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Sivaprakasam N, Vaithiyanathan S, Gandhi K, Narayanan S, Kavitha PS, Rajasekaran R, Muthurajan R. Metagenomics approaches in unveiling the dynamics of Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms (PGPM) vis-à-vis Phytophthora sp. suppression in various crop ecological systems. Res Microbiol 2024:104217. [PMID: 38857835 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2024.104217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Phytophthora species are destructive pathogens causing yield losses in different ecological systems, such as potato, black pepper, pepper, avocado, citrus, and tobacco. The diversity of plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) plays a crucial role in disease suppression. Knowledge of metagenomics approaches is essential for assessing the dynamics of PGPM and Phytophthora species across various ecosystems, facilitating effective management strategies for better crop protection. This review discusses the dynamic interplay between PGPM and Phytophthora sp. using metagenomics approaches that sheds light on the potential of PGPM strains tailored to specific crop ecosystems to bolster pathogen suppressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navarasu Sivaprakasam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Karthikeyan Gandhi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swarnakumari Narayanan
- Department of Nematology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P S Kavitha
- School of Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raghu Rajasekaran
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raveendran Muthurajan
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ghouili E, Sassi K, Hidri Y, M’Hamed HC, Somenahally A, Xue Q, Jebara M, Nefissi Ouertani R, Riahi J, de Oliveira AC, Abid G, Muhovski Y. Effects of Date Palm Waste Compost Application on Root Proteome Changes of Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:526. [PMID: 36771612 PMCID: PMC9921465 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis was performed to investigate the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in barley roots during the tillering stage. Bioinformatic tools were used to interpret the biological function, the pathway analysis and the visualisation of the network amongst the identified proteins. A total of 72 DAPs (33 upregulated and 39 downregulated) among a total of 2580 proteins were identified in response to compost treatment, suggesting multiple pathways of primary and secondary metabolism, such as carbohydrates and energy metabolism, phenylpropanoid pathway, glycolysis pathway, protein synthesis and degradation, redox homeostasis, RNA processing, stress response, cytoskeleton organisation, and phytohormone metabolic pathways. The expression of DAPs was further validated by qRT-PCR. The effects on barley plant development, such as the promotion of root growth and biomass increase, were associated with a change in energy metabolism and protein synthesis. The activation of enzymes involved in redox homeostasis and the regulation of stress response proteins suggest a protective effect of compost, consequently improving barley growth and stress acclimation through the reduction of the environmental impact of productive agriculture. Overall, these results may facilitate a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of compost-promoted plant growth and provide valuable information for the identification of critical genes/proteins in barley as potential targets of compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Ghouili
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystems, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, (L2AD, CBBC), P.O. Box 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Sassi
- Laboratory of Agronomy, National Agronomy Institute of Tunisia (INAT), University of Carthage, Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis-Mahrajène, P.O. Box 43, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Hidri
- Laboratory of Integrated Olive Production in the Humid, Sub-humid and Semi-arid Region (LR16IO3), Olive Tree Institute, Cité Mahragène, P.O. Box 208, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Cheikh M’Hamed
- Agronomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agronomic Research of Tunis (INRAT), Carthage University, Hedi Karray Street, Ariana 2049, Tunisia
| | - Anil Somenahally
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, 370 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX 77843-2474, USA
| | - Qingwu Xue
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Amarillo, TX 79403-6603, USA
| | - Moez Jebara
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystems, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, (L2AD, CBBC), P.O. Box 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Rim Nefissi Ouertani
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, P.O. Box 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Jouhaina Riahi
- Laboratory of Agronomy, National Agronomy Institute of Tunisia (INAT), University of Carthage, Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis-Mahrajène, P.O. Box 43, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Ana Caroline de Oliveira
- Biological Engineering Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Chaussée de Charleroi, P.O. Box 234, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Ghassen Abid
