chopping, for efficient nuclear extraction in the two SAG strains. More importantly, the extracted nuclei were further used for nuclear genome size estimation of the two SAG strains by flow cytometry (FC). To confirm the FC result, we have also used other experimental methods for nuclear genome size estimation of the two strains. Interestingly, the two strains were found to have very distinct nuclear genome sizes (313.2 ± 2.0 Mb in SAG 698-1a vs. 63.5 ± 0.5 Mb in SAG 698-1b). Our multiple lines of evidence strongly indicate that SAG 698-1a possibly had been confused with SAG 698-2 prior to 2005, and most likely represents Z. cylindricum or a closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehuan Feng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | | | | | - Dirk Anderson
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Yanbin Yin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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23
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Hromadová D, Soukup A, Tylová E. Arabinogalactan Proteins in Plant Roots - An Update on Possible Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:674010. [PMID: 34079573 PMCID: PMC8165308 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.674010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Responsiveness to environmental conditions and developmental plasticity of root systems are crucial determinants of plant fitness. These processes are interconnected at a cellular level with cell wall properties and cell surface signaling, which involve arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) as essential components. AGPs are cell-wall localized glycoproteins, often GPI-anchored, which participate in root functions at many levels. They are involved in cell expansion and differentiation, regulation of root growth, interactions with other organisms, and environmental response. Due to the complexity of cell wall functional and regulatory networks, and despite the large amount of experimental data, the exact molecular mechanisms of AGP-action are still largely unknown. This dynamically evolving field of root biology is summarized in the present review.
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Leszczuk A, Kalaitzis P, Blazakis KN, Zdunek A. The role of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in fruit ripening-a review. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:176. [PMID: 33328442 PMCID: PMC7603502 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are proteoglycans challenging researchers for decades. However, despite the extremely interesting polydispersity of their structure and essential application potential, studies of AGPs in fruit are limited, and only a few groups deal with this scientific subject. Here, we summarise the results of pioneering studies on AGPs in fruit tissue with their structure, specific localization pattern, stress factors influencing their presence, and a focus on recent advances. We discuss the properties of AGPs, i.e., binding calcium ions, ability to aggregate, adhesive nature, and crosslinking with other cell wall components that may also be implicated in fruit metabolism. The aim of this review is an attempt to associate well-known features and properties of AGPs with their putative roles in fruit ripening. The putative physiological significance of AGPs might provide additional targets of regulation for fruit developmental programme. A comprehensive understanding of the AGP expression, structure, and untypical features may give new information for agronomic, horticulture, and renewable biomaterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, P.O. Box 85, Chania, 73100, Greece
| | - Konstantinos N Blazakis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, P.O. Box 85, Chania, 73100, Greece
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
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25
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Leszczuk A, Cybulska J, Skrzypek T, Zdunek A. Properties of Arabinogalactan Proteins (AGPs) in Apple ( Malus × Domestica) Fruit at Different Stages of Ripening. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9080225. [PMID: 32823888 PMCID: PMC7463920 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are constituents of the cell wall–plasma membrane continuum in fruit tissue. The aim of the study was to characterise AGPs contained in fruit by determination of their chemical structure and morphological properties. The results were obtained from in and ex situ investigations and a comparative analysis of AGPs present in Malus × domestica fruit at different stages of ripening from green fruit through the mature stage to over-ripening during fruit storage. The HPLC and colorimetric methods were used for analyses of the composition of monosaccharides and proteins in AGPs extracted from fruit. We have found that AGPs from fruit mainly consists of carbohydrate chains composed predominantly of arabinose, galactose, glucose, galacturonic acid, and xylose. The protein moiety accounts for 3.15–4.58%, which depends on the various phases of ripening. Taken together, our results show that the structural and morphological properties of AGPs and calcium concentration in AGPs are related to the progress of ripening, which is correlated with proper fruit cell wall assembly. In line with the existing knowledge, our data confirmed the typical carbohydrate composition of AGPs and may be the basis for studies regarding their presumed properties of binding calcium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; (J.C.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-817-445-061
| | - Justyna Cybulska
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; (J.C.); (A.Z.)
| | - Tomasz Skrzypek
- Confocal and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Kraśnicka 102, 20-718 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; (J.C.); (A.Z.)
