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Van de Poel B, de Vries J. Evolution of ethylene as an abiotic stress hormone in streptophytes. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 214:105456. [PMID: 37780400 PMCID: PMC10518463 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2023.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
All land plants modulate their growth and physiology through intricate signaling cascades. The majority of these are at least modulated-and often triggered-by phytohormones. Over the past decade, it has become apparent that some phytohormones have an evolutionary origin that runs deeper than plant terrestrialization-many emerged in the streptophyte algal progenitors of land plants. Ethylene is such a case. Here we synthesize the current knowledge on the evolution of the phytohormone ethylene and speculate about its deeply conserved role in adjusting stress responses of streptophytes for more than half a billion years of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van de Poel
- Molecular Plant Hormone Physiology lab, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan de Vries
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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Baldanta S, Arnal R, Blanco-Rivero A, Guevara G, Navarro Llorens JM. First characterization of cultivable extremophile Chroococcidiopsis isolates from a solar panel. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:982422. [PMID: 36876112 PMCID: PMC9982165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.982422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microorganisms colonize a wide range of natural and artificial environments. Even though most of them are unculturable in laboratory conditions, some ecosystems are ideal niches for bioprospecting extremophiles with unique properties. Up today, there are few reports concerning microbial communities found on solar panels, a widespread, artificial, extreme habitat. Microorganisms found in this habitat belong to drought-, heat- and radiation-adapted genera, including fungi, bacteria, and cyanobacteria. Methods Here we isolated and identified several cyanobacteria from a solar panel. Then, some strains isolated were characterizated for their resistance to desiccation, UV-C exposition, and their growth on a range of temperature, pH, NaCl concentration or diverse carbon and nitrogen sources. Finally, gene transfer to these isolates was evaluated using several SEVA plasmids with different replicons to assess their potential in biotechnological applications. Results and discussion This study presents the first identification and characterization of cultivable extremophile cyanobacteria from a solar panel in Valencia, Spain. The isolates are members of the genera Chroococcidiopsis, Leptolyngbya, Myxacorys, and Oculatella all genera with species commonly isolated from deserts and arid regions. Four of the isolates were selected, all of them Chroococcidiopsis, and characterized. Our results showed that all Chroococcidiopsis isolates chosen were resistant up to a year of desiccation, viable after exposition to high doses of UV-C, and capable of being transformed. Our findings revealed that a solar panel is a useful ecological niche in searching for extremophilic cyanobacteria to further study the desiccation and UV-tolerance mechanisms. We conclude that these cyanobacteria can be modified and exploited as candidates for biotechnological purposes, including astrobiology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baldanta
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Arnal
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya Blanco-Rivero
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Govinda Guevara
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana María Navarro Llorens
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Two Hybrid Histidine Kinases Involved in the Ethylene Regulation of the Mycelial Growth and Postharvest Fruiting Body Maturation and Senescence of Agaricus bisporus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0241122. [PMID: 36125274 PMCID: PMC9603746 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02411-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethylene regulates mycelial growth, primordium formation, and postharvest mushroom maturation and senescence in the white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. However, it remains unknown how ethylene is detected by the mushroom. In this study, we found that two hybrid histidine kinases in the mushroom, designated AbETR1 and AbETR2, showed domain structures similar to those of plant ethylene receptors. The transmembrane helices of AbETR1 and AbETR2 were expressed in yeast cells and showed ethylene-binding activities. Mushroom strains with downregulated expressions of AbETR1 and AbETR2 showed reduced sensitivity to the ethylene inhibition of mycelial growth, ethylene regulation of their own synthesis, postharvest mushroom maturation, and senescence and expression of maturation- and senescence-related genes. Therefore, AbETR1 and AbETR2 are expected to be biologically functional ethylene receptors and exhibit a different mode of action from that of the receptors of plants. Here, we fill gaps in the knowledge pertaining to higher fungus ethylene receptors, discover a novel mode of action of ethylene receptors, confirm ethylene as a novel fungal hormone, and provide a facilitated approach for preventing the maturation and senescence of postharvest button mushrooms. IMPORTANCE Ethylene regulates diverse physiological activities in bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and plants, but how to perceive ethylene by fungi only remains unknown. In this study, we identify two biologically functional ethylene receptors in the basidiomycete fungus Agaricus bisporus, which fills the gaps of deficient fungal ethylene receptors. Furthermore, we found that decreased expression of the ethylene receptors facilitates preventing the maturation and senescence of postharvest button mushrooms, indicating that the two fungal ethylene receptors positively regulate the ethylene response, in contrast to that in plants.