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystems, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, (L2AD, CBBC), P.O. Box 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Yordan Muhovski
- Biological Engineering Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Chaussée de Charleroi, P.O. Box 234, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Microbial-Based Products to Control Soil-Borne Pathogens: Methods to Improve Efficacy and to Assess Impacts on Microbiome. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010224. [PMID: 36677516 PMCID: PMC9867489 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial-based products (either as biopesticide or biofertilizers) have a long history of application, though their use is still limited, mainly due to a perceived low and inconsistent efficacy under field conditions. However, their efficacy has always been compared to chemical products, which have a completely different mechanism of action and production process, following the chemical paradigm of agricultural production. This paradigm has also been applied to regulatory processes, particularly for biopesticides, making the marketing of microbial-based formulations difficult. Increased knowledge about bioinocula behavior after application to the soil and their impact on soil microbiome should foster better exploitation of microbial-based products in a complex environment such as the soil. Moreover, the multifunctional capacity of microbial strains with regard to plant growth promotion and protection should also be considered in this respect. Therefore, the methods utilized for these studies are key to improving the knowledge and understanding of microbial-based product activity and improving their efficacy, which, from farmers' point of view, is the parameter to assess the usefulness of a treatment. In this review, we are thus addressing aspects related to the production and formulation process, highlighting the methods that can be used to evaluate the functioning and impact of microbial-based products on soil microbiome, as tools supporting their use and marketing.
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Eisa ESE, Meligy MM, Ziedan ESH. Application of composts and potassium sulphate on root rot incidence, morphological growth, yield components, oil content and constitutes of marjoram plants (Majorana hortensis L.). BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gullino ML, Garibaldi A, Gamliel A, Katan J. Soil Disinfestation: From Soil Treatment to Soil and Plant Health. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1541-1554. [PMID: 34978872 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-21-2023-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This feature article tracks 100 years of soil disinfestation, from the goal of eradicating soilborne pathogens and pests to much milder approaches, aimed at establishing a healthier soil, by favoring or enhancing the beneficial soil microflora and introducing biological control agents. Restrictions on the use of many chemical fumigants is favoring the adoption of nonchemical strategies, from soilless cultivation to the use of physical or biological control measures, with more focus on maintaining soil microbial diversity, thus enhancing soil and plant health. Such approaches are described and discussed, with special focus on their integrated use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lodovica Gullino
- AgroInnova, Center of Competence for Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Angelo Garibaldi
- AgroInnova, Center of Competence for Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Abraham Gamliel
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, HaMaccabim Rd 68, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Jaacov Katan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Metagenomic Analysis of Bacterial Community Structure and Dynamics of a Digestate and a More Stabilized Digestate-Derived Compost from Agricultural Waste. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recycling of different products and waste materials plays a crucial role in circular economy, where the anaerobic digestion (AD) constitutes an important pillar since it reuses nutrients in the form of organic fertilizers. Knowledge about the digestate and compost microbial community structure and its variations over time is important. The aim of the current study was to investigate the microbiome of a slurry cow digestate produced on a farm (ADG) and of a more stabilized digestate-derived compost (DdC) in order to ascertain their potential uses as organic amendments in agriculture. The results from this study, based on a partial fragment of 16S bacterial rRNA NGS sequencing, showed that there is a greater microbial diversity in the DdC originated from agricultural waste compared to the ADG. Overall, the existence of a higher microbial diversity in the DdC was confirmed by an elevated number (1115) of OTUs identified, compared with the ADG (494 OTUs identified). In the DdC, 74 bacterial orders and 125 families were identified, whereas 27 bacterial orders and 54 families were identified in the ADG. Shannon diversity and Chao1 richness indexes were higher in DdC samples compared to ADG ones (Shannon: 3.014 and 1.573, Chao1: 68 and 24.75; p < 0.001 in both cases). A possible association between the microbiome composition at different stages of composting process and the role that these microorganisms may have on the quality of the compost-like substrate and its future uses is also discussed.