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26
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Palacio-Lopez K, Sun L, Reed R, Kang E, Sørensen I, Rose JKC, Domozych DS. Experimental Manipulation of Pectin Architecture in the Cell Wall of the Unicellular Charophyte, Penium Margaritaceum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1032. [PMID: 32733522 PMCID: PMC7360812 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pectins represent one of the main components of the plant primary cell wall. These polymers have critical roles in cell expansion, cell-cell adhesion and response to biotic stress. We present a comprehensive screening of pectin architecture of the unicellular streptophyte, Penium margaritaceum. Penium possesses a distinct cell wall whose outer layer consists of a lattice of pectin-rich fibers and projections. In this study, cells were exposed to a variety of physical, chemical and enzymatic treatments that directly affect the cell wall, especially the pectin lattice. Correlative analyses of pectin lattice perturbation using field emission scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate that pectin lattice microarchitecture is both highly sensitive and malleable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Reagan Reed
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Eric Kang
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jocelyn K. C. Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - David S. Domozych
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
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27
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Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins are a diverse group of cell wall-associated proteoglycans. While structural and molecular genetic analyses have contributed to the emerging improved understanding of the wide-range of biological processes in which AGPs are implicated; the ability to detect, localize, and quantify them is fundamentally important. This chapter describes three methods: histological staining, radial gel diffusion, and colorimetric quantification, each of which utilize the ability of Yariv reagent to bind to AGPs.
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28
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Becker B, Feng X, Yin Y, Holzinger A. Desiccation tolerance in streptophyte algae and the algae to land plant transition: evolution of LEA and MIP protein families within the Viridiplantae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3270-3278. [PMID: 32107542 PMCID: PMC7289719 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The present review summarizes the effects of desiccation in streptophyte green algae, as numerous experimental studies have been performed over the past decade particularly in the early branching streptophyte Klebsormidium sp. and the late branching Zygnema circumcarinatum. The latter genus gives its name to the Zygenmatophyceae, the sister group to land plants. For both organisms, transcriptomic investigations of desiccation stress are available, and illustrate a high variability in the stress response depending on the conditions and the strains used. However, overall, the responses of both organisms to desiccation stress are very similar to that of land plants. We highlight the evolution of two highly regulated protein families, the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins and the major intrinsic protein (MIP) family. Chlorophytes and streptophytes encode LEA4 and LEA5, while LEA2 have so far only been found in streptophyte algae, indicating an evolutionary origin in this group. Within the MIP family, a high transcriptomic regulation of a tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIP) has been found for the first time outside the embryophytes in Z. circumcarinatum. The MIP family became more complex on the way to terrestrialization but simplified afterwards. These observations suggest a key role for water transport proteins in desiccation tolerance of streptophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuehuan Feng
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Yanbin Yin
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Botany, Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence:
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29
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Lamport DTA, Tan L, Held M, Kieliszewski MJ. Phyllotaxis Turns Over a New Leaf-A New Hypothesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1145. [PMID: 32050457 PMCID: PMC7037126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllotaxis describes the periodic arrangement of plant organs most conspicuously floral. Oscillators generally underlie periodic phenomena. A hypothetical algorithm generates phyllotaxis regulated by the Hechtian growth oscillator of the stem apical meristem (SAM) protoderm. The oscillator integrates biochemical and mechanical force that regulate morphogenetic gradients of three ionic species, auxin, protons and Ca2+. Hechtian adhesion between cell wall and plasma membrane transduces wall stress that opens Ca2+ channels and reorients auxin efflux "PIN" proteins; they control the auxin-activated proton pump that dissociates Ca2+ bound by periplasmic arabinogalactan proteins (AGP-Ca2+) hence the source of cytosolic Ca2+ waves that activate exocytosis of wall precursors, AGPs and PIN proteins essential for morphogenesis. This novel approach identifies the critical determinants of an algorithm that generates phyllotaxis spiral and Fibonaccian symmetry: these determinants in order of their relative contribution are: (1) size of the apical meristem and the AGP-Ca2+ capacitor; (2) proton pump activity; (3) auxin efflux proteins; (4) Ca2+ channel activity; (5) Hechtian adhesion that mediates the cell wall stress vector. Arguably, AGPs and the AGP-Ca2+ capacitor plays a decisive role in phyllotaxis periodicity and its evolutionary origins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Michael Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (M.H.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Marcia J. Kieliszewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (M.H.); (M.J.K.)
