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do Carmo Mazzinghy AC, Silva VDM, Ramos ALCC, de Oliveira CP, de Oliveira GB, Augusti R, de Araújo RLB, Melo JOF. Influence of the Different Maturation Conditions of Cocoa Beans on the Chemical Profile of Craft Chocolates. Foods 2024; 13:1031. [PMID: 38611338 PMCID: PMC11011494 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.) can be used for craft chocolate production, which arouses consumer interest due to their perceived better quality. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile of 80% artisanal chocolate samples produced with cocoa beans subjected to different maturation conditions. In the first maturation process, beans were matured under no-oxygen conditions, and in the second, the toasted beans were matured in oak barrels. The volatile compounds of the chocolate samples were extracted by the solid-phase microextraction method in headspace mode and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer. The non-volatile compounds were extracted with methanol and analyzed through paper spray mass spectrometry. Overall, 35 volatile compounds belonging to different chemical classes (acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and pyrazines) were identified, such as propanoic acid and butane-2,3-diol. In addition, 37 non-volatile compounds, such as procyanidin A pentoside and soyasaponin B, were listed. Tannins, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids were the main chemical classes observed, varying between the two samples analyzed. Therefore, it was possible to verify that maturation conditions affected the metabolomic profile of the 80% artisanal chocolate samples, being able to influence the sensory characteristics and bioactive compounds profile. Given these results, the sensory evaluation of these chocolates is suggested as the next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina do Carmo Mazzinghy
- Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.C.d.C.M.); (V.D.M.S.); (C.P.d.O.)
| | - Viviane Dias Medeiros Silva
- Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.C.d.C.M.); (V.D.M.S.); (C.P.d.O.)
| | - Ana Luiza Coeli Cruz Ramos
- Departamento de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.R.); (G.B.d.O.); (R.L.B.d.A.)
| | - Carla Patrícia de Oliveira
- Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.C.d.C.M.); (V.D.M.S.); (C.P.d.O.)
| | - Gabriel Barbosa de Oliveira
- Departamento de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.R.); (G.B.d.O.); (R.L.B.d.A.)
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
| | - Raquel Linhares Bello de Araújo
- Departamento de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.R.); (G.B.d.O.); (R.L.B.d.A.)
| | - Júlio Onésio Ferreira Melo
- Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.C.d.C.M.); (V.D.M.S.); (C.P.d.O.)
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Dachani S, Kaleem M, Mujtaba MA, Mahajan N, Ali SA, Almutairy AF, Mahmood D, Anwer MK, Ali MD, Kumar S. A Comprehensive Review of Various Therapeutic Strategies for the Management of Skin Cancer. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:10030-10048. [PMID: 38463249 PMCID: PMC10918819 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Skin cancer (SC) poses a global threat to the healthcare system and is expected to increase significantly over the next two decades if not diagnosed at an early stage. Early diagnosis is crucial for successful treatment, as the disease becomes more challenging to cure as it progresses. However, identifying new drugs, achieving clinical success, and overcoming drug resistance remain significant challenges. To overcome these obstacles and provide effective treatment, it is crucial to understand the causes of skin cancer, how cells grow and divide, factors that affect cell growth, and how drug resistance occurs. In this review, we have explained various therapeutic approaches for SC treatment via ligands, targeted photosensitizers, natural and synthetic drugs for the treatment of SC, an epigenetic approach for management of melanoma, photodynamic therapy, and targeted therapy for BRAF-mutated melanoma. This article also provides a detailed summary of the various natural drugs that are effective in managing melanoma and reducing the occurrence of skin cancer at early stages and focuses on the current status and future prospects of various therapies available for the management of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudharshan
Reddy Dachani
- Department
of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Al-Dawadmi Campus, Al-Dawadmi 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Kaleem
- Department
of Pharmacology, Babasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440037, Maharashtra, India
| | - Md. Ali Mujtaba
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern
Border University, Arar 91911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nilesh Mahajan
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Dabasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440037, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sayyed A. Ali
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Dabasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440037, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ali F Almutairy
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Danish Mahmood
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Khalid Anwer
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Daud Ali
- Department
of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for
Medical Sciences, Abdulrazaq Bin Hammam Street, Al Safa 34222, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department
of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