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Wang N, Li H, Wang B, Ding J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Li J, Ding GC. Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of Rhizosphere Microbiome Recruited From Compost Synergistically Determined by Plant Species and Compost. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:798476. [PMID: 35095808 PMCID: PMC8792965 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.798476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Compost is frequently served as the first reservoir for plants to recruit rhizosphere microbiome when used as growing substrate in the seedling nursery. In the present study, recruitment of rhizosphere microbiome from two composts by tomato, pepper, or maize was addressed by shotgun metagenomics and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing analysis showed that 41% of variation in the rhizosphere bacterial community was explained by compost, in contrast to 23% by plant species. Proteobacterial genera were commonly recruited by all three plant species with specific selections for Ralstonia by tomato and Enterobacteria by maize. These findings were confirmed by analysis of 16S rRNA retrieved from the shotgun metagenomics library. Approximately 70% of functional gene clusters differed more than sevenfold in abundance between rhizosphere and compost. Functional groups associated with the sensing and up-taking of C3 and C4 carboxylic acids, amino acids, monosaccharide, production of antimicrobial substances, and antibiotic resistance were over-represented in the rhizosphere. In summary, compost and plant species synergistically shaped the composition of the rhizosphere microbiome and selected for functional traits associated with the competition on root exudates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Organic Recycling Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huixiu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Organic Recycling Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Organic Recycling Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ji Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Organic Recycling Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guo-Chun Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Organic Recycling Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guo-Chun Ding,
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Sullam KE, Musa T. Ecological Dynamics and Microbial Treatments against Oomycete Plant Pathogens. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122697. [PMID: 34961168 PMCID: PMC8707103 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we explore how ecological concepts may help assist with applying microbial biocontrol agents to oomycete pathogens. Oomycetes cause a variety of agricultural diseases, including potato late blight, apple replant diseases, and downy mildew of grapevine, which also can lead to significant economic damage in their respective crops. The use of microbial biocontrol agents is increasingly gaining interest due to pressure from governments and society to reduce chemical plant protection products. The success of a biocontrol agent is dependent on many ecological processes, including the establishment on the host, persistence in the environment, and expression of traits that may be dependent on the microbiome. This review examines recent literature and trends in research that incorporate ecological aspects, especially microbiome, host, and environmental interactions, into biological control development and applications. We explore ecological factors that may influence microbial biocontrol agents’ efficacy and discuss key research avenues forward.
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Bellini A, Pugliese M, Guarnaccia V, Meloni GR, Gullino LM. Calcium oxide, potassium phosphite and a Trichoderma enriched compost water suspension protect Capsicum annuum against Phytophthora capsici by priming the immune system. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3484-3490. [PMID: 33829633 PMCID: PMC8251602 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper management of Phytophthora capsici in pepper cultivation is extremely important, since Phytophthora blight is the main disease of this crop worldwide. In the past, the main strategy adopted had been the use of fungicides, causing, in some cases, the development of P. capsici resistant strains. In this work three different treatments selected from previous studies (potassium phosphite, calcium oxide and a water suspension from Trichoderma sp. TW2 enriched compost) were tested to prove their ability to activate the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in pepper against P. capsici; acibenzolar-s-methyl was used as positive control. Two independent growth chamber pot experiments were performed, spatially dividing the site of treatments application (as radical drench) and the site of inoculation (as agar plug on the third leaf). RESULTS Leaf lesions were measured, showing a significant reduction on all treated plants compared to the untreated control. To further confirm this hypothesis, the expression levels of three SAR key genes (CaPBR1, CaPO1 and CaDEF1) were evaluated though RT-Real Time PCR at the three end-point times: T0, T6 and T24. A significant increase of target genes expression at least in one end-point time in each treated plant was observed. Eventually, statistical overaccumulation of salicylic acid was observed in the upper leaves at the same end-point times, through HPLC-MS/MS analysis. CONCLUSION This work confirmed the hypothesis that the three treatments tested have the ability to prime the plant immune system, leading pepper to an alert status able to confer a better defence against P. capsici. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bellini
- AGROINNOVA – Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro‐Environmental SectorUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
- Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences Department (DISAFA)University of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Massimo Pugliese
- AGROINNOVA – Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro‐Environmental SectorUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
- Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences Department (DISAFA)University of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Vladimiro Guarnaccia
- AGROINNOVA – Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro‐Environmental SectorUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
- Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences Department (DISAFA)University of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Giovanna Roberta Meloni
- AGROINNOVA – Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro‐Environmental SectorUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
- Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences Department (DISAFA)University of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Lodovica Maria Gullino
- AGROINNOVA – Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro‐Environmental SectorUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
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Soil Microbiome Manipulation Gives New Insights in Plant Disease-Suppressive Soils from the Perspective of a Circular Economy: A Critical Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su13010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review pays attention to the newest insights on the soil microbiome in plant disease-suppressive soil (DSS) for sustainable plant health management from the perspective of a circular economy that provides beneficial microbiota by recycling agro-wastes into the soil. In order to increase suppression of soil-borne plant pathogens, the main goal of this paper is to critically discuss and compare the potential use of reshaped soil microbiomes by assembling different agricultural practices such as crop selection; land use and conservative agriculture; crop rotation, diversification, intercropping and cover cropping; compost and chitosan application; and soil pre-fumigation combined with organic amendments and bio-organic fertilizers. This review is seen mostly as a comprehensive understanding of the main findings regarding DSS, starting from the oldest concepts to the newest challenges, based on the assumption that sustainability for soil quality and plant health is increasingly viable and supported by microbiome-assisted strategies based on the next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods that characterize in depth the soil bacterial and fungal communities. This approach, together with the virtuous reuse of agro-wastes to produce in situ green composts and organic bio-fertilizers, is the best way to design new sustainable cropping systems in a circular economy system. The current knowledge on soil-borne pathogens and soil microbiota is summarized. How microbiota determine soil suppression and what NGS strategies are available to understand soil microbiomes in DSS are presented. Disturbance of soil microbiota based on combined agricultural practices is deeply considered. Sustainable soil microbiome management by recycling in situ agro-wastes is presented. Afterwards, how the resulting new insights can drive the progress in sustainable microbiome-based disease management is discussed.
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Bassani I, Larousse M, Tran QD, Attard A, Galiana E. Phytophthora zoospores: From perception of environmental signals to inoculum formation on the host-root surface. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3766-3773. [PMID: 33304469 PMCID: PMC7718214 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore moist soils and to target host plants, phytopathogenic Phytophthora species utilize the sensory and propulsion capabilities of the biflagellate unicellular zoospores they produce. Zoospore motion and interactions with the microenvironment are of primary importance for Phytophthora physiology. These are also of critical significance for plant pathology in early infection sequential events and their regulation: the directed zoospore migration toward the host, the local aggregation and adhesion at the host penetration site. In the soil, these early events preceding the root colonization are orchestrated by guidance factors, released from the soil particles in water films, or emitted within microbiota and by host plants. This signaling network is perceived by zoospores and results in coordinated behavior and preferential localization in the rhizosphere. Recent computational and structural studies suggest that rhizospheric ion and plant metabolite sensing is a key determinant in driving zoospore motion, orientation and aggregation. To reach their target, zoospores respond to various molecular, chemical and electrical stimuli. However, it is not yet clear how these signals are generated in local soil niches and which gene functions govern the sensing and subsequent responses of zoospores. Here we review studies on the soil, microbial and host-plant factors that drive zoospore motion, as well as the adaptations governing zoospore behavior. We propose several research directions that could be explored to characterize the role of zoospore microbial ecology in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bassani
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Marie Larousse
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Quang D Tran
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 7010, Institut de Physique de Nice, Nice 06108, France
| | - Agnès Attard
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Eric Galiana
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
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