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30
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Rippin M, Pichrtová M, Arc E, Kranner I, Becker B, Holzinger A. Metatranscriptomic and metabolite profiling reveals vertical heterogeneity within a Zygnema green algal mat from Svalbard (High Arctic). Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4283-4299. [PMID: 31454446 PMCID: PMC6899726 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Within streptophyte green algae Zygnematophyceae are the sister group to the land plants that inherited several traits conferring stress protection. Zygnema sp., a mat-forming alga thriving in extreme habitats, was collected from a field site in Svalbard, where the bottom layers are protected by the top layers. The two layers were investigated by a metatranscriptomic approach and GC-MS-based metabolite profiling. In the top layer, 6569 genes were significantly upregulated and 149 were downregulated. Upregulated genes coded for components of the photosynthetic apparatus, chlorophyll synthesis, early light-inducible proteins, cell wall and carbohydrate metabolism, including starch-degrading enzymes. An increase in maltose in the top layer and degraded starch grains at the ultrastructural levels corroborated these findings. Genes involved in amino acid, redox metabolism and DNA repair were upregulated. A total of 29 differentially accumulated metabolites (out of 173 identified ones) confirmed higher metabolic turnover in the top layer. For several of these metabolites, differential accumulation matched the transcriptional changes of enzymes involved in associated pathways. In summary, the findings support the hypothesis that in a Zygnema mat the top layer shields the bottom layers from abiotic stress factors such as excessive irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rippin
- University of CologneBotanical InstituteCologneGermany
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Erwann Arc
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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31
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Zhou K. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins in Arabidopsis and One of Their Common Roles in Signaling Transduction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1022. [PMID: 31555307 PMCID: PMC6726743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diverse proteins are found modified with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) at their carboxyl terminus in eukaryotes, which allows them to associate with membrane lipid bilayers and anchor on the external surface of the plasma membrane. GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) play crucial roles in various processes, and more and more GPI-APs have been identified and studied. In this review, previous genomic and proteomic predictions of GPI-APs in Arabidopsis have been updated, which reveal their high abundance and complexity. From studies of individual GPI-APs in Arabidopsis, certain GPI-APs have been found associated with partner receptor-like kinases (RLKs), targeting RLKs to their subcellular localization and helping to recognize extracellular signaling polypeptide ligands. Interestingly, the association might also be involved in ligand selection. The analyses suggest that GPI-APs are essential and widely involved in signal transduction through association with RLKs.
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32
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Herburger K, Xin A, Holzinger A. Homogalacturonan Accumulation in Cell Walls of the Green Alga Zygnema sp. (Charophyta) Increases Desiccation Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:540. [PMID: 31105732 PMCID: PMC6494968 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Land plants inherited several traits from their green algal ancestors (Zygnematophyceae), including a polysaccharide-rich cell wall, which is a prerequisite for terrestrial survival. A major component of both land plant and Zygnematophyceaen cell walls is the pectin homogalacturonan (HG), and its high water holding capacity may have helped algae to colonize terrestrial habitats, characterized by water scarcity. To test this, HG was removed from the cell walls of Zygnema filaments by pectate lyase (PL), and their effective quantum yield of photosystem II (YII) as a proxy for photosynthetic performance was measured in response to desiccation stress by pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). Old filaments were found to contain more HG and are more resistant against desiccation stress but relatively lose more desiccation resistance after HG removal than young filaments. After rehydration, the photosynthetic performance recovered less efficiently in filaments with a HG content reduced by PL, independently of filament age. Immunolabeling showed that partial or un-methylesterified HG occurs throughout the longitudinal cell walls of both young and old filaments, while no labeling signal occurred when filaments were treated with PL prior labeling. This confirmed that most HG can be removed from the cell walls by PL. The initial labeling pattern was restored after ~3 days. A different form of methylesterified HG was restricted to cell poles and cross cell walls. In conclusion, it was shown that the accumulation of HG in Zygnema filaments increases their resistance against desiccation stress. This trait might have played an important role during the colonization of land by Zygnematophyceae, which founded the evolution of all land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Herburger
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Functional Plant Biology, Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anzhou Xin
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Functional Plant Biology, Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- *Correspondence: Andreas Holzinger,
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