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Balcázar-Zumaeta CR, Pajuelo-Muñoz AJ, Trigoso-Rojas DF, Iliquin-Chavez AF, Fernández-Romero E, Yoplac I, Muñoz-Astecker LD, Rodríguez-Hamamura N, Maza Mejía IM, Cayo-Colca IS, Chagas-Junior GCA, Maicelo-Quintana JL, Castro-Alayo EM. Reduction in the Cocoa Spontaneous and Starter Culture Fermentation Time Based on the Antioxidant Profile Characterization. Foods 2023; 12:3291. [PMID: 37685224 PMCID: PMC10487274 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In current systems, the fermentation spontaneous process produces fermented beans of heterogeneous quality due to the fermentation time. This study demonstrated that the fermentation time should be reduced. For this purpose, the physicochemical parameters, antioxidant profile, and volatile compounds were characterized in two types of fermentation (spontaneous and starter culture) for 168 h in cocoa from three altitude levels. Multivariate analysis (cluster and PCA) was used to discriminate the fermentation stages. We found three stages in all fermentations, where the first two stages (0 h to 96 h) were characterized by a higher antioxidant potential of the cocoa bean and the presence of desirable volatile compounds such as acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters, which are precursors of cocoa aroma; however, prolonged fermentation times affected the antioxidant profile of the bean. In addition, the use of a starter culture facilitates the release of compounds in a shorter time (especially alcohols and esters). It is concluded that it is necessary to reduce the fermentation time under these conditions in the region of Amazonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- César R. Balcázar-Zumaeta
- Instituto de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo para el Sector Agrario y Agroindustrial (IIDAA), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru; (A.J.P.-M.); (D.F.T.-R.); (A.F.I.-C.); (E.F.-R.); (L.D.M.-A.); (E.M.C.-A.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Agrarias, Escuela de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional de Piura, Jr. Tacna 748, Piura 20002, Peru
| | - Alexa J. Pajuelo-Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo para el Sector Agrario y Agroindustrial (IIDAA), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru; (A.J.P.-M.); (D.F.T.-R.); (A.F.I.-C.); (E.F.-R.); (L.D.M.-A.); (E.M.C.-A.)
| | - Deisy F. Trigoso-Rojas
- Instituto de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo para el Sector Agrario y Agroindustrial (IIDAA), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru; (A.J.P.-M.); (D.F.T.-R.); (A.F.I.-C.); (E.F.-R.); (L.D.M.-A.); (E.M.C.-A.)
| | - Angel F. Iliquin-Chavez
- Instituto de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo para el Sector Agrario y Agroindustrial (IIDAA), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru; (A.J.P.-M.); (D.F.T.-R.); (A.F.I.-C.); (E.F.-R.); (L.D.M.-A.); (E.M.C.-A.)
| | - Editha Fernández-Romero
- Instituto de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo para el Sector Agrario y Agroindustrial (IIDAA), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru; (A.J.P.-M.); (D.F.T.-R.); (A.F.I.-C.); (E.F.-R.); (L.D.M.-A.); (E.M.C.-A.)
| | - Ives Yoplac
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Ro-Dríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru; (I.Y.); (I.S.C.-C.); (J.L.M.-Q.)
| | - Lucas D. Muñoz-Astecker
- Instituto de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo para el Sector Agrario y Agroindustrial (IIDAA), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru; (A.J.P.-M.); (D.F.T.-R.); (A.F.I.-C.); (E.F.-R.); (L.D.M.-A.); (E.M.C.-A.)
| | - Nadia Rodríguez-Hamamura
- Laboratorio LABICER, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Tupac Amaru 210, P.O. Box 15000, Rímac 15333, Peru;
| | - Ily M. Maza Mejía
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Química Analítica y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Tupac Amaru 210, P.O. Box 15000, Rímac 15333, Peru;
| | - Ilse S. Cayo-Colca
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Ro-Dríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru; (I.Y.); (I.S.C.-C.); (J.L.M.-Q.)
| | - Gilson C. A. Chagas-Junior
- Laboratório de Processos Biotecnológicos (LABIOTEC), Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (PPGCTA), Instituto de Tecnologia (ITEC), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, Campus Guamá, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Jorge L. Maicelo-Quintana
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Ro-Dríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru; (I.Y.); (I.S.C.-C.); (J.L.M.-Q.)
| | - Efrain M. Castro-Alayo
- Instituto de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo para el Sector Agrario y Agroindustrial (IIDAA), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru; (A.J.P.-M.); (D.F.T.-R.); (A.F.I.-C.); (E.F.-R.); (L.D.M.-A.); (E.M.C.-A.)
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Yahya M, Ginting B, Saidi N. In-Vitro Screenings for Biological and Antioxidant Activities of Water Extract from Theobroma cacao L. Pod Husk: Potential Utilization in Foods. Molecules 2021; 26:6915. [PMID: 34834006 PMCID: PMC8618026 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) leads to a higher environmental burden due to its solid waste generation. Cocoa pod husk, one of the major solid wastes of cocoa production, contains rich bioactive compounds unveiling its valorization potential. With that in mind, our research aimed to explore the biological and antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts from cocoa pod husks. In this present work, cocoa pod husk was extracted using water and subsequentially partitioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The antimicrobial investigation revealed that the ethyl acetate solubles were active against the Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, where at a 20% w/v concentration, the inhibition diameters were 6.62 ± 0.10, 6.52 ± 0.02, and 11.72 ± 0.36 mm, respectively. The extracts were found non-toxic proven by brine shrimp lethality tests against Artemia salina with LC50 scores ranging from 74.1 to 19,054.6 μg/mL. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were obtained in the range of 47.44 to 570.44 mg/g GAE and 1.96 to 4.34 mg/g QE, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the obtained extracts were revealed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay with EC50 reached as low as 9.61 μg/mL by the ethyl acetate soluble. Phytochemical screening based on gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis on the sample with the highest antioxidant activities revealed the dominant presence of three phytosterols, namely gamma-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustanir Yahya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; (B.G.); (N.S.)