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Nakano M, Omae N, Tsuda K. Inter-organismal phytohormone networks in plant-microbe interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102258. [PMID: 35820321 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are produced by plants and play central roles in interactions with pathogenic and beneficial microbes as well as plant growth and development. Each phytohormone pathway consists of its biosynthesis, transport, perception, and signaling and is intertwined with each other at various levels to form phytohormone networks in plants. Different kinds of microbes also produce phytohormones that exert physiological roles within microbes and manipulate phytohormone networks in plants by using phytohormones, their mimics, and proteinaceous effectors. In turn, plant-derived phytohormones can directly or indirectly through plant signaling networks affect microbial metabolism and community assembly. Therefore, phytohormone networks in plants and microbes are connected through plant and microbial phytohormones and other molecules to form inter-organismal phytohormone networks. In this review, we summarize recent progress on molecular mechanisms of inter-organismal phytohormone networks and discuss future steps necessary for advancing our understanding of phytohormone networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Nakano
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Natsuki Omae
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
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Cytokinin and Ethylene Cell Signaling Pathways from Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112526. [PMID: 33238457 PMCID: PMC7700396 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) and ethylene (ET) are among the most ancient organic chemicals on Earth. A wide range of organisms including plants, algae, fungi, amoebae, and bacteria use these substances as signaling molecules to regulate cellular processes. Because of their ancestral origin and ubiquitous occurrence, CKs and ET are also considered to be ideal molecules for inter-kingdom communication. Their signal transduction pathways were first historically deciphered in plants and are related to the two-component systems, using histidine kinases as primary sensors. Paradoxically, although CKs and ET serve as signaling molecules in different kingdoms, it has been supposed for a long time that the canonical CK and ET signaling pathways are restricted to terrestrial plants. These considerations have now been called into question following the identification over recent years of genes encoding CK and ET receptor homologs in many other lineages within the tree of life. These advances shed new light on the dissemination and evolution of these hormones as both intra- and inter-specific communication molecules in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
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Li D, Flores-Sandoval E, Ahtesham U, Coleman A, Clay JM, Bowman JL, Chang C. Ethylene-independent functions of the ethylene precursor ACC in Marchantia polymorpha. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:1335-1344. [PMID: 33106638 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene has many roles in growth and development1. In seed plants, the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is converted into ethylene by ACC oxidase (ACO), and treatment with ACC induces ethylene responses2. However, non-seed plants lack ACO homologues3-8, which led us to examine the relationship between ACC and ethylene in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Here, we demonstrate that ACC and ethylene can induce divergent growth responses in Marchantia. Ethylene increases plant and gemma size, induces more gemma cups and promotes gemmae dormancy. As predicted, Mpctr1-knockout mutants display constitutive ethylene responses, whereas Mpein3-knockout mutants exhibit ethylene insensitivity. Compared with the wild type, Mpctr1 gemmae have more and larger epidermal cells, whereas Mpein3 gemmae have fewer and smaller epidermal cells, suggesting that ethylene promotes cell division and growth in developing gemmae. By contrast, ACC treatment inhibits gemma growth and development by suppressing cell division, even in the Mpein3-knockout alleles. Knockout mutants of one or both ACC SYNTHASE (ACS) gene homologues produce negligible levels of ACC, have more and larger gemma cups, and have more-expanded thallus branches. Mpacs2 and Mpacs1 Mpacs2 gemmae also display a high frequency of abnormal apical notches (meristems) that are not observed in ethylene mutants. These findings reveal that ethylene and ACC have distinct functions, and suggest that ACC is a signalling molecule in Marchantia. ACC may be an evolutionarily conserved signal that predates its efficient conversion to ethylene in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Uzair Ahtesham
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Coleman
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - John M Clay
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Caren Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Abstract
Ethylene is a gaseous phytohormone and the first of this hormone class to be discovered. It is the simplest olefin gas and is biosynthesized by plants to regulate plant development, growth, and stress responses via a well-studied signaling pathway. One of the earliest reported responses to ethylene is the triple response. This response is common in eudicot seedlings grown in the dark and is characterized by reduced growth of the root and hypocotyl, an exaggerated apical hook, and a thickening of the hypocotyl. This proved a useful assay for genetic screens and enabled the identification of many components of the ethylene-signaling pathway. These components include a family of ethylene receptors in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); a protein kinase, called constitutive triple response 1 (CTR1); an ER-localized transmembrane protein of unknown biochemical activity, called ethylene-insensitive 2 (EIN2); and transcription factors such as EIN3, EIN3-like (EIL), and ethylene response factors (ERFs). These studies led to a linear model, according to which in the absence of ethylene, its cognate receptors signal to CTR1, which inhibits EIN2 and prevents downstream signaling. Ethylene acts as an inverse agonist by inhibiting its receptors, resulting in lower CTR1 activity, which releases EIN2 inhibition. EIN2 alters transcription and translation, leading to most ethylene responses. Although this canonical pathway is the predominant signaling cascade, alternative pathways also affect ethylene responses. This review summarizes our current understanding of ethylene signaling, including these alternative pathways, and discusses how ethylene signaling has been manipulated for agricultural and horticultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad M Binder
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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