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Gil M, Uribe D, Gallego V, Bedoya C, Arango-Varela S. Traceability of polyphenols in cocoa during the postharvest and industrialization processes and their biological antioxidant potential. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07738. [PMID: 34458602 PMCID: PMC8377438 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncommunicable diseases, the leading cause of mortality around the world, are responsible for approximately 75% of premature adult deaths (ages 30-69). To tackle this issue, a healthy diet based on functional foods, including cocoa and its derivatives, has been increasingly promoted. The polyphenols present in cocoa have been of interest due to their antioxidant potential and their possible protective role in the context of noncommunicable diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular conditions. However, during cocoa postharvest and industrialization, the concentration of these bioactive compounds is reduced, possibly affecting their health-promoting properties. Therefore, this paper reviews in the literature in this field to find the total polyphenol content in cocoa during the postharvest and industrialization processes in order to define concentration ranges as a reference point for future research. In addition, it discusses in vitro and in vivo studies into the biological antioxidant potential of cocoa and its derivatives. This review covers publications in indexed databases from 2010 to 2020, their data were processed and presented here using box plots. As a result, we identified the concentration ranges of polyphenols depending on the type of matrix, treatment and country, as well as their relationship with the main bioactive compounds present in cocoa that are associated with their possible antioxidant biological potential and health-related benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Gil
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (Medellín-Antioquia Colombia), Colombia
- Grupo de investigación de Química Básica, Aplicada y Ambiente, ALQUIMIA, Colombia
- Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Colombia
- Grupo de investigación de Ingeniería de Alimentos, GRIAL, Colombia
| | - Diego Uribe
- Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Colombia
- Grupo de investigación e Innovación Biomédica, GI2B, Colombia
| | - Vanessa Gallego
- Grupo de investigación de Ingeniería de Alimentos, GRIAL, Colombia
| | - Carolina Bedoya
- Grupo de investigación de Ingeniería de Alimentos, GRIAL, Colombia
- Corporación Universitaria Lasallista, Caldas, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Sandra Arango-Varela
- Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Colombia
- Grupo de investigación e Innovación Biomédica, GI2B, Colombia
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Singla RK, Shen B. In Silico ADMET Evaluation of Natural DPP-IV Inhibitors for Rational Drug Design against Diabetes. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:768-777. [PMID: 32875983 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221999200901202945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a metabolic and lifestyle disorder, diabetes mellitus poses a prodigious health risk. Out of the many key targets, DPP-IV is one of the very imperative therapeutic targets for the treatment of diabetic patients. METHODS In our current study, we have done the in silico simulations of ADME-T properties for naturally originated potent DPP-IV inhibitors like quinovic acid, stigmasterol, quinovic acid-3-beta-D-glycopyranoside, zygophyloside E, and lupeol. Structural topographies associated with different pharmacokinetic properties have been systematically assessed. RESULTS Glycosylation on quinovic acid is found to be noteworthy for the improvement of pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties, which leads to the prediction that zygophyloside E can be further tailored down to get the lead DPP-IV inhibitor. CONCLUSION This assessment provides useful insight into the future development of novel drugs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Singla
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Xinchuan Road 2222, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bairong Shen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Xinchuan Road 2222, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Corso M, Perreau F, Mouille G, Lepiniec L. Specialized phenolic compounds in seeds: structures, functions, and regulations. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 296:110471. [PMID: 32540001 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a huge diversity of specialized metabolites (SM) throughout their life cycle that play important physiological and ecological functions. SM can protect plants and seeds against diseases, predators, and abiotic stresses, or support their interactions with beneficial or symbiotic organisms. They also have strong impacts on human nutrition and health. Despite this importance, the biosynthesis and biological functions of most of the SM remain elusive and their diversity and/or quantity have been reduced in most crops during domestication. Seeds present a large number of SM that are important for their physiological, agronomic, nutritional or industrial qualities and hence, provide interesting models for both studying biosynthesis and producing large amounts of specialized metabolites. For instance, phenolics are abundant and widely distributed in seeds. More specifically, flavonoid pathway has been instrumental for understanding environmental or developmental regulations of specialized metabolic pathways, at the molecular and cellular levels. Here, we summarize current knowledge on seed phenolics as model, and discuss how recent progresses in omics approaches could help to further characterize their diversity, regulations, and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Corso
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France.
| | - François Perreau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France
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